Lipopolysaccharides | LPS | Endotoxin | Bacterial toxin | Inflammation | Basic Science Series

0:00 Introduction
0:13 LPS
0:26 Objectives
0:42 About LPS
1:03 Founder of LPS
1:08 Toxins
1:52 Role in Bacteria
2:32 Structure
2:42 Sugar
3:52 Lipid
4:24 in Immune system
4:45 Usage
5:17 Conclusion
Lipopolysaccharides | LPS | Endotoxin | Bacterial toxin | Inflammation | Basic Science Series
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins. They are called lipoglycans because they are consist of a lipid and a polysaccharide component. They are called endotoxin because they are present in the bacterial cell wall (endo) and are extremely very toxic to the human body.
• The toxic activity of bacterial LPS was first discovered and termed "endotoxin" by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer. Who distinguished between exotoxins and endotoxin. The exotoxin is the toxin that is released by bacteria into the surrounding environment, and endotoxins, which he considered to be a toxin kept "within" the bacterial cell and released only after the destruction of the bacterial cell wall. Subsequent work showed that the release of LPS from gram-negative microbes does not necessarily require the destruction of the bacterial cell wall, but rather, LPS is secreted as part of the normal physiological activity of membrane vesicle trafficking in the form of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs).
•
• LPS is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria.
• LPS protects the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attacks. LPS also increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure.
• LPS induces a strong response from normal animal immune systems. It has also been implicated in non-pathogenic aspects of bacterial ecology, including surface adhesion, bacteriophage sensitivity, and interactions with predators such as amoebae.
• Now let us discuss the structure of LPS. LPS is composed of two major parts, one is sugar and another is a lipid.
• Sugar part is a repetitive glycan polymer contained within an LPS is referred to as the O antigen, O polysaccharide, or O side-chain of the bacteria. The composition of the O chain varies from strain to strain. For example, there are over 160 different O antigen structures produced by different E. coli strains.
• The presence or absence of O chains determines whether the LPS is considered rough or smooth. Full-length O-chains would render the LPS smooth, whereas the absence or reduction of O-chains would make the LPS rough.
• Bacteria with rough LPS usually have more penetrable cell membranes to hydrophobic antibiotics, since a rough LPS is more hydrophobic. In smooth LPS, O antigen is exposed on the very outer surface of the bacterial cell, and, as a consequence, is a target for recognition by host antibodies.
• The Core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component that attaches directly to lipid A and commonly contains sugars such as heptose and 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (also known as KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate).
• LPS acts as the prototypical endotoxin because it binds the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex in many cell types, but especially in monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, which promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• Being of crucial importance to Gram-negative bacteria, these molecules make candidate targets for new antimicrobial agents.
• The molecular mimicry of some LPS molecules is thought to cause autoimmune-based host responses. Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive immune cells by pathogen-derived molecules.
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[@rebecasaravia7321]

Thank you for your explanation

[@alyassery11]

My brother has Behçet's disease and his blood work comes with a very high LPS Iga. Normal range is up to 4.47 ug/ml he tested 117 ug/ml. Is there anything we can do?v

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Please consult a Dr

[@alyassery11]

@@BasicScienceSeries thank you. We asked a functional medicine dr and he said this has something to do with leaky gut. I'm not sure if we are in the right direction but hopefully we are.

[@abigailwatson3330]

really helpful thanks very much

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thank you so much for your valuable feedback🙏🏼 much appreciated

[@nimramukthar1721]

very well done Sir

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thank you kindly

[@mountcarmel7116]

Thank you!!!

[@BasicScienceSeries]

You're welcome! Thank you for your valuable feedback!

[@renukathakur13]

Very nicely explained 👍

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thank you 🙂

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Highly poisonous material produced by the bacterial cells !

[@janellsegura1308]

Thank You

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thank you for your comment!

[@snehasahu8897]

Sir I have a question if we kill or deactivate gram negative bacteria by heating or by any other way but their cell debris are present in it, so is it possible that these debris are able to release endotoxins in any samples.

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Absolutely right. The bacterial antigens will be there. Are you working on LPS?

[@snehasahu8897]

@@BasicScienceSeries No sir I am a QC Microbiologist and asking for my knowledge. So these antigen are able to cause pyrogenic effect or not. Can we detect their presence or amount with BET Testing or not?

[@HaseebAli-nr3pv]

Nice it's informative 🥰👍

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thanks for your comment

[@kuhu.gaming]

Thank you sir

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thank you for your valuable feedback 🙏

[@MindChonticha]

Excuse me. Do you know how to treat this disease?

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Not a disease it's a toxic molecule

[@kellyheather781]

How do I fix this????? What do I take I have Anti Lps igg igm high risk 373.6 please help guide me

[@BasicScienceSeries]

This is only an educational video !

[@user-ru8kg1wi1o]

Did you figure this out. Mine is even higher!

[@Karl-P]

Nice to know after learned that C19 shots contained good amounts of it...

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Please elaborate

[@rupamchanda5460]

Wow full wikipedia notes

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thank you for your feedback.

[@rupamchanda5460]

@@BasicScienceSeries please make your own content

[@BasicScienceSeries]

Thanks for your feedback.