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Simon Cushing
Приєднався 20 жов 2011
Elizabeth Anderson: What is the point of equality?
2019 Macarthur Genius Fellow Elizabeth Anderson criticizes contemporary academic models of egalitarianism (in the process coining the label "Luck Egalitarianism") and offers her alternative, called Democratic Equality, that is very Rawlsian in flavor. For more, I interviewed Anderson in 2014: ua-cam.com/video/0aTGmsY3SZc/v-deo.htmlsi=4vt8qPLBbxN9Bjk_
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Відео
John Rawls's Social Contract Theory of Justice
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Key ideas of Rawls's works A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism and Rawls's place in the social contract tradition
Marx: Class, History and Capital
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Some key ideas of the later, no-longer-a-philosopher Karl Marx. Presentation based on Part 2 of Jonathan Wolff's wonderful intro to Marx, Why Read Marx Today? (Oxford UP, 2002)
Karl Marx's Earlier, Philosophical Writings
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Before Marx gave up on philosophy he wrote on religion, historical materialism, alienated labor, the failings of liberalism, commodification and more. I'm following Jonathan Wolff's analysis, as given in this: www.goodreads.com/book/show/51644.Why_Read_Marx_Today_
Mill: On Liberty
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Summary of the key points of John Stuart Mill's work On Liberty Here's the version I'm referencing: rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil100/Mill.pdf
David Hume: "Of the Original Contract"
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Hume's critique of the idea of a social contract and the notion that consent is necessary for a government's authority to be legitimate. Here's the version I'm using: rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil215/Hume.pdf
Rousseau's The Social Contract
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A brief summary of the key ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract, focusing on Books I and II. Natural, Civil, Moral Liberty, the General Will, the Legislator et al.
Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Second Discourse, in which he argues that we were better off in the state of nature and the social contract was a trick by the rich to legitimize their theft of resources that belong to all. Here's the version I used: www.files.ethz.ch/isn/125494/5019_Rousseau_Discourse_on_the_Origin_of_Inequality.pdf
John Locke's Second Treatise of Government, chapters 10-19
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Locke's discussion of the powers of a commonwealth (legislative, executive, federative), and the terms of acceptable rebellion
John Locke's Second Treatise of Government, chapters 1-9
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Locke's right-based social contract theory and how his state of nature differs from Hobbes's.
Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan
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Key ideas of Hobbes's Leviathan: social contract, state of nature, state of war, sovereignty and the liberties of subjects
Robert Filmer's Patriarchalism
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Robert Filmer's (1588-1653) defense of the divine right of kings
Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities
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From Locke's Essay on Human Understanding, Book II, Chapter 8
John Rawls: "Justice as Fairness" (1958)
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The 1958 article where Rawls lays out an embryonic version of his version of the social contract which would be reworked later in A Theory of Justice
J.L. Mackie's "Argument from Queerness" against Moral Realism
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J.L. Mackie's "Argument from Queerness" against Moral Realism
David Lewis: "Are we free to break the laws?"
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David Lewis: "Are we free to break the laws?"
Peter van Inwagen: "An Argument for Incompatibilism"
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Peter van Inwagen: "An Argument for Incompatibilism"
Thomas Nagel: "What is it like to be a bat?"
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Thomas Nagel: "What is it like to be a bat?"
David Armstrong's Materialist Theory of Mind
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David Armstrong's Materialist Theory of Mind
W.V.O. Quine: "Epistemology Naturalized"
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W.V.O. Quine: "Epistemology Naturalized"
G.E. Moore: "Proof of an External World"
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G.E. Moore: "Proof of an External World"
Edmund Gettier: "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"
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Edmund Gettier: "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"
Philosophy of Science: Popper and Kuhn
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Philosophy of Science: Popper and Kuhn
I don't think marxism contradicts egoism. I think it is a very egoistic ideology. It's an ideology of interests and if you don't cater to them, you will be shot (not unethical, just pure materialistic fact). Is a worker egoistic under capitalism?
Truth is first referability, then consistency, then physicality, then thought, then correspondence. None can exist without the prior. Empty names refer to referrables but not consistants, nor physicals. Every physical must first be consistent. Every consistant must first be referable. All predication can be converted into reference. Reference is ontological. Predication is epistemic.
