Crystals: Building patterns with randomness
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- Опубліковано 21 лис 2024
- Crystals are materials that have all their atoms assembled in a precise, repeating pattern, and crystalline materials are everywhere. In this video, I've got real crystals, take pictures of actual atoms, and build two demonstrations (one physical and one virtual) that show how crystals actually form.
Extra thanks to the Earth Science microscopy facility, CNSI, and Dr. Mukherjee at UCSB for props, lab access and a better TEM image than my original!
This Video Series:
Crystals (The main video): • Crystals: Building pat...
The entire CsCl crystal simulation, growing a crystalline "nanoparticle" from 2 to 16384 particles: • Crystals: raw footage ...
Extra footage of the water-bath 2D demo: • Crystals: raw footage ...
Epilogue - Why cubic crystals don't always make cubic shapes: coming soon
CODE!
github.com/Bri...
Music Credits:
I Dunno by grapes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommon...)
ccmixter.org/fi...
Arcadia - Wonders by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommon...)
Source: incompetech.com...
Artist: incompetech.com/
Move Ya by Max Surla/Media Right Productions is licensed under a Creative Commons license
Operatic 3 by Vibe Mountain is licensed under a Creative Commons license
Other Credits:
Silica diagram - public domain
Video effects - Shutterstock Video Editor Toolkit
Explaining the 3d reaction with a 2d magnet model was really awsome, everything makes sense now, why energy is needed and how size makes all the difference, the channel is highly underrated.
Glad you liked it! Crystals are fun
"Size makes all the difference"
Haha that's what she said
couldn't agree more
@@AlphaPhoenixChannel meth
@@AlphaPhoenixChannel Yeah, the agetation with a motor is a very good analog for temperature.
My mineralogy professor could have played this video in the first lecture and saved himself a lot of trouble.
"They're rocks, hank."
If professors just used UA-cam videos then people would question of the legitimacy of their education
@@Tatedeltaco youtube is a great educational tool. I've spent 100s of hours watching lectures from actual college professors and other science educators like this wonderful channel. I would not question a professor's credibility if they used youtube to enhance their curriculum
@@Tatedeltaco yeah I never trust a carpenter who uses the tools available to build minds into society. I would hate it if someone explained something perfectly and I found out because a human I was told to trust imperically showed me the record. Like when they show you a video about science and mitochondria. What a sham. You fool.
Dude I read that wrong the first time I thought is said my Minecraft professor could have played this.
I would love to see the 3d simulation with differently sized particles other than a 1:1 ratio
Also, different shapes, such as elipses
@@gustavowadaslopes2479 particles are approximated using spheres, so an ellipsoid prob wouldn't be as neat
@@za1231in The attractive/repulsive forces between atoms can actually form some really strange shapes, which is part of why there are so many types of crystal arrangements. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital
I actually tried this, but my horrible physics simulation just exploded when the particles were larger or smaller than unit size...
"let's just make the blue disks twice as big" makes them four times as big
fuckin gottem
Probably meant twice the radius.
@@jaredf6205 I know, don't worry.
i was thinking about that when he did it, volumetrically or radially
🤣 this is chemistry, not math class! :p
This is awesome. You take something so simple on the surface, show why it's really not simple and then explain it in an intuitive way!
”I don't know anything, but I do know that everything is interesting if you go into it deeply enough.” - Feynman
@@AlphaPhoenixChannel 🌚 does that apply to human intercourse ?
I love how this brought me to understand the reason without telling me. It showed, via the 2d diagrams, how the lattice forms. I was thinking about why the rules would cause this, and how circles and squares tile, when I realized that circles tile like squares because squares have the least distance between the opposite colors, but the most distance between the same color.
I've been interested in the "science side of UA-cam" for over a decade. This is sincerely one of the best videos I've ever seen on this topic. You have such a great channel and I'm so glad I discovered it today.
I would like to not only thank you but the University or institution that allowed you to film with their equipment and their samples. I am very appreciative.
It only takes a smart person to explain a complicated subject to another smart person. It takes a genius to explain that same subject to an average person. I'm seriously very happy that your channel is beginning to show up in my and other people's recommended. Amazing content and amazing communication.
I do not know why im watching this during my Christmas break. But ive been trying to grow crystals for months on end now for my research. But your explanation is really good for simplifying the complexity of of crystallography.
You made me reopen university books for the first time in years. You may not get how amazing of an achievement this is, but all I can do is thank you!
Great work!
Damn, you've been popping off recently
explaining everything as "energetically favourable or not" feels like it applies to almost every field.
Chemistry, Physics, even Computer Science: if code is complicated it's more likely to break.
I think about a LOT of problems with very hand-wavey thermo logic… 😬👐
Yeah applies to many fields, even pseudo-fields, if you know what i mean
Entropy is a very basic concept everyone should understand.
