Season is one of the basis of classification of different feed stuffs. On the basis of season feed stuff is dived into two groups. One is kharif also known as Zaid kharif and it started from March and ends in July. Whereas the other is Rabi or Zaid rabi and it's from September to February. 19-Arid-2290 (Evening-A)
Roughages comprise over 50% of all feedstuffs fed to livestock. They made up predominantly of the stem or stalk portion and usually include seeds and leaves. They are generally low in energy and have variable protein contents. 19-Arid-2263
Roughes are those feedstuffs which contains more than 18%crude fiber and less than 60%Total Digestible Nutrient . They are divide into two types. 1) Succulent/ green roughes( on the basis of their moisture 60-90% include green fodder ,tree leaves, silage etc). 2) Dry roughes ( moisture 10-15% include hay,straw ) 19-arid-2252 DVM Morning
Roughages usually Palatable optimize GIT efficiency. Grasses and legume exist in successful forage system. Berseem have hollow stems sorghum named jawar Also Palatable 19-Arid-2181
1-According to NRC, roughages is the feedstuff with a minimum of 18% crude fibers (CF) and a maximum of 70% of total digestible nutrients [TDN] ( but TDN is mostly less than 60%) 2- Roughages also functions to maintain and optimize the efficiency of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and maintain structure, activity and microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract. 3- Green roughages are usually palatable to ruminant species. 4- Roughages are more valuable in nutritive contents and acceptability than concentrates. 19-Arid-2287
Roughages such as straw, hulls, silage, hay, pasture make up 50% of the feed fed to animals. These feedstuffs are generally low in energy content while protein content varies for different roughages. The nutritive content also varies in a single type of roughage due to variation in their maturity, harvesting and storing. 19-arid-2224
1) An animal can be fed roughages either in fresh, dried or ensiled form. 2) Green roughages like pasture, silage, green fodder, root crops and etc contains about 60 to 90 percent of moisture in them. 19-ARID-2248
Hay have been cut and dried for feed. Legume fixes nitrogen from atmosphere and makes it available to plants. Dry ROUGHAGES contains moistures aboute 10_15./. and consists of hay and straw. ROUGHAGES have variable protein contents. 19_ARID_2209.
1- Green roughages are more palatable to ruminant species as compare to concentrated roughages. They are more economic source of feeding to the animal. 2- It also helps dairy lactating cows in maintaining normal milk fat content. 19-arid-2197
Dry roughages are those that have moisture content upto 15 %. There are two types of dry roughages hay and straw. Straw is commonly used roughage in Pakistan. Hay is type of roughage that are of two types either of legume form or non-legume form. If the hay is made from sorgham and lecerene then it is a legume hay and when it is made of grass, wheat and barley then it is non legume hay. 19-ARID-2205
1. Roughages have low energy, high protein content, are more economical, important for optimization of GI Tract of some species. 2. Fodder have 30% NDF, have mineral like K, Ca, and trace minerals. Have varying energy content eg. grass, legume, Alfalfa etc. 19-ARID-2264 (Evening B)
Rabi are winter fodders and include barley sugarcane etc... Kharif are summer fodders and contain maize, mung etc.... Roughages are over 50% of all the feedstuff and are of three types as grazzed, preserved and the residues... 19-ARID-2309
Dry roughages has moisture 10-15% If use berseem or lucerne to make hay known as Legume or if we use jowar maize,bajra to make hay it is known as non-legume 19-arid-2297
1. According to NRC feedstuff containing minimum 18% CF and a maximum of 70% TDN are considered as roughages. 2. Leguminous fodder includes berseem, guar, cowpeas while non-leguminous fodder includes maize, oats, and sorghum. 19-arid-2240
straw are the biproduct of crops after separation of seeds, high in crude fibers low in cp content, tdn is approx 40%, poor in phosphorus but rich in silica, used to fill the belly of animal. fodder are high in fiber, they are bulky in nature, leguminous fodders have 15-23% cp but grasses have 8-18% cp. 19-arid-2206
1. Roughages are those feedstuff which contain more than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% total digestible nutrients.They are divided into two subclasses: •Succulent •Dry roughages 2. Depending upon the type of fodder which is used for making hay,we say it's a legume hay or non-legume hay.In southern part of the country road grass is commonly used for making this hay. 19-Arid-2186
19-Arid-2312 1) on the basis of seasons fodder crops are classified into 2 kinds rabi fodder and kharif fodders 2) roughages have low energy high protein content are more economical , imp for optimization of Gi tract of sime species.