The US, Congress and high ranking Democrats are above the law
There is no asymmetry. logically speaking , looking at the meaning of absence , it should be "presence of pain bad, presence of pleasure good, absence of pain not bad, absence of pleasure not good" As for his argument for the asymmetry , his reasoning is inconsistent because both his justifications could just as easily be applied to pleasure and pain. If you say that the absence of pleasure is only bad if someone exists to be deprived or pleasure then you can just as validly say that the absence of pain is only good if someone exists to be relieved from that pain. If you say that absence of pain is good because of the explanation at 8:44 , in the sense that it would be better for x to be absent of pain than for x to possess pain even if x does not exist, then you can just as validly say that the absence of pleasure is bad in the sense that it would be better for x to possess pleasure than for x to be absent of pleasure even if x does not exist. As for the 4 asymmetries, they don't exist. You have a duty both not to have kids whose lives would not be worth living (in their view) and a duty to have kids whose lives would be worth living (in their view). It is better for that person to feel pleasure than to never feel pleasure. If you object that it can't be better for that person to feel better because they don't exist (yet) then you can't object that it would be better for a person who will be born with harlequin fetus syndrome not to feel pain because they also don't exist (yet).
Great video and presentation of Rawls's work, thank you! Are you planning to discuss the article of T. Nagel: The Problem of Global Justice? It can make sense if we are talking about Rawls.
Not this semester!
Thank you so much for the amount of effort you put in each lecture; In a way I kinda feel guilty that I can watch them for free. Hats off 🙂↕️
Doesn't egoistic concern start only when you become a person? Therefore how can the Embodied Mind Account start before you were even a person?
Thank you Professor for this great lecture!
Does Quine, open the gate to Subjectivism?
About your FLO critique, A women can only have a limited amount of pregnancies in their lifetime (lets say 10 for easy math) That means only ten out of a trillion sperms a man will have can be fertilized, and 10 out of a million eggs can be fertilized, and so their chance of FLO is only 10 in a trillion or ten in a million respectively. If there is only a 1/100,000 chance of occurrence, it's by detention not a future like ours, or a fertilized egg which have feasible chances to occur. An interesting follow up would be, at the very least, do we have a moral responsibility to have the 10 or so kids then? "Future like ours" the wording is critical, I would say someone living in 'heaven' has a different future as someone living in 'hell' theirs no "future like [each-others]" shared between them (and the area under the curve of the 'vital life' diagram also wouldn't be comparable', likewise If everyone tried to have as many kids as possible, we would live in a different (and I'd argue a relatively hellish) world, at most we would only have a moral responsibility to has as many kids that is most likely to yield a future comparable to ours, to create a future like ours. About the specific example of contraception in the video. For a sperm to fertilize an egg, If it would be fertilized, then that embryo is blocking the chance for future fertilization for a certain time period. I think it is much more sound to consider how many lives a couple could feasibly make in a lifetime, then envisioning a sperm fertilizing an egg as a sole incident, and that would embark the train of thought I put above. I do not know if FLO is valid, I only intend to object the video's objection, (and that objection's, objection) in this comment.
About the other Arguments mentioned in the video, The lucky Murder criticism would only make sense if you believed the ONLY reason its wrong to kill is because of FLO, If someone believed that, yes it would hold valid, but there is no reason why someone would or has to, so it doesn't land as an accomplished criticism. Secondly whats Illegal and what is morally okay are different. I would argue If someone killed someone that was about to die a moment later, that wouldn't be nearly as morally wrong as killing someone that would otherwise live a full life. That being said, for pragmatic rather than moral reasons one could prefer for every murder to be treated as a 'fully fledged' murder so to speak, to avoid people looking for people they could get away killing (which would inevitably result in killing people with more time then believed by accident), and proving what would be 'remaining life' would be a nightmare in court. Also the "Lucky" aspect is peculiar. Intended Murder is still illegal and definitely morally wrong. Likewise I would say if someone murdered someone and luckily (morbid using that word here) the victim was living in borrowed time, unless the person knew that, the person would still had committed an attempt of depriving someones "future of value" Next the whole "I didn't rob you of your future by killing you, because you're dead" argument is just stupid, because the same reasoning if you accept it dismisses the concept of probability altogether. You had a near death experience? Nope, How could you have died if you're alive, so it actually wasn't a near death experience? its just dumb. This is also true for future events, logically we know that something ought to happen, but because it will happen then there was never a probability that it wouldn't just like there was never a probability that past events have happened couldn't have ended differently. Nevertheless, the concept of what may have been or will be, for past and future events is very rational and intuitive for humans, and valid both mathematically and philosophically, hence we can conclude: If you didn't kill someone, he would be alive. Thus you're responsible for them not being alive both morally and legally, as if I have to type that out.