I think it's great that you show what sort of equipment universities have and that you showed us the image produced by the TEM. It's something not a lot of people ever get to see, so I'm grateful for that. Your models for the actual physical process are, of course, some of the best I've seen.
Lattice structures always seemed daunting and confusing, thank you for sharing it in such a friendly and intuitive way!
"look at this beautiful quartz" *deafining KSP music*
Love your agitation mechanism, esp. how you achieved various frequencies and amplitudes. Ingenious!
Such a gem of a channel… my lord. Extremely coherent, proprietary knowledge presented in a well-directed and well-edited manner. This is what I love about UA-cam.
THANK YOU for not saying that the atoms "want" to arrange that way. I hear too much of that and I think it's wrong to say things "want" to do anything. Very well explained!
Awesome videos man. Some of the greatest practical demos out there. I've got a PhD in materials science and you've helped me intuitively understand some of these concepts better with your videos than with years of study. Good job!
This helped me understand more about the primary, secondary and tertiary carbons. I knew how stable or stronger they were because of their arrangement but it only made "sense" on my brain after watching this. Thanks man!
I studied x-ray diffraction and crystallography in college, and this video gave me a better intuitive understanding of those subjects than most of my classes did. Great stuff. Would love to see more 3D printed shapes using different size ratios and maybe even 3 or more different atom sizes. I'd recommend getting a resin printer so you can see the lattices in even more detail, and get crystal clear prints!
Just watched this video. My ears perked up when you said rhombic dodecahedron. I just finished building 3 rhombic dodecahedron models to visualize the interior space of the 72 pencil hexastick model from Matt Parker's Stand up maths channel. Too cool that your 3D model forms that shape.
Matt Parker is awesome!
8:59 "if they happen by random chance to form a really stable pattern and requires a lot of energy to break up, they are more likely to stay in that arrangement"
This is important. This simple sentence allowed me to instantly grasp the concept of lowest energy state. It's not that things in nature seek the lowest energy state, it's that they can't escape it if they randomly stumble upon it. Suddenly, lowest energy state makes sense.
SO MANY THINGS do this. It’s like my favorite way to think about problems. I use “energetically expensive” to describe map districts in my most recent video
Thermodynamics, not just a good idea.
@@tissuepaper9962 statistical mechanics; usually used to explain the micro scale of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics itself only care about the macro scale.
5:35 and here we have the "sad-clown" crystalline structure
This channel is a treasure. You explained that better than any textbook I’ve read, or lecture I’ve attended, or other video I’ve watched. Masterful. Just from watching your video, I have a deeper understanding of crystal formation than ever. Thank you. I discovered Alpha Phoenix a few weeks ago, and I’m in the process of binge watching all your videos. Time well spent! You make the Internet shine like so many of us thought it would back in the day.
Iv said it before and I’ll say it again! Your demos are AMAZING!!! They not only show the science of nature but also the “magic” of science and nature!…. This is why I love science it’s so aw inspiring that can only be related to magic. And who doesn’t like REAL magic!!?!? Iv made a few science demos like a thermo electric cloud chamber, standing wave generator, and Tesla coil , when I show my friends them you can see their mind light up with wonder. They question their understanding of reality and what is really possible in the world. The imagination of a child is relit.
I like how excited you are about the things you talk about.
Brilliant stuff.
Golden ratio rhombi, closest-packing space filling geometry. Loved the video, thank you!
This is super cool. I would love to see a follow up with the 3D print of the various sized particles as well! Also it would be cool if you did one with 3 or more different sizes too!
I had a question in chemistry class in like year 10. And while our teacher hadn't had the time to give me an answer, a chemistry student doing an internship got a satisfying answer. Looking at a chemical equation(a process). Why do you get H20 instead of H2 and 02. Because every atom got an inherent electron negativity and every bond tries to get into a state it's most comfortable with. To get gas, you need more energy. Since every chemical process has a temperature and pressure it works best in. And changing those conditions changes the results for example. Aiming for the octal rule of valency isn't sufficient to predict what will happen.
Christals are also a process that follows simple rules (difference forces between atoms as well as conditions it's in). So this video just helps the visual model in my mind.and gives answers to the questions I had in school, which for other students might not have ever gotten a statifying answer.
thank you steve mould, i discovered great channel.
I got a sudden urge to play KSP when you introduced your quartz crystals.
The effort put into this video is impressive.
Dude set up all that, IN HIS HOTEL ROOM....
Thats dedication.
Thank you UA-cam for suggesting this guy! Utterly fascinating content!
this dude looks like he's filming from the 80s and 90s and I love it!!
I can tell you put 110% effort into every second of your videos. Awesome!
