Capitalism Caused The Salem Witch Trials
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- Опубліковано 23 тра 2024
- Witches of the world, unite.
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~REFERENCES~
[1] Emerson Baker. A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Trials and the American Experience (2015). Oxford University Press, 119-120
[2] Roberto Rusconi & Blair Sullivan. The Book of Prophecies Edited by Christopher Columbus (1887). WIPF & Stock Publishers, Page 5-6
[3] Paul Boyer & Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft (1974). Harvard University Press, Page 86-98
[4] Baker, Page 58-59
[5] Boyer & Nissenbaum, Page 108-109
[6] Boyer & Nissenbaum, Page 29-33
Oh no, dialectical materialism my only weakness.
*whips out Das Kapital*
The power of Marx compels you!
@@nowhereman6019Lmao.
@@nowhereman6019😂😂😂
You shall obey the power of the majority
Where is the dialectic?
A Storm of Witchcraft is decent, but I prefer A Clash of Crones
A hostility of hags
A squabble of sorceresses
An enmity of enchantresses
A hostility of hags
A hostility of hags
"I sold my soul and all I got was a pair of shoes!"
"What are you complaining about? I told you that you'd get two soles for one soul!"
Wait- are the shoes Louis Vuitton? Because if so, worth it.
Just give me a comfortable pair of chucks please
All the genie in the X-files episode got was a bag of beans that never went empty. Not even fancy beans.
I'm now picturing in my head Karl Max dressed in a Witchfinder General outfit hunting for capitalists.
I'm in.
*slaps cover of Malleus Maleficarum*
"this bitch can seize so much of the means of poduction"
Don't worry, unlike the witch trials - the innocents this time have hunting shotguns!
Marxism is a Cult so it's fitting.
outfits aside, wouldn't that basically be the Russian revolution
"I saw Goody Proctor at the Stock Exchange!"
Girl, what were YOU doing at the stock exchange?
I'm a bit annoyed that he went through the whole video without mentioning the start of the Stock Exchange at de Beurs in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Well, here's to hoping that he will find the time to make a video about the influence of the Dutch Republic on the USA.
@@thehittite6982 >_>
What a fun video which has no bearing on modern global political and economic behaviour, you always help me relax and forget the horrors of the world Atun-Shei!
"If she weighs the same as a duck...she's made of wood!"
"...And therefore?"
"A witch!" --Monty Python and the Holy Grail
"It's a fair cop"
@BazukinBelyugovich Court, not cop.
Yes, and what also floats? *long pause and a scythe bite* Very small rocks? A duck! My favorite quote, "Who are you? Who are so wise in the ways of Science?" and "They call me, Tim." Hell, I can't choose, gonna rewatch it.
.Tell me again how sheeps’ bladders may be employed to prevent earthquakes.
"And what do we burn apart from witches?"
"MOAR WITCHES!!"
I guess you could say that... A spectre is haunting Salem, and its not the witches
Tourists
Selling your soul for a pair of shoes? And here I was, just about to drive to Foot Locker! Your videos continue to help me, Atun-Shei
Make sure to demand high quality long lasting shoes, Gotta make sure to account for soul inflation when making deals with the devil.
Pretty sure this was a 1990's Goosebumps-like Horror/ Halloween skit I seen. A kid selling his soul for shoes. "We be sentencing ya, to be...The wearin' of the Green Shoes!"
The shoes come from Wish.
"I saw Atun-Shei with the devil" I say in the hopes of appeasing the diabolical youtube algorithm.
He bade me write my name in his book! He doth cleaved to mine soul to subscribe.
You know its a really good channel when I see a new video and my first reaction is "It's only 12 minutes, damn, that sucks."
Lmao same
And he says more interesting things in 12 minutes then some say in half an hour.
"Wouldst thou like the taste of butter? Wouldst Thou Like To Live Deliciously?" I feel like that line fits in this context very well. Temptations for materialist things leading to satanic worship in the eyes of Puritans.
It's still true today, tbh
A movie about the puritanical views of witchcraft and temptation, and not just witchcraft and temptation themselves; it's really dependent on that lens. It's as if the characters have these expectations imposed upon them literally.
@@LordVader1094 you’re a Puritan lmao 😂
The Puritans were just unhinged in general. They killed Mary Dyer, my 15th great grandmother for daring to pray with prisoners. Shes did kinda piss them off when she held Bible studies outside their sphere of influence. They were bullies and behaved like a high school jock team
@@amberfun9148 Mary Dyer the Boston Martyr? I had thought she was hanged for being a Quaker.
The "mycelial network of transatlantic trade" line almost snuck past me, but ergot it in time.
😄😄😄
Last time I was this early King Phillip was still alive.
A daily dose of Atun-Shei explains witches away.
The capitalist bourgeoisie. I knew it was them! Even when it was the witches, I knew it was them!
Suffer not the -witch- rich to live.
In a class I took on colonial North America one thing we discussed was how disputes over land raised tension within the village.
Land? 😂 Not just land. 😂 People killed each other for no reason
There were plenty of interpersonal disputes as well.
They also weren't certain if the colony's charter would be renewed, and they lived in fear of attacks by Indians. In those days, a successful man could be made a pauper by the destruction of his property. Imagine being comfortable or even wealthy one day, and destitute the next, the poor relative asking the benevolence of family after the Devil's minions destroyed everything.
I'm glad atun is getting on philosophytube levels of snazzy outfits
He probably has a room full of props/costumes.
I wonder if he’s going to come out to us as something.
@@Reed5016
I'd be supportive _and_ surprised.
Well, depending on what it is.
