Thanks for the wonderful video, and a huge thanks for not ruining it with crappy background music. I don't know why some people feel compelled to add annoying background music throughout their videos.
@@AlwaysBenevolence In the 1960's, my dad made titanium turbine blades. I've heard that these days, some blades are ceramic. Lighter than Ti, and can withstand much higher heat.
If your life was on the line, you would be nervous too. I bet she now knows that the majority of the world is engaged in b s. Work is a privilege, and let's hope she has earned the privilege.
I love how everyone here is giving you positive critiques on your video. Great topic and it was the first result when I searched for monolithic turbine blades.
Excellent video with great engineering and technology information. I worked as a student at Rolls Royce in their advanced engineering department doing computer stuff for robots. There were lots of turbine blades in the office. I got a true sense of the magnificance of these machines
hi my name is rashid khattinejad from turkey and just started a bussiness in this area and manufacturing of this blades i have some problem in this area and dont have enough information could u help me?
Very informative video. My grandad, along with 2 other people, has his name on the patent for the manufacturing process of manipulating the way the crystals are formed. Essentially him and 2 other people invented this game changer. Never really understood what he did only it's importance but this video helped. Unfortunately we lost him at the beginning of 2021 but he was a brilliant and very social man. RIP David Denton
Good job. I worked for a company that was one of the first to develop protective coatings for turbine blades and vanes for the major engine manufactures. I worked there from the mid 60's to the late 90's. I was the solo operator of our scanning electron beam microprobe. Great's job in the world.
hi my name is rashid khattinejad from turkey and just started a bussiness in this area and manufacturing of this blades i have some problem in this area and dont have enough information could u help me? i invite u to joining me in this way or atleast give me ur whatsapp number or connection for more information
I think you did a very nice job here. Thorough and accurate. Ignore the naysayers about the narration, that all comes later, the important part is presenting the facts truthfully.
Some things I learned while watching your video: 1) Single crystal (SC) turbine blades became a game-changer for the aerospace industry, from airliners to jet fighters and beyond. 2)It seems you did the entire narration with a single breath. Kidding aside, the best thing to do is do the narration in small bite-sized chunks and then stitch the audio together while editing it with the visual elements. 3) Portioning out the narration will avoid losing one’s breathe towards the end of the video. 4) The shorter segments will also allow one to practice the “flow” of the narration, which will allow practice for complex and hard-to-pronounce words. I am interested in producing my own videos for my work as an engineer and your videos have provided me with much knowledge and lessons to learn from. Thanks!
Wrong. Without the propulsion the wings would just sit on the fucking ground... The jet engines are the cause of the airflow over the wings. Therefore the origin of lift.
What drives me crazy is oration by confident people who are largely uninformed. These people are extremely dangerous. A person who doesn't sound confident, but who makes no significant information transfer errors, is vastly better.
Very nice comment. But attitude can be improved. Try to be more appreciating when people so obviously put a lot of effort into something, instead of pointing out problems.
She's learning public speaking maybe? Or she chose to use a college paper as the script for a video, as practice? You try reading this for what you know is a public audience and get back to us.
Need to do several rehearsals with a friendly audience until you can give the talk as if it were just a regular conversation. Keep up the good work! Metallurgy is an incredibly complex subject. Many of the techniques you mention were first developed for making improved steels (Vacuum-based and Electroslag Remelt ultra-strong steels) and then converted to non-steel alloys.
6 years ago. If you are still getting comments I will say well done. a lot of this blade history I have not seen in my readings. Good job. Obviously, you had time constraints, nonetheless, good job. Thank you.
You know...when you lift material from other people's copyrighted work, the right thing to do is ask them, and at the very least quote your source... like putting a link to my channel maybe? I know you're trying, and are always improving,
Damn dude, I've had a lot of respect for what you do over the years. Then I see you comment on this video? Honestly I didn't even see what you were talking about and when I did, I thought it was really petty. Do you think this young lady is making millions off of this video? Further do you think a five second still image from a video you put together is responsible for this success?