Straws are generally use in Pakistan for Roughages. While the fodder dried under sun is called Sun dried Fodder. If we use Berseem and Lucerne hay it is Called as Legume Hay If we use Sorghum , Jowar and Bajra for making hay it is called as Non legume hay Arslan Ahmad 19-arid-2273 Evening. A section
rouhages are fed in fresh, dried or ensiled state. there are three types of roughages used as feed stuffs grazzed roughages, preserved roughages and crop residues and by products. 19-Arid-2202
1.Straws are high in crude fiber content and its TDN content is about 40% so act as poor source of nutrient. 2. Roughages includes legume, hay, straw,pasture and silage. 19-Arid-2196
1. Straws have high crude fibre percentage. 2. Roughages contain 80% crude fibre, the food that contains more fibre are best and easily digested by ruminants. 19-arid-2219
1) Straw is the outer covering of seed which farmer used as feed to animal after removal of grains. 2) roughages aid to enhance the efficiency of GIT tract 19-arid-2200
✓On the basis of seasons fodder crops are classified into 2 kinds; Rabi fodders( winter fodders) & kharif fodders( summer fodders). ✓ Cellulose and hemicellulose are commonly present in both ADF and NDF. But hemicellulose is only present in NDF. ✓ leguminosae family includes berseem, cow peas, alfalfa, and clovers. These plants have a ability to fix nitrogen. 19-Arid-2254
Roughages are about 50% diet of the ruminants and helps in maintaining of milk fat content by by balancing the acetate to propanoate ratio because if propanoate is more it will cause depression in milk fat. 19-ARID-2236 (A) Morning
1- Roughages are palatable to rumminant amd economical than concentrates. They have variable proteins content but low energy and the crude fiber is less than 18%. 2- Natural pastures quality and types depends upon the climate conditions, local area and ecological conditions. 3- The issue of bloat occur when high quantity of legumes given when switching from grass hay to legumes or the turnover the pasture into spring season. 19-arid-2182
If we see the difference between the alfalfa and berseem so alfalfa have blue to purple in color and seeds are reddish yellow or olive green and kidney shaped. While the berseem have hollow stem and flowers are yellowish white and round in shape. 19-arid-4423
Straw also a type of Roughages fed to animal which is high in crude fiber and low in crude protein. Roughages increase the quality of fat also easily available in Pakistan high in fibers and assist the GIT tract . 19-arid-2268 eve A
1) The time a forage particle should stay in rumen depends on the length and density of particle size. 2) Grasses may contain cyanogenic glycosides that may cause grass tetany and nitrate poisoning. 19-Arid-2246
1,Roughages comprise mostly over 50%of all foodstuffs fed to livestock. 2,Green roughages are usually palatable to ruminant species. 19 -Arid- 2318 3rd evening Section, B
Roughages contain more than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% total digestible nutrients. ✓ Green Roughages or Succulent contain 60 to 90% moisture and include pasture, green fodder, tree leaves, silage, root crops. ✓ Dry Roughages contain 10 to 15% moisture. Hay and straw come under this category of Roughages. 19-ARID-2187
Crude fiber contains cellulose and a portion of lignin. The protein in forage is comprised of both true protein and NPN compounds. M. Ramzan (19-ARID-2307) DVM(eve)
19-ARID-2195(A) morning 1. Roughages are low in energy and have variable protein content. They provide greater quality food to Humans. 2. Straws have high crude fiber percentage but very low CP and nil DCP contents.
