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Archaeology 101
Приєднався 17 кві 2017
Welcome to the channel! Mini lectures on archaeology, mostly covering prehistoric topics by me! An actual sometimes factual archaeologist with a background in prehistory and heritage.
Could You Survive Prehistoric Brain Surgery?
In a time of no modern medicine you might have to have a hole in the head with no painkillers, find out how that might have gone by coming with me to look into the latest research into trepanation.
Figures
thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/hole-in-the-head-trepanation/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981715300085
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908843/#CR2
www.researchgate.net/publication/222682909_The_antiquity_of_cranial_surgery_in_Europe_and_in_the_Mediterranean_basin
www.researchgate.net/figure/Prehistoric-adult-female-cranium-from-San-Damian-Peru-unhealed-trepanation_fig1_236640143
By Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58036467
By Hieronymus Bosch - www.rijksmuseum.nl : Home : Info : Pic, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11077174
By Wolfgang Sauber - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4231375
By self (User:Hirsutism), derived from File:Bow_Drill_with_annotations.jpg created by User:JonRichfield, derived from File:Bow_Drill.png created by User:Reddi - Own work, CC BY 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44097667
By No machine-readable author provided. 120 assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY 2.5, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=899824Darvill, T. 2004. Long barrows of the Cotswolds
Han Kangxin And Chen Xingcan The Archaeological Evidence Of Trepanation In Early China
www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Knives-saw-Minusinsk-Museum.jpg
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4427816/
neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2007/06/13/an-illustrated-history-of-trepanation/
surgery.edwardworthlibrary.ie/operations/trepanning/
Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=351548
www.zmescience.com/medicine/mysterious-inca-skulls-holes/
Bibliography
thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/hole-in-the-head-trepanation/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981715300085
core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144005709.pdf
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/joa.13266
tinyurl.com/2xwtvkve
Figures
thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/hole-in-the-head-trepanation/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981715300085
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908843/#CR2
www.researchgate.net/publication/222682909_The_antiquity_of_cranial_surgery_in_Europe_and_in_the_Mediterranean_basin
www.researchgate.net/figure/Prehistoric-adult-female-cranium-from-San-Damian-Peru-unhealed-trepanation_fig1_236640143
By Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58036467
By Hieronymus Bosch - www.rijksmuseum.nl : Home : Info : Pic, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11077174
By Wolfgang Sauber - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4231375
By self (User:Hirsutism), derived from File:Bow_Drill_with_annotations.jpg created by User:JonRichfield, derived from File:Bow_Drill.png created by User:Reddi - Own work, CC BY 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44097667
By No machine-readable author provided. 120 assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY 2.5, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=899824Darvill, T. 2004. Long barrows of the Cotswolds
Han Kangxin And Chen Xingcan The Archaeological Evidence Of Trepanation In Early China
www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Knives-saw-Minusinsk-Museum.jpg
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4427816/
neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2007/06/13/an-illustrated-history-of-trepanation/
surgery.edwardworthlibrary.ie/operations/trepanning/
Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=351548
www.zmescience.com/medicine/mysterious-inca-skulls-holes/
Bibliography
thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/hole-in-the-head-trepanation/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981715300085
core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144005709.pdf
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/joa.13266
tinyurl.com/2xwtvkve
Переглядів: 296
Відео
Secrets of the Neanderthals Documentary Contextualised by an Archaeologist
Переглядів 4532 місяці тому
The Netflix doc came out a while ago, but I thought it would be worth sharing some extra context where I thought it was lacking in the doc. Plz no sue Netflix Sources: Figures www.arch.cam.ac.uk/news/shanidar-z-film By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110548891 Pomeroy et al www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article...
The Piltdown Hoax
Переглядів 1,3 тис.4 місяці тому
Yes another video that covers the Piltdown Hoax, please find my sources in the comment below and read through them but beware of becoming obsessed with this case and the whimsical characters that it contains. Disclaimers: I do not own any of the images used within this presentation, they are there for educational purposes only and where possible open access images are used and their origin is c...
Lucy's Dad? An overview of Australopithecus anamensis
Переглядів 1,5 тис.5 місяців тому
The oldest australopithecine in the world and you may never have heard of it. It left behind no tools only bones and a million questions, in this video some of these questions are explored, please enjoy. Disclaimer: I do not own any of the images used within this presentation. The archaeological record is a fickle thing and is subject to opinion and new discoveries which change those opinions. ...
Neolithic Massacres
Переглядів 28 тис.6 місяців тому
The Neolithic period shows an increased level of violence, some of which comprise the mass murder of entire villages. This video goes into details about the German mass burials of some of those events. Disclaimer: I do not own any of the images used within this presentation. The archaeological record is a fickle thing and is subject to opinion and new discoveries which change those opinions. Th...