This video was great. I was watching the How It's Made; Jet Turbine Blades, and it was so uninformative and inaccurate, this is far better. Probably the only little mistake I caught was saying that turbines push the hot air out of the exhaust producing thrust, when in reality they they extract energy from the flow (in this case to run the compressor and accessory drive gearbox). Pretty much everything else was excellent.
interesting. you sound like you see the script for the first time and told your self: "i can do this in one take". so many new and long words, right? :D
FYI, the tech in the video is used F-14 Tomcat. There has been a new innovation since: 1) TurboFan has a gearbox reduction to spin slower for a larger intake fan, thus obtaining a higher bypass ratio. 2) Computer aid design for better blade airflow. 3) Better drilling technique for smaller holes + CAD design for even more efficiency.
I posted a "like". Text was good, graphics excellent. Sounded like the first time the narrator had ever seen many of the words though. This can be fixed with practice. Thanks for the vid.
This is awesome. I used to work in aerospace grinding and shaping all different types of metals and materials for jet engines. I worked on all different types of individual parts and pieces that make go into making magnificent machines. It was a very cool company to work for and interesting work.
Excellent information from one who was in the Materials Lab at Pratt & Whitney during the 1970's. A little off on the chronology of coatings, etc., but close enough.
One thing though - the turbine doesn't push the hot exhaust gases out of the engine. It's the opposite, exhaust gas makes the turbine spin, which is turned into generating even more thrust.
Thank you for your interesting informative video. You did a good job. We're proud of you. With practice, you'll gain more confidence. Everything gets better with practice & time.
Loved it. But you missed the part where the holes in the blades put a boundary layer of air between the blade and the hot gasses, protecting the blades.
Good information about it for people who are studying for it! Lovely greetings from Captain Sarah Sutter (Boeing 747-400F/747-400BCF) and good luck in your future with engineering and science and have a lot of fun with it! 👍🙋💖✈️
The turbine blades do not spin to push combustion gasses out the tail end. Combustion gasses soon the turbine blades as they exit the tail end of the engine. The blades are blown like a windmill by the combustion gasses, they are not spinning to push the gases out. The turbine blades extract energy from gasses to run the compressor stages. Keep up the good work though.
Katherine....i'm taking my time to type you something uplifting, sometimes when we read or speak fast our tongues denies help,but you did a great job, personally i congratulate your work......if the links to the sites could be typed below the video? Your work would be extensively followed!!!!
Good research. After all the good work they did designing internal blades in my opinion they all fell off the bus when they designed the turbofan. One of the tests a new design must pass is the ability to keep a turbofan engine contained if one of the turbofan blades brakes or falls off. I think it's just a matter of time. There are videos of that very thing happening. If you sit in first class you really get to hear the hammering noise they make. Maybe you could do a video on their design and how it was ever passed and put into commercial use. Good video very informative
Just subscribed to your channell. But why you haven't uploaded anything else since. You did well Katherine. As an ex (retired by 10 years) aircraft engineer I heard many instructors and others who have stambled , but were top knotch teachers. Regards
Maybe but the turbine is the most important part of engine performance. Gas turbines get more efficient the hotter you run them and the heat and tensile strength of the turbine/turbine inlet is the rate limiting factor there. Maybe it's not the most important part of the plane but it is the most important part of the engine performance wise.
Calm down while you narrate, none gonna eat you. Take care, take a full free breath...best of luck, you're earning your potential. Hoping to hear best next time. And oh, btw very thorough metallurgy explaination
I'm no expert at narration, but just a tip from my limited experience: give yourself time to breath and relax. Take big pauses; and if you trip up/misspeak, start that line or paragraph over. Then, you'll have a really long audio recording; *but* you just delete the dead air and bad takes, which is basically the simplest kind of audio editing.
Wrong. Without the jet engines the wings would just sit on the fucking ground. What causes lift is the movement of air over the wings. The jet engine is the origin of the series of events that allows the plane to fly.
