Відео

The radical is resonance stabilized. If the concentration of either HBr or Br2 gets too high, then addition to the double bond will occur.

You are welcome!

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Because, fundamentally, this isn't Chemistry. The labels "C", "D", etc. refer to different kinds of "Groups". They are mathematical structures that obey similar laws. This is just the application of a branch of Math called Group Theory to atoms and molecules. Group Theory can be used to describe the symmetry of any object, not just molecules. But, ultimately, what you need to know for Chemistry is the different symmetry operations. Flipping across a mirror plane, rotating a molecule, or doing a combination of both. Also, importantly, according to Group Theory there exists an "identity" operation, usually denoted by "e", which doesn't change the molecules orientation at all. Doing different combinations of symmetry operations will be equivalent to doing some other symmetry operation in the Group. For example, flipping an atom across a mirror plane through the middle of the molecule is the same as rotating 180°. Rotating 360° is the same as the identity operation "e", and so on.

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From experience I know that lower concentrations of HCl are much slower at conversion than 12 M. I have not tried colder temperatures, but it will be slower. The compound you reference is an inhaled drug with abuse potential. I caution experimenting with it without a proper fume hood. There are other amines that you could try instead if you just want to experiment with making ammonium type salts.

Thank you, I’m glad the videos are helpful. I made them to teach my class during remote learning, but now I use them for a flipped classroom.

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Many organic products are an oil at room temperature. That is likely with limonene, since there is no hydrogen bonding like in cinnamic acid.

Thank you. I have been a college professor for a while.

Either a ligand with more attachment points or one that creates a stronger single interaction. So maybe a nitrogen chelating ligand is replaced with a sulfur ligand if the sulfur bonds stronger to the metal. Another option is adding a reagent that will precipitate it. Or in the case of a nitrogen ligand (or other basic group) adding acid and protonating the ligand could cause it to release.

The contribution per atom is the sum of the unit vectors after applying the symmetry operation. So for E since you do not change the unit vectors for x, y, and z then 1+1+1=3. For sigma it's 1+1-1 so 1 (one is flipped the others stay the same).

Usually like to put multiple things on carbon 1 if it’s possible. In both cases they add up to 9 so that part is a tie.

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First search the literature to see if someone has published a method that you can follow. Otherwise, a general rule is to choose a solvent that will dissolve your starting material. If the deprotection is a hydrolysis, make sure to add some water if using another organic solvent. It is helpful for the water to be soluble in the chosen organic solvent.

I’m sure it does, but electronics can be more important.

It is used for both assuming neither is the priority group. Formyl is an older convention.