The First War Of Independence | Revolt of 1857 | 10th ICSE History
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First War of Independence 1857 | Revolt of 1857 | ICSE 10th History | Session 2023-24 One Shot
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The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence started on May 10, 1857, at Meerut. It was the first major and large-scale rebellion against the East India Company rule, although not the first revolt against the Company. Although eventually unsuccessful, it had a profound effect on the Indian people and also changed the nature of British rule over the subcontinent.
Sepoy Mutiny
In this edition of This Day in History, you can read about the beginning of the First War of Indian Independence or the Revolt of 1857, as many call it. This is an important part of modern Indian history for the UPSC exam.
Causes of Revolt of 1857
There was brewing discontent over the Company rule in India. About 2/3rd of the country was under the East India Company’s rule and the remaining princely states, although independent in name, had lost their sovereignty to the British in some form or the other.
Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse ensured that many legitimate heirs of the native states lost their rightful kingdoms to the Company. This instilled in the Indians deep hostility towards the perceived and real injustices of British rule. Also, the colonial rule had disrupted the old feudal system of agriculture and commerce in the country and unsettled many people off their traditional forms of employment.
There was a rumour that the new rifles had cartridges that were smeared with the fat of pigs and cows. These had to be bitten off before the rifles could be loaded. This was equally offensive to both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The British establishment did nothing to quell the rumours.
Immediate Causes of Revolt of 1857
On March 29th, sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) declared rebellion against his commanders and fired the first shot at a British officer.
He and an accomplice were court-martialed and hanged a few days later. The regiment was disbanded.
Many of the sepoys felt that the punishment meted out to Pandey was unwarranted, further fuelling them with anger and resentment with the British establishment.
At Meerut, there was a large cantonment with more than 2000 Indian soldiers. On 24th April, the commanding officer of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry ordered his troops to parade and fire the rifles as part of the drill. All the men, except 5, refused to do so.
85 sepoys were court-martialed and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment on 9th May. All the accused soldiers were stripped off uniforms and shackled publicly before the whole unit.
The very next day, the remaining soldiers openly mutinied and set free their 85 comrades from the prisons.
They also killed several European officers. The revolt spread to the city of Meerut as well.
The mutinying soldiers reached Delhi, the seat of the Mughal Emperor on 11th May. They captured the city and declared the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as the Emperor of Hindustan.
The rebellion spread to many places in Northern India including Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Gwalior and Bihar. Many Indian princes and rulers joined in the revolt. The most important names are the Rani of Jhansi, Tantya Tope, Nana Saheb, Kunwar Singh, etc.
The larger princely states of Hyderabad, Travancore, Kashmir, Mysore and the smaller kingdoms of Rajputana also refrained from joining the revolt.
Ordinary people, peasants, landlords, Hindus of all castes, Muslims, traders, all joined this rebellion.
The British crushed the revolt ruthlessly, although it took them about 18 months to completely suppress it.
The revolt saw a lot of unity among the Indians irrespective of their religious and caste affiliations.
Causes of Failure of Revolt of 1857