To all mechanically challenged readers here, please allow me to explain to you that jet engines is no different than propeller type engines based on pistons... What you re seeing here in this clip is the inside of the jet engine that can spin three or four times as fast as the fastest piston engines around. You see those shallow blades all around in stages from inflow to outflow is functioning the same as piston engines.. Piston engines is more clunky than jet engines so piston engines cannot spin as fast. The exhaust of jet engines is just a glorified tail pipe that does nothing to propel the jet with wings.. It is just hot exhaust blowing out that do very little to propel the jet with wings.. it is the outside taller blades that you see in front of the jet engine that is acting as the real propellers that act as superpowerful fans that is what propel jets with wings.. Wings help lift jets with total assistance of the front blades of jet engines that propel the jet forward only. Wings lift, control , brake the jet around as pilots need to. Rockets is dfferent than jets because rockets use higlhy explosive exhaust coming out of bottom of rocket engines to propel the rocket vertically without any need for wings . Rocket engines can be swiveled left right front back as needed to keep the rocket steady as it climbs vertically . Back to jet engines,, those compressor fins you see inside the jet engines is working the same way as pistons. through compression of the intake air into the combustion chamber of yet other set of more heat resistant compressor fins that release the combusted air /fuel mixture as exhaust much similiar to the valves that let air in and out respectively. Same thiing! But jet engines is more sophiscated means of spinning the shaft which in turn spin the outside front taller propeller blades that numbers in dozens unlike just three, four or five blades seen on piston engines of the airplanes.. The reason is that piston engines cannot turn more than five propeller blades because of air resisitance.. You have tried to crank a hand held fan of sorts before and you know how hard it is to crank faster than you wished to due to your weak muscles.. Jet engines can crank the shaft much harder and much faster than piston engines can.. Just remember ... that both piston and jet engines do not use the exhaust to propel the airplane forward.. it is the bigger front blades that you see so clearly showing in the front side of the jet engine.. Rockets do not intake any air becuase it use compressed oxygen tanks as intake air to make loud explosions inside the rocket engines feed by rocket fuel of choice . Solid state rocket engines is another technology that doesnt use oxygen tanks at all becaue oxygen is solidified inside the solid fuel tanks..
Thanks for the wonderful video, and a huge thanks for not ruining it with crappy background music.
I don't know why some people feel compelled to add annoying background music throughout their videos.
Oh, really, I didn't know because I am deaf, but I am really enjoy learning how marvelous engineering to make better turbine blade.
@@AlwaysBenevolence In the 1960's, my dad made titanium turbine blades. I've heard that these days, some blades are ceramic. Lighter than Ti, and can withstand much higher heat.
very helpful video. but why do sound like if you where presenting this to Stalin
That's me during a school presentation
Astafzciba. Your a prick! Go home.
🤣🤣🤣🤣
If your life was on the line, you would be nervous too. I bet she now knows that the majority of the world is engaged in b s.
Work is a privilege, and let's hope she has earned the privilege.
😆
I love how everyone here is giving you positive critiques on your video. Great topic and it was the first result when I searched for monolithic turbine blades.
Excellent video with great engineering and technology information. I worked as a student at Rolls Royce in their advanced engineering department doing computer stuff for robots. There were lots of turbine blades in the office. I got a true sense of the magnificance of these machines
hi my name is rashid khattinejad from turkey and just started a bussiness in this area and manufacturing of this blades i have some problem in this area and dont have enough information could u help me?
@@karadeniz1996 you ask this similar question on other videos
Very informative video. My grandad, along with 2 other people, has his name on the patent for the manufacturing process of manipulating the way the crystals are formed. Essentially him and 2 other people invented this game changer. Never really understood what he did only it's importance but this video helped. Unfortunately we lost him at the beginning of 2021 but he was a brilliant and very social man.
RIP David Denton
Hi jordan iam studyin in this field could u helpme?
May i have ur gmail id to contact with u jordan?
@@karadeniz1996 hi, not sure how much help I would be but sure. What do you need?
@@Jordan-io3zi some technical detail of turbin blades !do u have email or other social media to contact?
@@karadeniz1996 not sure what information I could provide. I don't know anything about this subject myself and my grandad is no longer with is.
Good job. I worked for a company that was one of the first to develop protective coatings for turbine blades and vanes for the major engine manufactures. I worked there from the mid 60's to the late 90's. I was the solo operator of our scanning electron beam microprobe. Great's job in the world.
hi my name is rashid khattinejad from turkey and just started a bussiness in this area and manufacturing of this blades i have some problem in this area and dont have enough information could u help me? i invite u to joining me in this way or atleast give me ur whatsapp number or connection for more information
Thank you for making better jet turbine engines. I wish British hadn't hand jet turbine over to Soviet that end up created Mig-15.
I think you did a very nice job here. Thorough and accurate. Ignore the naysayers about the narration, that all comes later, the important part is presenting the facts truthfully.
This was extremely informational and I learned a lot. Thank you Katie.
Some things I learned while watching your video:
1) Single crystal (SC) turbine blades became a game-changer for the aerospace industry, from airliners to jet fighters and beyond.