The first treaty is kinds strawman after strawman, very understandable everyone skips to the second
your Judas part is a misreading of the biblical text. God foresaw a Person to betray the Lord, does not mean that that person was selected or determined to do those act.
Not expert here professor, but having read dworkin’s justice for hedgehogs I don’t quite see dworkin as a luck egalitarian. Am I missing something?
Does democratic equality theory entail that if there were two hypothetical kingdoms that never had a relation with each other, and one kingdom was much more prosperous than the other because of mere geographical differences and one day they finally met each other, the abundant kingdom want have any obligation to give away any of its resources to the poor kingdom since the inequality between them didn’t erupt from a social context?
you can transcript symbolic language to describe human sentiment. To do so one needs the relation a sentiment and its symbol.
There are not two philosophies: constituints are in two parts inter- dependents, where one can not experience both at once but one can do it alternativily called dialectic move.
Tornadoes. The counterpart of the Floridians would be Michiganders whose houses get destroyed by tornadoes.
Capitalism isn't free markets. It's one of the opposites of free markets. Capitalism is when owners of capital are systematically advantaged over sellers of labor.
Blablabla
Right, capitalism is best defined by appealing to the dominant relations of production. As many economists have pointed out, you can have markets, or even free markets, in non-capitalist societies, so capitalism cannot be defined by appealing to such markets.
There are a lot of interesting things in marx. I wish he was not so demonised and people really took a chance to read the godamn thing.
Geek Bruv
gay?
@@SamuelSoN_Chino trivago
No matter so many times the same experiment (empirical) prooved right, it not prooved there exist a necessity suporting it.
Any sentence must be a relation univocal ( only) to its meaning in a phylosophical argument proposition
sick paper
The meaning of a sentence can not be transmited by a empirist(particular) language but only by logic (formal/generall) language
Sylogism of the old greek do it as a wholle, than there is conclusion.
There is no room for conclusion in case one considers just one part.
Planning to do some dworkin?
Only indirectly - E. Anderson (who criticizes Dworkin)
The only slight correction I’d make is the claim most Christian’s believe everyone goes to heaven. Here in America, evangelical theologies are dominated by the belief most will go to hell. However, many here do believe babies go to heaven so the conclusion is the same. It’d be better for the fetus to give them a better chance to go to heaven before being tainted by sin according to their theology.
Thank you kindly for this!
Definition of woman (female): Genetically defined as two (2) X chromosomes. Definition of man (male): Genetically defined as one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. That's all there is.
So for the vast majority of human history nobody knew who was a man and who was a woman? And you yourself don't even know what you are, unless you've had your DNA tested.
So very good! Thank you. Can we talk?
Today is a good day! Thank you!!!
not me doing a thesis on this subject that is due in 2 weeks
omg same, mine is next week😭😭
Love the videos , great content ^^ It's especially good as a refresher
Very interesting video thank you
Appreciate what you’re doing! Keep up the good work🎉
The takes on China are a bit superficial imo. China is presented as capitalist when it comes to the positive aspects and communist when it comes to the negative ones. Also, China's so called capitalist current development cannot be understood as being totally divorced from the previous communist period under Mao... which already saw periods of high economic growth and substantial increase in key sociological indicators like education or life expectancy etc. For example, check the work of Rémy Herrara and Zhiming Long
The liberal Popper, who became anti marxist at the age of 17(!), said in an interview that the decolonialization process might have happened too quickly and that the colonized people were sort of infantile children who needed to be educated. I'm paraphrasing and quoting from memory but that was the gist of it, showing the liberal historical blindspot towards colonialism and racialization
@@antoniomachado1808 maybe he was right. Also, I know a handful of self-described liberals who would disagree. Must be crypto-communists I guess.