This channel is a hidden GEM :D
Physics is beautiful indeed and it gives such pleasure when the simulation works well
Simulations are great 🔥🔥🔥 you did a great job 👌
Beautiful and very clever way to show what’s happening in crystal formation. Bravo!
Please make more videos like these!!! They were so clearly explained and your enthusiasm is fantastic :)
As a side note, I noticed that your username yielded a lot of noisy results therefor making it hard to find your content!
Thanks! I’m glad you liked it! Crystals (as thin films, not natural ones) are necessarily my thing nowadays so this was pretty fun!
And yeah I’ve noticed that. Thanks for being an external source to point it out! I need to add a space in the channel name and it may help...
I actually already knew that glass and quartz is made up of the same atoms. I think it’s really cool that different arrangements of the same atoms can give different properties
Rhombic dodecahedrons are my new jam. Found my way here from reddit. Excellent job here.
When you did the 2d simulation with the water and magnets, you should use toothpicks to connect some of the dots to make “water molecules” and to see how they will crystalize
i just found your channel a few days ago, and i have to say the amount of detail and dedication you put into your videos is INSANE. the scene changes, the amount of research and interesting information you deliver, and the excellent examples makes these videos incredibly engaging and fun to watch. Super glad i found it as it seems like it’s been a hidden gem of youtube for quite some time, and now it finally looks like it’s being uncovered for lots of other people too!
This video answered so many questions I didn't even know I had. I can only imagine amino acids and proteins assembling in your simulation!
Your demo immediately reminds me of what happens when there are only 10 or 15 cocoa puffs or cheerios left in the bowl. They come together and form the same kind of crystal structure even absent magnetic attraction between them. I have found this behavior fascinating ever since I first noticed it as a kid.
Surface tension brings them together, and the fact that they are hard and take up space (repelling each other) causes them to crystallize!
I just finished watching your defense and saw you used this animation and idk why but I felt so proud.
I'm a blacksmith, and it wasn't until I understood a bit about how crystals work, that I figured out how metal actually works. metallurgy is freaking magic!
Something you kind of touched on that I think is worthy of clarifying, is that the "apparent complexity" of these structures is the lowest state of energy, and therefore doesn't violate the law of entropy but instead follows it, and that's one of the reasons why it looks like that.
These is what happens when you anneal a metal, alloy or ceramic sample. Great demo!
I like the fact that they're also space filling (while not being as boring as hexaeders).
Incredible! You got good work and also talent! keep up the good job!
Would love to see a followup with some more shapes / variations.
Where was this guy when I was failing chemistry? Really awesome interesting content. Steve Mould brought me btw
Destin! Get over hear, Destin! You've got to see this!
Seriously, I want to see a reaction video from Destin at SmarterEveryDay. His head would explode.
*Dustin
SmarterEveryDay and AlphaPhoenix seem to have a very similar style driven by curiosity. Love seeing it - science at its best.
This video blew my mind man! You deserve so many more views! I have always wondered how crystals can just form into a perfect lattice with no imperfections! Amazing! I have been binging your videos since discovering your channel! You're amazing!
The experiment at 10:30 also shows, that some crystal structures have imperfections.
edit: for example the imperfection in the bottom left corner (the imperfection, that remains till the end of the experiment) at 9:05 could eventually, if there were more atom, cover that part, and if that part doesn't settle before it is covered completely, the imperfection would grow.
6:17 *"You probably can predict what's about to happen"* Actually I couldn't, I had no way to predict that at 6:43 and 6:46 you were going to use your _hands_ and physically intervene. But as a lover and collector of crystals, I like what you're trying to show here. I just makes me appreciate some of the rare and amazing crystals I've found all the more. *Thanks!*
Hi Alphaphoenix, this is a *FANTASTIC* video! I wonder what happens if you can introduce not only homogeneous "particles", but also take into account, what we call it, the atom's valence. In these new configurations, you could have the need not more than a certain number of neighbor atoms, to keep in a more stable configuration or REPELLED to keep the energy level at its lowest. Anyway, very good job!
Your videos are truly amazing and help me understand way more efficient then reading it all out of books. Thank you very much!
This vlog really shared something both interesting and valuable with me today! I am also really impressed with your skills at visualising / presenting such an interesting but complex topic.
Beautiful and simple :) i can’t imagine then the effort you put into this :O great work, everyone who likes exploring ideas will find this very interesting!
We're trained to call the shape of a crystal the habit, not the form, but here the rhombic dodecahedron is actually the form (as well as the habit , I guess).
Great video btw. :D
Absolutely awesome work. This video deserves millions of views. Well done. Keep up the good work.
infinite intelligent design and only one could have done it. keep up the fun video ideas
I love seeing the FIRST totes!
Awesome exploration project. Love how it shows how intuitive crystals are. I posted some links on the simulation video of some sims of my own. Glad to see you are getting into coding, digital systems can be super powerful and accessible in ways physical experiments might not be. Cheers!
found a new favourite science channel.
great videos mate.