2)It seems you did the entire narration with a single breath. Kidding aside, the best thing to do is do the narration in small bite-sized chunks and then stitch the audio together while editing it with the visual elements.
3) Portioning out the narration will avoid losing one’s breathe towards the end of the video.
4) The shorter segments will also allow one to practice the “flow” of the narration, which will allow practice for complex and hard-to-pronounce words.
I am interested in producing my own videos for my work as an engineer and your videos have provided me with much knowledge and lessons to learn from. Thanks!
The nervousness of the voice almost -- almost -- overpowered and excellent message.
The jet engine isn't what causes the lift, it only provides the propulsion. The wings create almost all of the lift. 1:07
Wrong. Without the propulsion the wings would just sit on the fucking ground... The jet engines are the cause of the airflow over the wings. Therefore the origin of lift.
Very nice and informative video. But narration can be improved. Try to be more relaxed during narration.
The slight hesitations in the narration do not really detract from the valuable information presented.
What drives me crazy is oration by confident people who are largely uninformed. These people are extremely dangerous. A person who doesn't sound confident, but who makes no significant information transfer errors, is vastly better.
Very nice comment. But attitude can be improved. Try to be more appreciating when people so obviously put a lot of effort into something, instead of pointing out problems.
She's learning public speaking maybe? Or she chose to use a college paper as the script for a video, as practice? You try reading this for what you know is a public audience and get back to us.
Need to do several rehearsals with a friendly audience until you can give the talk as if it were just a regular conversation. Keep up the good work! Metallurgy is an incredibly complex subject. Many of the techniques you mention were first developed for making improved steels (Vacuum-based and Electroslag Remelt ultra-strong steels) and then converted to non-steel alloys.
6 years ago. If you are still getting comments I will say well done. a lot of this blade history I have not seen in my readings.
Good job. Obviously, you had time constraints, nonetheless, good job. Thank you.
You know...when you lift material from other people's copyrighted work, the right thing to do is ask them, and at the very least quote your source... like putting a link to my channel maybe?
I know you're trying, and are always improving,
No wonder she was stammering all along the narration. She doesn't know a damn thing about jet turbine blade technologies.
What specific parts did she plaguerize?
BTW, love your channel. All the things about turbines that I expected to learn in my courses, but never did.
Image of a non copyrighted video is not copyright infringement. Dumb ass. You have to copyright the video first.
@@mactheknife4786 damn Mac. You must have had a rough hour right before you posted this one lol so brutal.
Damn dude, I've had a lot of respect for what you do over the years. Then I see you comment on this video? Honestly I didn't even see what you were talking about and when I did, I thought it was really petty. Do you think this young lady is making millions off of this video? Further do you think a five second still image from a video you put together is responsible for this success?
This video was great. I was watching the How It's Made; Jet Turbine Blades, and it was so uninformative and inaccurate, this is far better.
Probably the only little mistake I caught was saying that turbines push the hot air out of the exhaust producing thrust, when in reality they they extract energy from the flow (in this case to run the compressor and accessory drive gearbox). Pretty much everything else was excellent.
Great job young lady! I thought I knew a lot but I learned a whole lot from your video. ty
interesting. you sound like you see the script for the first time and told your self: "i can do this in one take". so many new and long words, right? :D
FYI, the tech in the video is used F-14 Tomcat. There has been a new innovation since: 1) TurboFan has a gearbox reduction to spin slower for a larger intake fan, thus obtaining a higher bypass ratio. 2) Computer aid design for better blade airflow. 3) Better drilling technique for smaller holes + CAD design for even more efficiency.
What does FYI mean
I posted a "like". Text was good, graphics excellent. Sounded like the first time the narrator had ever seen many of the words though. This can be fixed with practice. Thanks for the vid.
This is awesome. I used to work in aerospace grinding and shaping all different types of metals and materials for jet engines. I worked on all different types of individual parts and pieces that make go into making magnificent machines. It was a very cool company to work for and interesting work.
THANKS KATHERINE, A VERY INFORMATIVE VIDEO.
Thank you, this was a good summary for some in HS or who knows nothing about the basic metallurgy of aero turbine blades.
I have no doubt the lady narrating this is a real sweetheart!
Awsome vid , that's how i like it ,concise , loads of real content , just the right pace
Excellent information from one who was in the Materials Lab at Pratt & Whitney during the 1970's. A little off on the chronology of coatings, etc., but close enough.