1- Roughages have CP value is greater than 18% and less than 60% TDN. 2- Roughages have two types one is succulent and other is dry forages. 19-ARID-2262
1)Chemical composition of feed depend on the time when it is harvested, stage of life and storage system. 2) Alfalfa is Rich in protein, so called as leguminous fooder. 19-arid-2192
Roughages consists of 50 percent of all feed stuffs fed to live stock 2_ they are generally low in energy having variable protein contents 19_ Arid_ 2293
1) Roughages are requires by dairy cows for maintaining normal milk fat content. 2) Alfalfa is blue to purple in colour , sometimes it's yellow in colour. 19- Arid-2286, Evening, B
Roughages are those which have feed stuff more than 18percent crude fiber and have less than 60 percent total digestable nutrient. Roughages have poor nutrient value and important role in GI tract of some species. 19-arid-2241
Muhammad Moawiz 19-arid-2222 The main objective of classification of feed stuff is to avoid confusion in identification as some feed stuff have different names in different countries so classification helps to identify feed stuff easily. There are two types of fodder 1) Leguminous 2) Non-Leguminous
green roughages are palatable as well as economical for ruminants. Roughages are not good nutritive for monogestric animals because they can not digest cellolose and hemicellose . accetate to propanate ratio is important in milk production.l (19-arid-2284)
for Feedstuff Composition. ... the organic constituents (e.g., crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber) can vary as much as 15 percent, the mineral constituents as much as 30 percent, and the energy values at least 10 percent 19-Arid-2204 Section A
General roughages are palatable as well as economical for ruminants. Roughages are used to enhance the efficiency of GIT tract. M.Shahbaz 19-Arid-2311 DVM Eve section A
Classification ,identification and nutritional composition of feedstuffs for livestock and poultry 1_succulent or Green roughages Pasture Green fodder Tree leaves Silage Root crops 19_Arid_2184
Roughages has less than 60 % of Total digestible nutrients and more than 18 % crude fibers. Straw,hay,silage,legummes,hulls and pasture are some commonly used roughages. Rafia Bibi 19-Arid-2311 DVM Eve section A
Green roughages are usualy palatable to Ruminants species Rouphages are more economical than concrntrates and surve in maintainence M.Saad U Haq 19-Arid-2226
HI BROTHER. ANYONE WHO KNOW ABOUT FOOD SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY BOOK FOR LEARNING FIRST TIME ABOUT FOOD INGREDIENTS,FEED ,FERTILIZER IN ONE BOOK WITH DETAILS . NEED AUTHORS AND BOOK NAME.. ?IF URDU THEN BEST TO UNDERSTAND..
1) ADF contains cellulose and lignin. NDF contains hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Crude fiber contains cellulose and a portion of the lignin. 2) Sorghum sometime causes prussic acid poisoning. 19-Arid-2265
Crude fiber contains cellulose and a portion of lignin. The protein in forage is comprised of both true protein and NPN compounds. M. Ramzan (19-ARID-2307) DVM(eve)
Season is one of the basis of classification of different feed stuffs. On the basis of season feed stuff is dived into two groups.
One is kharif also known as Zaid kharif and it started from March and ends in July.
Whereas the other is Rabi or Zaid rabi and it's from September to February.
19-Arid-2290 (Evening-A)
Roughages comprise over 50% of all feedstuffs fed to livestock.
They made up predominantly of the stem or stalk portion and usually include seeds and leaves.
They are generally low in energy and have variable protein contents.
19-Arid-2263
Roughes are those feedstuffs which contains more than 18%crude fiber and less than 60%Total Digestible Nutrient .
They are divide into two types.
1) Succulent/ green roughes( on the basis of their moisture 60-90% include green fodder ,tree leaves, silage etc).
2) Dry roughes ( moisture 10-15% include hay,straw )
19-arid-2252
DVM
Morning
Roughages usually Palatable optimize GIT efficiency.
Grasses and legume exist in successful forage system.
Berseem have hollow stems sorghum named jawar Also
Palatable
19-Arid-2181
1-According to NRC, roughages is the feedstuff with a minimum of 18% crude fibers (CF) and a maximum of 70% of total digestible nutrients [TDN] ( but TDN is mostly less than 60%)
2- Roughages also functions to maintain and optimize the efficiency of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and maintain structure, activity and microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract.
3- Green roughages are usually palatable to ruminant species.
4- Roughages are more valuable in nutritive contents and acceptability than concentrates.