Loved the video! Very good quality, keep it up!!!!
This channel is one of the best on UA-cam. I really hope that you will feel inspired to continue to make these videos for a long time into the future. I hope you will get much more subscribers and views. Each of your videos literally deserves millions of views. I am mailing a link to your channel to some of my friends.
Amazing video as always. Cant wait to see this channel explode. It will happen sooner or later!
Just randomly found your content watching a veritasium video! Dude keep up the awesome work! Love the videos!
A few months ago I left a solution of sodium iodide aside and forgot that there. To my great surprise when I got back I had a beautiful exagonal crystal (actually an prism with hexagonal base); I knew this was correlated to the crystal structure but I didn't know it was due to the Iodine atom dimension, your planar example makes me think that that was the reason; nonetheless looking up the 3D crystal structure of the compound it is not evident to me that such an hexagonal crystal would form, so as you said the crystal habit is not easily predictable from the lattice structure, interesting!. Great video, very engaging, keep it up :)
5:43 a sad face for a great video
Great stuff, man. I am working on creating lab gemstones (I actually have a few prototypes) and you've helped deepen my understanding
Fantastic video! I love how such amazingly complex entities can form out of such seemingly simple systems! THIS is why I study physics and chemistry! Keep up the good work, alpha! :D
Surprised you don't have a million subs yet. Should change soon.
you think its beautiful physics, and i think u are a beautiful man for sharing your joy and in turn turning it into my joy, neither of us knew each other or tried but because the video wound up in my box i got to experience it as well
Excellent job explaining this stuff! Best on UA-cam!!
Seen just a few of your videos and i fell in love with you. Awesome! :)
beautiful physics indeed, but only because its beautifully explained!
again, another awesome explanation with visuals
0:38 The idea that systems following very simple rules can evolve and exhibit very complicated patterns and behavior is a theme found throughout math and physics.
Biological Evolution: Am I a joke to you? You even got this idea and even the name from me.
I'd love to see a simulation with tunable parameters that allowed it to grow any of the 230 crystal groups. Even better if it could grow quasicrystals. Also it would be cool to see a two dimensionsal version of the program that could produce any of the 17 wallpaper tilings.
Parameters could include things mentioned in this video; numbers of types of particles, relative size of particles, relative strengths of attractions/repulsions between any two types of particles, and that could be stored in an Abelian multiplication table.
Would those parameters be enough to produce all types of crystal or would it be necessary to include additional information about the particles like making particles that are only attractive/repulsive on one side?
Just galavanted across your channel from reddit. Very well made video. It's interesting to see the difference size of atom may play on the crystalline lattice. I've never really seen it visualized like this before. Well done. My research is in polymer chemistry btw
Glad you liked it!
That's mental! Super awesome to learn this.
I learn so much stuff I didn't know yet by watching your videos! thanks a lot, they are awesome!
Oh man, you are so bad at clickbaits.
The video turned out to be awesome!! I had not watched a better explanation of crystal lattices before.
The video is 1000 times bettwer than what the thumbnail makes you think.
Awesome script, awesome "real physics simulation", and ye... the TEM image was incredible.
And at last, can someone explain me why i feel like playing ksp when watching those quarz crystals??
What happens as it grows toward infinity? Is it just rhombic dodecahedra all the way down? Is there a phase change into a sphere? Is there a phase change from cubic to rhombic dodecahedron? So many questions! Such a good video!
Wow, this was really interesting! I think I'll try to program this myself (maybe just in 2 dimensions first...) and play around with it a bit. Brilliant channel!
Thanks! I’m not sure I mention it in there, but I used the Energy Verlet (and not a very efficient implementation of the LJ potential). My matlab code should be on github
@@AlphaPhoenixChannel Ah, thanks! I've seen the link to the code but thought I'd try it on my own first. I don't have a great GPU and only 2GB of video RAM, so I'll have to see how well I get this to work
Bloody fantastic teaching.
WOW!! Only recently discovered this channel. Thanks for the amazing simulation. The only thing I could think of at the end of the video ... What if AlphaPhoenix can add more variables to his simulation and add in more different atoms, what shape would we then get?
Could a randomised computer model recreate a natural occuring structure, and if so could we use the model to "create" (I use create very loosely) a new structure / new material?
Great work!
Two thoughts, for creating further crystal forms:
As well as the red and blue particle sizes, what about their relative numbers available?
What about when more than two types of particle are present?
The ratio of quality of content to simplicity of materials is wildly high (for the demonstrations :P The TEM looks a bit complicated!)
Really fascinating. Thanks for sharing this!
Love your high quality work
THIS MUST BE WHY THERE ARE WAY MORE 3D SHAPES THAN 2D
I live for this kind of content