Barrow lands: Bronze Age Burial Mounds
Переглядів 7027 місяців тому
An introductory video into the research, prehistory and history behind the use and form of Bronze Age burials mounds. Disclaimer: Archaeology is fickle and subject to review constantly, therefore, I encourage everyone to do their own research and I try to be transparent by listing my sources which are listed below. I do not own any of the images used within this video and have listed the creato...
Mesolithic Britain: The Prehistoric ‘Dark Age’?
Переглядів 5808 місяців тому
The Mesolithic in Britain is one of those illusive periods that has a lot of unanswered questions which makes it seem like a 'Dark Age' in prehistory. But is this true? Disclaimer: The research that goes into each video is as up to date as I possibly can access, not all journals, papers or books are open access and I may miss pieces of evidence. Furthermore, archaeology is subject to constant c...
The Oldest Murder Case
Переглядів 1,8 тис.9 місяців тому
Deep within a cave in Northern Spain, 430,000 years ago, a young neanderthal was dropped into a shaft and never seen again...until now. Dive in with me on what has been called the first murder case. Disclaimer: The past is fickle and subject to change, we literally dig up (haha) new evidence everyday, the content in any of my videos may become outdated as more research is done. I always include...
The Earliest Hunting Weapons
Переглядів 63410 місяців тому
What is the evidence for human hunting, who was it done by and where was the evidence found? Join me in this short presentation on the main talking points for human hunting and its evolution through time. Disclaimer: Archaeological narratives are fickle and subject to change as new evidence is dug up (haha). Please follow the source links below which I have used to make this presentation. Figur...
Denisovans and their DNA
Переглядів 16 тис.Рік тому
13 years on and what have archaeologists been able to dig up (or not) about these illusive hominins THE RESULTS MIGHT SURPRISE YOU?! Figures en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains www.shh.mpg.de/2076188/molecular-analysis-reveals-the-oldest-denisovan-fossils www.science.org/content/article/ancient-dna-puts-face-mysterious-denisovans-extinct-cousins-neanderthals australian.museum/learn/science/hu...
What Ancient Faeces Can Tell Us About Our Ancestors
Переглядів 189Рік тому
Let me take you down the bowl of research into the study of ancient poo and how a blast from the past can tell so much about human diet and health! Sources Shillito et al 2020 paper www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220302427 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X1930570X www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.aba6404 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/p...
What's the meaning of a Henge?
Переглядів 371Рік тому
An overview on henges and their history. Figures (I own none of the images within this presentation); Thumbnail: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Ring_of_Brodgar_3.jpg www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/3001/arminghall_henge.html www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?MNF6100-Arminghall-Henge collectionsinthelandscape.wordpress.com/2013/09/24/a-visit-to-arbor-low/ www.prehistorics...
Why were long barrows abandoned?
Переглядів 1 тис.Рік тому
Figures- www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/belas-knap-long-barrow/ J. Müller, H. Dibbern, and F. Hage, “Non-megalithic mounds beneath megaliths: a new perspective on monumentality in north central europe.” 2014 www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1818037116 www.upr.org/utah-news/2016-08-08/feast-or-famine-why-did-hunter-gatherers-start-farming-anyway www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/wayland.htm ...
Miocene Apes: Our Ancestors Ancestors?
Переглядів 837Рік тому
An overview of Miocene Apes and 3 of the main case studies, please enjoy and please consult the references below. News articles phys.org/news/2021-10-oldest-footprints-pre-humans-crete.html evolutionnews.org/2021/02/newly-published-analysis-refutes-claims-that-sahelanthropus-tchadensis-was-human-ancestor/ www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-ancient-ape-species-rewrites-story-bipedalism-18...
Homo luzonensis: Another 'hobbit' species
Переглядів 2,2 тис.2 роки тому
Homo luzonensis: Another 'hobbit' species
Homo heidelbergensis and the Muddle in the Middle
Переглядів 3,9 тис.2 роки тому
Homo heidelbergensis and the Muddle in the Middle
Clearly a torture not a willing patient to under go this
@davide2711 Now that is an interesting thought, not something I have seen being discussed.
I celebrate the shoutout to Primitive Technology. That was a pleasant surprise!
Great for relieving pressure in the brain caused by an injury perhaps but for everything else you would need that like you would need a hole in the head.😮
I view trepanation with trepidation.
You have no idea how many times I had to click "don't recommend this channel" on the UA-cam homepage for UA-cam to finally recommend this video. Finally, something that different, that I also want to see, and relates to what I study.
The Dmanisi skull with no teeth is probably a relative of skull 3 which has its front teeth missing. I suspect that skull and skull 3 have very shallow tooth roots and that's the real reason they lost them. Skull 5 has extremely deep tooth roots. Our tooth roots are between the two.