19-Arid-2287
Roughages comprises of mostly over 50% approximately of all feed stuff fed to live stock
19-Arid-2278
Roughages such as straw, hulls, silage, hay, pasture make up 50% of the feed fed to animals. These feedstuffs are generally low in energy content while protein content varies for different roughages. The nutritive content also varies in a single type of roughage due to variation in their maturity, harvesting and storing.
19-arid-2224
1) An animal can be fed roughages either in fresh, dried or ensiled form.
2) Green roughages like pasture, silage, green fodder, root crops and etc contains about 60 to 90 percent of moisture in them.
19-ARID-2248
Hay have been cut and dried for feed.
Legume fixes nitrogen from atmosphere and makes it available to plants. Dry ROUGHAGES contains moistures aboute 10_15./. and consists of hay and straw.
ROUGHAGES have variable protein contents.
19_ARID_2209.
1- Green roughages are more palatable to ruminant species as compare to concentrated roughages. They are more economic source of feeding to the animal.
2- It also helps dairy lactating cows in maintaining normal milk fat content.
19-arid-2197
Dry roughages are those that have moisture content upto 15 %. There are two types of dry roughages hay and straw. Straw is commonly used roughage in Pakistan. Hay is type of roughage that are of two types either of legume form or non-legume form. If the hay is made from sorgham and lecerene then it is a legume hay and when it is made of grass, wheat and barley then it is non legume hay.
19-ARID-2205
1. Roughages have low energy, high protein content, are more economical, important for optimization of GI Tract of some species.
2. Fodder have 30% NDF, have mineral like K, Ca, and trace minerals. Have varying energy content eg. grass, legume, Alfalfa etc.
19-ARID-2264 (Evening B)
There are two types of fodder
1.Leguminous
2.Non- leguminous
19-arid-2211
Rabi are winter fodders and include barley sugarcane etc...
Kharif are summer fodders and contain maize, mung etc....
Roughages are over 50% of all the feedstuff and are of three types as grazzed, preserved and the residues...
19-ARID-2309
Alfalfa is protein rich fodder that is why called as legimanious roughages.
Succulents contain 60-90% moisture.
19-Arid-2217
Dry roughages has moisture 10-15%
If use berseem or lucerne to make hay known as Legume or if we use jowar maize,bajra to make hay it is known as non-legume
19-arid-2297
1. According to NRC feedstuff containing minimum 18% CF and a maximum of 70% TDN are considered as roughages.
2. Leguminous fodder includes berseem, guar, cowpeas while non-leguminous fodder includes maize, oats, and sorghum.
19-arid-2240
Green rouphages are palatable for ruminant
Forage particle unit of weight is influenced by length density and particle size
19-arid-2237
More portable for the animals are green roughages .
Roughages can be fed in dry ,moist state.
Mujahid Fareed 19 arid 2235
Green roughages are usually palatable to ruminant species .
2 roughages are more economical than concentrates
16-arid-2813
straw are the biproduct of crops after separation of seeds, high in crude fibers low in cp content, tdn is approx 40%, poor in phosphorus but rich in silica, used to fill the belly of animal.
fodder are high in fiber, they are bulky in nature, leguminous fodders have 15-23% cp but grasses have 8-18% cp.
19-arid-2206
1. Roughages are those feedstuff which contain more than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% total digestible nutrients.They are divided into two subclasses:
•Succulent
•Dry roughages
2. Depending upon the type of fodder which is used for making hay,we say it's a legume hay or non-legume hay.In southern part of the country road grass is commonly used for making this hay.
19-Arid-2186
19-Arid-2312
1) on the basis of seasons fodder crops are classified into 2 kinds rabi fodder and kharif fodders
2) roughages have low energy high protein content are more economical , imp for optimization of Gi tract of sime species.
Straws are generally use in Pakistan for Roughages. While the fodder dried under sun is called Sun dried Fodder.
If we use Berseem and Lucerne hay it is Called as Legume Hay
If we use Sorghum , Jowar and Bajra for making hay it is called as Non legume hay
Arslan Ahmad 19-arid-2273 Evening. A section
NDF is inversely related to the intake of the diet .Higher the NDF lower the energy.
19-Arid-2251
rouhages are fed in fresh, dried or ensiled state.
there are three types of roughages used as feed stuffs grazzed roughages, preserved roughages and crop residues and by products.