Wow, That's was best information. Lot of ideas and creative to make much better blades.
One thing though - the turbine doesn't push the hot exhaust gases out of the engine. It's the opposite, exhaust gas makes the turbine spin, which is turned into generating even more thrust.
Time stamp reference
Thank you for your interesting informative video. You did a good job. We're proud of you. With practice, you'll gain more confidence. Everything gets better with practice & time.
Love it ! Exactly what I was looking for, very impressive
Very informative presentation. Thank you for sharing this.
This video has everything I was looking for. And it is also concise. Thanks.
Valuable content. Thank you
thanx for the attemp . nice job . keep on going .
Loved it. But you missed the part where the holes in the blades put a boundary layer of air between the blade and the hot gasses, protecting the blades.
Thank u katie, i love gas turbine tech, this explained a lot about the blade development...nice! 😎
Quite informative! Good job!
Good job KB. Love the info. Now I need a larger hat size.
You really do need several dozens more rehearsals...
This is my career field. Great job with the facts.
Great job!! Really good explanation
Calm please, because you are doing thing which is excellent...
Turbine blades actually don’t push the air out. They extract energy from the air to power the compressor, which is what pushes air.
Good information about it for people who are studying for it! Lovely greetings from Captain Sarah Sutter (Boeing 747-400F/747-400BCF) and good luck in your future with engineering and science and have a lot of fun with it! 👍🙋💖✈️
Nice work, Katie. Really nice work. What are you doing now, I wonder.
This is so good. Thank you!
What grade did you get on this project?
Mam can U Tell Me what kind of thermal coating is used in Today's Jet engine
Is it aluminium based thermal coating
Or ceramic coating
Thanks for this infomative video. I really enjoyed it. I wonder what else can be grown that way?
Thank you for the informative video.
Very good video congratulations
Se vc esta aki devido a uma questão do fórum de materiais metálicos, eu sinto a sua dor
Good effort on a complex subject.
Nice job Katie!
Great job! Thanks for this
This seems like it was made for a school project
Wow Amazing video..
Very informative. Thank you!
Informative, enlightening. Thank you.
Great video. Awesome job
good information, I would like to make a small addition: let's not forget the 100% Titanium aluminade tubin blades. Regards.
Even if the exercice was clearly stressful for you. Overall you did a very good job and by the way you have a nice voice.
very informative video well done
What about the thorium/aluminum breakthrough
The turbine blades do not spin to push combustion gasses out the tail end. Combustion gasses soon the turbine blades as they exit the tail end of the engine. The blades are blown like a windmill by the combustion gasses, they are not spinning to push the gases out. The turbine blades extract energy from gasses to run the compressor stages. Keep up the good work though.
Katherine....i'm taking my time to type you something uplifting, sometimes when we read or speak fast our tongues denies help,but you did a great job, personally i congratulate your work......if the links to the sites could be typed below the video? Your work would be extensively followed!!!!
What's cool is I work at a factory that produces the compressor blades for turbine engines.
great junior could u give me some information in this area i really need ur help
Sounds like reading from a script that was chewed by a dog 😂
good video!!!!!!!
Very informative. Thanks!
@5:04 maybe wear gloves when you install HPT blades
it's kind a very helpful for me
thanks......
The way she’s pronouncing the metallurgical terms I can tell she’s not a specialist in the field, but good job!
must say , this is my fav video by this artist
Beautiful
(minute 1.11) what is the program name ?
Well done.
good work
😆
Very nice
Good research. After all the good work they did designing internal blades in my opinion they all fell off the bus when they designed the turbofan. One of the tests a new design must pass is the ability to keep a turbofan engine contained if one of the turbofan blades brakes or falls off. I think it's just a matter of time. There are videos of that very thing happening. If you sit in first class you really get to hear the hammering noise they make. Maybe you could do a video on their design and how it was ever passed and put into commercial use. Good video very informative
Willie Gillie probably a damaged blade in the compressor.
" I think it's just a matter of time". Yes I see Willie's prophecy has come to pass.
Thank you
very good collation. would be nice to have links to the references :)
Excellent!
Just subscribed to your channell. But why you haven't uploaded anything else since. You did well Katherine. As an ex (retired by 10 years) aircraft engineer I heard many instructors and others who have stambled , but were top knotch teachers. Regards
personally, I'd wager to say the mos important part of the plane's flight would be the wings.