Much enjoyed, Thank you.
Is it geneticists responsibility to dumb it down for you or for you to educate yourself more so you understand? I have no formal education in genetics but find the lectures of them fairly easy to follow. Formal scientific papers are harder but then they are produced for their peer group to try and obtain consensus. And if you think their hard, DNA experts in courtrooms are almost impenetrable and they're supposed to be explaining it to layman juries.
@@nomadpurple6154 Both
Great channel man. Hope it grows. Subscribed. Keep it up
I was looking for some presentation on Denisovans also with a sceptical view on the science. I found some other video but it was just hype with AI generated pictures which made it unnatural. Your video is perfect. Thanks.
I think a fire simulation at the stalactites would animate on the cave walls. It might give insight of their perspective
Interesting. Were the aggressors Neolithic farmers? Were those killed from the same group?
@@popacristian2056 Probably another group of farmers, who exactly, whether local or not who knows in each case
@@Archaeology101Lectures Some genetic analysis of those killed would have clarified if they were farmers or hunter-gatherers.
I was unaware until now that there was Neanderthal archaeology as far south as Kurdistan.
I've always been fascinated by the Neanderthals. It will be interesting if one day if the main stressor in their extinction becomes apparent.
As climate change marches on for us modern humans, I'm sure that we're going to find out sooner rather than later.
Nice review! Well done!
Thats a lot of info from a finger bone!
It would have been so awesome too watch all this first hand huh?
The best explanation of this subject I’ve seen yet 😃.
A very good overview. Thanks. My favourite part of this hoax has always been the fossilised cricket bat.
This was extremely interesting. I'm glad this got recommended to me. I really like your detailed explanation, and you have a great reading voice.
@thomilo44 you are very kind, thank you :)
Fascinating
They had weaves even bag then . Amazing
The fact that he named all his "discoveries" after himself is... a trifle suspicious. 🤔
The shadow of this hoax still hangs over paleo-anthropology today. On all sorts of videos related to this subject, I see comments that basically amount to "Why should I believe this fossil is real when Piltdown was a hoax? Science lied to us once, they can lie again." Dawson ended up doing a lot of damage to a field he was so devoted to.
Thank you. I had always ignored the whole affair, preferring to concentrate on the accepted science. This investigation into of how it happened is really very interesting.
Do people think there is less interest in this period of Britain's history, like the Picts . It seems to me that the current enthusiasm for Pictish research is more about post Pictland as DNA analysis of the burial sites, which would have been of the aristocracy, shows Gaelic and Irish DNA. I think it's entirely possible that the upright stones we have with battles on one side and "celtic" christian cross on the other could depict battles between those Pictish tribes with leaders who had decided to collaborate with the Roman Catholic church and it's "priests" against those tribe who did / would not.
Older teenage girls were spared. We think kidnapped for sexual partners. Obviously.
I’ve been trying to work out how C3 vs C4 is an indicator of how hard the food was, but can’t make sense of it. Pretty much all nuts come from trees and pretty much all trees are C3. Among grasses and sedges there doesn’t seem to be any correlation between C4/C3 and hardness of edible parts, and if they were harvesting roots and tubers, the grit should make an identifiable wear-pattern regardless. I guess we can say they weren’t eating a lot of millet or sorghum, but without cooking, those aren’t nutritious anyway. Final note: If the creatures were eating bugs, grubs, lizards, and so on, wouldn’t the diet of their prey skew these results?
idiots
Oh, I was thrilled when I learnrd the word, “coprolites”. Six-year-old giggles aside, thank you for this informative study.
This was a really great summary, thank you. You mention that curved phalanges would have been useful for climbing trees, but I remember learning that the curvature of the bones was actually *caused* by climbing and the pressures it put on them?
Thanks for the report. It's something I'll watch again. For subsequent videos, please increase the volume.
Why would foreigners care about maintaining OUR heritage?
The inverted remains are interesting. I wonder if it had something to do with status, maybe noting some kind of disgrace or offense.
Thank for this very informative presentation. Do you have an idea, how the site of Herxheim fit's into this picture?
Herxheim is so weird, it deserves its own video which i may do in future but im sure there are ones already. The interpretations seems to range from it being a special burial place where the dead were brought to and there may have been cannibalisation of the remains, or, its a place to bring people to slaughter, dare i say sacrifice, and there remains cannibalised. Whichever is the case, Herxheim doesn't reflect an attacked settlement as is the case for most of the sites dealt with here. Therefore, Herxheim may reflect violent tendencies, contemporary to the sites looked at here, but the behaviour represented within the trauma of the remains and their contexts likely reflects some different motive than explored here.