Losurdo argues that racialization and even racial segregation or apartheid can only be fully understood in terms of historical class struggles. In this sense, if class antagonism wasn't the main/root drive of the anti racist struggle against apartheid, how do we explain the role of uMkhonto weSizwe, the SACP or the ANC? Of marxists like Mandela or Chris Hani etc? Of countries like Cuba or the USSR in fighting sa apartheid?
Was thinking the same thing. Seems a bit shortsighted of him
could watch you summarize marx for hours
This is nihilist religion with a superficial economic theory tacked onto it. Read Marx' earliest works. A doomsday nutter enamoured with Faust's poetry about the apocalypse. Everything he wrote afterwards is pretext.
If you ever find the time, I would love a philosophy of autism lecture. Thank you
Now, in many countries, pretty much any worker who has a run of good luck at avoiding unexpected expenses or interruptions of income can open a brokerage account and buy shares. The stated impossibility of workers owning the means of production under capitalism makes me wonder how long this has been the case. Stocks existed at the time of writing of Capital, but I doubt that it was possible for an ordinary worker with a few weeks' pay saved up to buy them. I sort of think there were substantial barriers to stock ownership until the 1920s or maybe teens. I do remember hearing that the ability of the hoi polloi to buy stocks was (wrongly) blamed for the crash of '29.
Correct me im in wrong but stock ownership was structurally gatekept because people couldn’t afford brokerage. The stocks themselves werent the problem, rather the middlemen and their fees for running the game. Despite these transactions now being instant, the system is still set up the same way. The democratization of the stock market was total bullshit, now they have dark pools.
stock ownership in your place of employment is a bandaid on the actual issue. you owning 10 shares don't get a vote at a board meeting. the same shares aren't proportional to the quantity of work done for the place of employement. It is a step in the right direction though
@@geoluk603 the moment people banded together and used stock ownership as leverage over hedgefunds the entire system shit its pants. Do you think gamestop will ever happen again?
@@nitroxdanarwhal9908 " stock ownership was structurally gatekept because people couldn’t afford brokerage" It certainly was in the 1800s. It isn't any more. Or more precisely, it still is somewhat, but the threshold for entry is now low enough that stock ownership is accessible to anyone who has a run of no unemployment and no major unexpected expenses. If they're well-advised enough to use a buy-and-hold approach instead of day trading, enough transaction costs can be avoided that an ordinary worker will make money from stock ownership. They won't get as high an effective rate of return as the wealthy can, of course, but closer to that than if they'd gone for cash in the mattress. Anyone whose workplace offers a 401k is potentially, to some extent, in a position to gain income as a petty capitalist, despite not being part of the actual capitalist class.
@@geoluk603 "stock ownership in your place of employment is a bandaid on the actual issue." I think having people own stock in their place of employment is usually a bad idea. I agree that it doesn't provide any meaningful influence on managerial decisions. And it means that people are at risk of losing their retirement savings from the same events that make them lose their job. To give workers an appropriate degree of influence on management, the best tool normally is unionization. For a very small firm, setting it up as a co-op can be ok, but normally it's unionization. Stock ownership is just for enabling regular people to gain part of the financial return on capital. Or so I had assumed. Reading something I already believe always makes me want to question it, and figure out how I might be wrong. Now I think that, theoretically, we could have organizations analogous to unions, but representing small shareholders at board meetings. A hundred thousand workers each owning ten shares could potentially have a voice. Who knows whether it would actually work.
Wow! Prof. Cushing, pls continue with these lectures, esp. political philosophy and ethics.
So China and the US - with racing with AI Accelerationism will bring about Communist Utopia? Neat haha. (Jk pls don't hurt me)
thxs again
Hell yeah thanks for this
Napoleon wasn't exiled in Corsica, rather, he was born there
Algorithm served me this video. Glad to have found it, it's a great summary.
There is just one Philosophy as unity divided in two partes: one "in a analitic (explicative) mood and in a syntetic( construtive mood)