God damn it. The jet engine causes the wind to fly over the wings. Without the engines the wings would do nothing.
Maybe but the turbine is the most important part of engine performance. Gas turbines get more efficient the hotter you run them and the heat and tensile strength of the turbine/turbine inlet is the rate limiting factor there. Maybe it's not the most important part of the plane but it is the most important part of the engine performance wise.
Calm down while you narrate, none gonna eat you. Take care, take a full free breath...best of luck, you're earning your potential. Hoping to hear best next time. And oh, btw very thorough metallurgy explaination
I'm no expert at narration, but just a tip from my limited experience: give yourself time to breath and relax. Take big pauses; and if you trip up/misspeak, start that line or paragraph over. Then, you'll have a really long audio recording; *but* you just delete the dead air and bad takes, which is basically the simplest kind of audio editing.
0:40 The engine isn't the main component that makes planes fly...that would be the wings...
ever heard of gliders?
here you go sir www.dictionary.com/browse/glider
Wrong. Without the jet engines the wings would just sit on the fucking ground. What causes lift is the movement of air over the wings. The jet engine is the origin of the series of events that allows the plane to fly.
Professor Bernhardt
Thank you for making a difficult concept easier to understand
Good luck in your future endeavors
Dr. Barry L
Pretty good job young Lady, just relax and let it flow and you should always know the material and pronunciation inside out, just takes practice. B+
That's a jet fighter engine , but anyway they work the same...
cool video :D
Question:who have some exprience and information in this area plz contact me
Thanks a lot
Update: CMC blades are now in-process, making Ni super-alloys almost irrelevant, a new area of composite jet engines materials is coming big time
how do u know ?could u give me more information?
To all mechanically challenged readers here, please allow me to explain to you that jet engines is no different than propeller type engines based on pistons... What you re seeing here in this clip is the inside of the jet engine that can spin three or four times as fast as the fastest piston engines around. You see those shallow blades all around in stages from inflow to outflow is functioning the same as piston engines.. Piston engines is more clunky than jet engines so piston engines cannot spin as fast. The exhaust of jet engines is just a glorified tail pipe that does nothing to propel the jet with wings.. It is just hot exhaust blowing out that do very little to propel the jet with wings.. it is the outside taller blades that you see in front of the jet engine that is acting as the real propellers that act as superpowerful fans that is what propel jets with wings.. Wings help lift jets with total assistance of the front blades of jet engines that propel the jet forward only. Wings lift, control , brake the jet around as pilots need to. Rockets is dfferent than jets because rockets use higlhy explosive exhaust coming out of bottom of rocket engines to propel the rocket vertically without any need for wings . Rocket engines can be swiveled left right front back as needed to keep the rocket steady as it climbs vertically . Back to jet engines,, those compressor fins you see inside the jet engines is working the same way as pistons. through compression of the intake air into the combustion chamber of yet other set of more heat resistant compressor fins that release the combusted air /fuel mixture as exhaust much similiar to the valves that let air in and out respectively. Same thiing! But jet engines is more sophiscated means of spinning the shaft which in turn spin the outside front taller propeller blades that numbers in dozens unlike just three, four or five blades seen on piston engines of the airplanes.. The reason is that piston engines cannot turn more than five propeller blades because of air resisitance.. You have tried to crank a hand held fan of sorts before and you know how hard it is to crank faster than you wished to due to your weak muscles.. Jet engines can crank the shaft much harder and much faster than piston engines can.. Just remember ... that both piston and jet engines do not use the exhaust to propel the airplane forward.. it is the bigger front blades that you see so clearly showing in the front side of the jet engine.. Rockets do not intake any air becuase it use compressed oxygen tanks as intake air to make loud explosions inside the rocket engines feed by rocket fuel of choice . Solid state rocket engines is another technology that doesnt use oxygen tanks at all becaue oxygen is solidified inside the solid fuel tanks..
00:28 "Imagine trying to fly from New York to California..."
Or, From San Francisco to Boston, Massachusetts...
what a beautiful voice have you ever considered a career in narration of children's books ?
Bethany Edge she would have to loosen up a little bit before that but i agree she does have a very nice soft voice.
Hey I'm about to. Cry.
Great Job!! I learned a lot. You might have meant "Hot Isostatic Pressing" verses "High Isostatic Pressing"
Single crystal or sx casting!
Nice and informative. Good Job.