19-Arid-2202
1.Straws are high in crude fiber content and its TDN content is about 40% so act as poor source of nutrient.
2. Roughages includes legume, hay, straw,pasture and silage.
19-Arid-2196
1. Straws have high crude fibre percentage.
2. Roughages contain 80% crude fibre, the food that contains more fibre are best and easily digested by ruminants.
19-arid-2219
1 cell has three walls primary secondary and middle lamella
2 ADF constitute lignin and cellolose
19-arid-2208
morning section b
1) Straw is the outer covering of seed which farmer used as feed to animal after removal of grains.
2) roughages aid to enhance the efficiency of GIT tract
19-arid-2200
✓On the basis of seasons fodder crops are classified into 2 kinds; Rabi fodders( winter fodders) & kharif fodders( summer fodders).
✓ Cellulose and hemicellulose are commonly present in both ADF and NDF. But hemicellulose is only present in NDF.
✓ leguminosae family includes berseem, cow peas, alfalfa, and clovers. These plants have a ability to fix nitrogen.
19-Arid-2254
Roughages are about 50% diet of the ruminants and helps in maintaining of milk fat content by by balancing the acetate to propanoate ratio because if propanoate is more it will cause depression in milk fat.
19-ARID-2236 (A) Morning
1- Roughages are palatable to rumminant amd economical than concentrates. They have variable proteins content but low energy and the crude fiber is less than 18%.
2- Natural pastures quality and types depends upon the climate conditions, local area and ecological conditions.
3- The issue of bloat occur when high quantity of legumes given when switching from grass hay to legumes or the turnover the pasture into spring season.
19-arid-2182
If we see the difference between the alfalfa and berseem so alfalfa have blue to purple in color and seeds are reddish yellow or olive green and kidney shaped.
While the berseem have hollow stem and flowers are yellowish white and round in shape.
19-arid-4423
1. Dry roughage contain 10 to 15 percent moisture.
2. It includes hay(sun dried fodder) and Straw.
19-Arid-2229.
Straw also a type of Roughages fed to animal which is high in crude fiber and low in crude protein.
Roughages increase the quality of fat also easily available in Pakistan high in fibers and assist the GIT tract .
19-arid-2268 eve A
1) The time a forage particle should stay in rumen depends on the length and density of particle size.
2) Grasses may contain cyanogenic glycosides that may cause grass tetany and nitrate poisoning.
19-Arid-2246
1,Roughages comprise mostly over 50%of all foodstuffs fed to livestock.
2,Green roughages are usually palatable to ruminant species.
19 -Arid- 2318
3rd evening
Section, B
Grasses help to increase the efficiency of gastrointestinal tract and a successful forage system may include grass or legume species.
19-Arid-2214
Straws have high crude fiber percentage.
Have very low CP and nil in DCP.
15-arid-4396
1. Cellulose and lignin form the ADF
2. Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin form the NDF.
19-Arid-2301
In a fresh dried or ensiled state the roughages are fed.
As feed stuffs many kinds of roughages are used in the animal diets.
#19 Arid 2288
Roughages contain more than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% total digestible nutrients.
✓ Green Roughages or Succulent contain 60 to 90% moisture and include pasture, green fodder, tree leaves, silage, root crops.
✓ Dry Roughages contain 10 to 15% moisture. Hay and straw come under this category of Roughages.
19-ARID-2187
Green Roughage - palatable to ruminant species
More economical than concentrates
19-ARID-2285
1. Roughages have less than 60% total digestible nutrients
2. Sorghum is most widely grown kharif crop
19-ARID-2257
Roughphges may be legume or non legume.
Rice and wheat commonly used in animal feeding.
19-Arid-2261
if we dry the fodder under the sunlight, it is named as hay..
19-ARID-2279
Legumes are higher in CP. Digestible energy, calcium and magnesium as compared to grasses.
19-arid-2272
Crude fiber contains cellulose and a portion of lignin.
The protein in forage is comprised of both true protein and NPN compounds.