All Sites - they took all the females that were still able to have children & desirable and all the males who were still able work or forced into their army. Killed all the kids who were dependent on adults to survive, possibly disabled somehow, and those who fought.
really well done. I love the format
it has been proven over and over again that DEFENDING YOUR OWN TRIBE, KINGDOM, NATION, PEOPLE, RELIGION against ALIENS, potential by violence and war, is part of the NATURAL HUMAN SPIRIT AND CULTURE. This implies that overcoming NATIONALISM/ RACISM (like within Russia, Israel, Palestina, US, UK) is essential to a MODERN RATIONAL CIVILIZATION.
@ 16:55.......... "This is most likely 'neighbors killing neighbors'. Why they do this, we can't always say...." 🙂 Umm, excuse me..... are you familiar at all with human beings??
Thank you for making these! I really appreciate hearing interesting information without a lot of noise and posturing. Your voice is lovely to listen to
The population was increasing, families had fenced off land and "private property" and farming interfered with people still following the old ways, much like gypsies and travellers today. Young women weren't taken to help with breeding. That's very nieve, they were taken for forced intimacies and slavery. Young teenage boys would also be inducted into a life of slavery, abuse and their bodies dumped or fed to animals. We have been "civilised" for 2 thousand years, yet this behaviour still happens all over the world. Just imagine, if and when the lights of civilisation go out.
Forced intimacy is breeding. It's every woman's most frequently reported fantasy.
12:49 bruh i` looks like a bone. Sacrifiiiiice
Can't read the list of documents. Please post the Star Car PDF access. Thanks
All url links are posted in the description :)
'So the survival of the group can be assured' Why does everyone talk on these communal hive mind levels, prehistoric man captures sex slaves in hedonistic bid for power.
Germans have a very long tradition of genocide indeed.
Thanks for your summation. Have there been any other comparable finds elsewhere in Europe from this time? And was there an increase in the local population or a sudden increase in burials found else where? Your summary of these sites and a look at what else may have been going on could be valuable in piecing together what was going on.
Off the top of my head i can only think of Herxheim which would be roughly contemporary with the sites here (same region too), although Herxheim is on such a massive scale. A lot of massacre sites dated to the late neolithic after the LBK and early bronze age.
@@Archaeology101Lectures Thank you. Some observations of mine Re similarities from my research of 'The Struggle for Control of North America, 1675-1820' that might help (or not?). 1, sadly, massacres by all sides were all too common due to interethnic conflicts and the difficulty of catching your opponent in the 'Bush Warfare'. 2. Many of the conflicts were brought on more by the rapid population growth of the Euromericans (geometric in some places) vs. the struggling Indigenous Peoples population growth due to European diseases. These were often horrific fights over land and resources by 2 different desperate peoples. 3, the preferred method of execution of captives when they felt it was necessary by the Indigenous was clubbing the victims in the back of the head with a hatchet or war club. 4. Based on my experience and research in North Am Archeology, I would say that the number of sites found so far may only be a sample of a much larger conflict. There are always more sites than archeologists and the only recent finds of locations of these sites may have been due to an earlier lack of recognition. 5, the selective nature of the victims suggests both a 'rub out' and enslavement. The deliberate burial of the victims in mass graves suggests the perps planned on reusing the sites. Slavery was a very old Old World practice with most slaves being caught in a conflict. It didn't appear much in the 1675-1820 North Am wars for multiple reasons, so I have few other observations. In Ancient Summer and Egypt, there was much talk about the extermination and enslavement of conquered peoples, potentially as a form of 'state terrorism'.
humans have been killing and torturing each other since the dawn of existence… and my hunch is, that now as ever, the perpetrator / aggressor is usually someone known to the recipient of this violence. It seems, everybody can be tolerant in an abstract sense, but they can still injure or murder their neighbours and their family on a very, very scanty pretext. Knowing that chimps do it too is no consolation, at all.
"li'l elephants", what a really cool notion to play with! Sounds like an oxymoron in physical form - but yes, island dwarfism and all that, sure. I dreamt about tiny elephants as a child, often. I love your channel for your absolutely flawless information, your relaxed and humourous but always well-considered presentaton, and your refusal to be drawn by the wilder - shall we just say: "expectations"? - of the less resolute minds out there in the web. I also really enjoy your voice, it makes me feel good. I will keep on watching and yes, I'm subscribed.
You are very kind, thank you
How is it with Herxheim where hundreds if not thousands of individuals bones were thrown away showing all signs if butchery ?
I have a theory that the stories of giant skeletons being dug up, giants living with the Native Americans, giants fighting or eating Native Americans, and even Goliath were Denisovans. Also I wouldn't be completely shocked if a Bigfoot was found alive and found to be Denisovan. Might all be the same creature.
There's also a theory that the Earth is flat and the moon made of cheese. Sounds like your kinda thing. Suggest you go out and find some Evidence to prove your theory.