M. Ramzan (19-ARID-2307)
DVM(eve)
19-ARID-2195(A) morning
1. Roughages are low in energy and have variable protein content. They provide greater quality food to Humans.
2. Straws have high crude fiber percentage but very low CP and nil DCP contents.
1- Roughages have CP value is greater than 18% and less than 60% TDN. 2- Roughages have two types one is succulent and other is dry forages. 19-ARID-2262
1)Chemical composition of feed depend on the time when it is harvested, stage of life and storage system.
2) Alfalfa is Rich in protein, so called as leguminous fooder.
19-arid-2192
Roughages consists of 50 percent of all feed stuffs fed to live stock
2_ they are generally low in energy having variable protein contents
19_ Arid_ 2293
High crude fiber percentage is persent in straw
economically roughages are more convenient and have high protien in them
19-Arid-2194 morinig sectionB
1) Roughages are requires by dairy cows for maintaining normal milk fat content.
2) Alfalfa is blue to purple in colour , sometimes it's yellow in colour.
19- Arid-2286, Evening, B
Roughages are those which have feed stuff more than 18percent crude fiber and have less than 60 percent total digestable nutrient.
Roughages have poor nutrient value and important role in GI tract of some species.
19-arid-2241
Muhammad Moawiz
19-arid-2222
The main objective of classification of feed stuff is to avoid confusion in identification as some feed stuff have different names in different countries so classification helps to identify feed stuff easily.
There are two types of fodder
1) Leguminous
2) Non-Leguminous
green roughages are palatable as well as economical for ruminants. Roughages are not good nutritive for monogestric animals because they can not digest cellolose and hemicellose .
accetate to propanate ratio is important in milk production.l (19-arid-2284)
Classification of Feedstuff
1.Annual(berseem)
2.Biennial(yellow sweet clover)
3.Perineal(lucerne)
19-Arid-2188
for Feedstuff Composition. ... the organic constituents (e.g., crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber) can vary as much as 15 percent, the mineral constituents as much as 30 percent, and the energy values at least 10 percent
19-Arid-2204
Section A
Green roughage are palatable to ruminanta speices.
Straws are high crude fiber
Ahsan Rehman
19-Arid-2271
Silages are included in succulent roughages while straw and hay in dry roughages.
19-ARID-2199
Roughages comprise mostly over 50% of all feed stufffed to livestock.
19-ARID-2298
General roughages are palatable as well as economical for ruminants.
Roughages are used to enhance the efficiency of GIT tract.
M.Shahbaz 19-Arid-2311
DVM Eve section A
Classification ,identification and nutritional composition of feedstuffs for livestock and poultry
1_succulent or Green roughages
Pasture
Green fodder
Tree leaves
Silage
Root crops
19_Arid_2184
Green fooder is most palatable for ruminants.
19-arid-2247
Morning B
Roughages has less than 60 % of Total digestible nutrients and more than 18 % crude fibers.
Straw,hay,silage,legummes,hulls and pasture are some commonly used roughages.
Rafia Bibi
19-Arid-2311
DVM Eve section A
Roughages comprise mostly over 50 percent of all feedstufs fed in livestock
umair ali
19-ARID-2319
Green roughages are usualy palatable to Ruminants species
Rouphages are more economical than concrntrates and surve in maintainence
M.Saad U Haq
19-Arid-2226
Green roughages are more palatable for ruminents.
Hamza Nazir
19-Arid-2282
Evening (3rd Semester)
The animals eat fed roughages in fresh either in dry form
Muhammad saud
19 arid 2227
Syed Muhammad Affan
18-ARID-4524
HI BROTHER. ANYONE WHO KNOW ABOUT FOOD SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY BOOK FOR LEARNING FIRST TIME ABOUT FOOD INGREDIENTS,FEED ,FERTILIZER IN ONE BOOK WITH DETAILS . NEED AUTHORS AND BOOK NAME.. ?IF URDU THEN BEST TO UNDERSTAND..
1) ADF contains cellulose and lignin.
NDF contains hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin.
Crude fiber contains cellulose and a portion of the lignin.
2) Sorghum sometime causes prussic acid poisoning.
19-Arid-2265
Crude fiber contains cellulose and a portion of lignin.
The protein in forage is comprised of both true protein and NPN compounds.
M. Ramzan (19-ARID-2307)
DVM(eve)