@@nos9784 He'll come out as an anarcho-syndicalist.
@@nos9784 I’d be supportive.
I stopped by Ipswich for lunch last summer after visiting Castle Hill...didn't realize that it was a big commercial hub back in the day. Thanks for the great video, I learned some interesting stuff about the area!
Massive commercial hub. The North Shore, historically speaking, always has been! Castle Hill is gorgeous!
So the Satanic Panic of the ‘80s-00s was in the same spirit. Great materialist-psychological analysis!
Perhaps it is similarly motivated, but I would need to see more evidence, though.
I'd say somewhat. These things are always a confluence of factors. But yeah, the rise of the "Religious Right", movement conservatism, trickle down economics, and the Satanic Panic coincided. Desegregation was in there too.
That was from people that were hoping for Jesus to return in 2000. Like every other time it did not happen. Televangelists promoted it for money and then pretended they never predicted it. See Falwell for an excellent example.
@@EthelredHardrede-nz8yv Not even close.
@@FlintTDWatch Esoterica
*Leans back*
You have my interest.
I swear to God, if that's an ACTUAL coupon code for Sudbury Devil....
I think you need a membership code. Too bad telephone numbers hadn't been invented in the 1600's.
I'd highly recommend Caliban and the Witch by Sylvia Federici if the witch trials are of interest to anyone. She examines the material conditions in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe and how the witch trials were a critical part of that transition as a mechanism of control.
Reminds me of a college discussion about "the Tragedy of the Commons". Our prof said that someone is always going to sneak an extra cow onto the common grazing land. Some students pointed out that commons had worked fine for a thousand years.
My point is that capitalism brings a profound shift in the way people regard their neighbors.
If I realized that someone now saw me as labor to be exploited and a market to be flooded with trumpery, well, I'd be accusing them of being heartless, greedy, cruel, and a creature of the dark side.
Me expecting the Checkmate Lincolnites finale:
"A surprise to be sure, but a welcome one."
Satan: "Butter and dresses."
Me: "You had me at butter."
Okay so here’s my peaked in undergrad moment but I just finished an entire course dedicated to the Salem witchcraft crisis. I’m so glad to hear someone else mention the role of early capitalism in the witchcraft crisis. I didn’t have enough time to focus on it in my papers for class but it was still really important to me.
Anyway, here’s a summary of the things I learned there that the folks reading might find interesting!
One of the things that I truly took away from the course was that a major part of the crisis, which Boyer and Nissenbaum literally only mention in the preface (or maybe it’s the introduction, one of those two) is that for the first four months of the crisis New England didn’t have a real government! And very importantly (particularly according to author Mary Beth Norton in ‘In the Devil’s Snare’) this absence of government occurred while the colony, including many of the people later implicated in the crisis, was fighting King William’s war. The new charter and governor didn’t arrive until late April and the emergency court system, The Court of Oyer and Terminer, wasn’t established until May. It was in those four months that the crisis rapidly escalated up the social ladder. The North American front of the 9 years war was rampaging across the frontier and resulted in a massive refugee crisis. The emergency interim government of New England was effectively losing.
Something that I think ties in really neatly with the themes of an early capitalist system is how the Witchcraft crisis basically represented the colony’s tough on crime era. The colonists already believed that the Natives Americans were devil worshipers. And as the crisis evolved we find more and more witchcraft accusations that focus on Native American involvement with the devil. To me it seemed as though the government, was taking exceptionally heavy handed actions on its citizens to try and save face against their struggles in battle.
As the magistrates failed in war they literally turned on their own friends. That wealthy Shipwright mentioned in the video was close friends with several of the magistrates and even related by marriage. But before he had been accused of witchcraft he had been accused of selling guns to the Native Americans.
Anyway, I think everyone should read ‘In the Devil’s Snare’ by Mary Beth Norton. It’s super interesting. Shoutout to Dr Dugre for his amazing class this semester
It has no connection to capitalism. 😂 Another college student who can't think properly 😂
Thank you. I was thinking exactly the same.
@@TheArcaneMaster its wrong but okay
@@skeletorlikespotatoes7846Do you have any reasons to back up your claims or sources perhaps?
@@skeletorlikespotatoes7846 So basically "nuh-uh!" to someone you think is easily dismissed.
A nuanced and well said view that doesn’t seek to provide “the answer” but instead a piece of the highly complex puzzle that makes up all of our lives
[looks around]
Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk are witches.
Don’t forget Donald Trump
I could smell Vaush's gunk on you two
@@ecurewitz A failed witch in that case lol
They're not nearly cool enough to merit the auguste title "Witch".
@@Bluecho4hmm. Tru.
Perhaps, "hag?"
"some people have even accused me of being a breadtuber"
So a sheltered, ignorant, urbanites absolutely dependent on the fruits of capitalism for their lifestyles?
@@mjbull5156 We all live in capitalism. No one gets to opt out. You might as well say "you're utterly dependent on air" when someone points out that the air around town is full of asbestos and we need to change it.
@@weareallbornmad410 Except you are about removing the oxygen from the air, not any alleged asbestos.
you can try to twist their own allegory all you want - you're still not cooking ...
you're not beating the reactionary claims by just throwing a tantrum and not holding meaningful conversations
Rural flight in Massachusetts was surely a papist lie. I mean, how many vape shops did they open if their townes were doing so badly?
Don't know if "capitalists" are the right word to describe the coastal townsfolk who were wealthier, since the Puritan farmers were also using capitalism. I think a better term might've been "merchants" or "traders", since both sets of people were predominantly Christian and both used wage labor when they used labor outside of family members, as opposed to serf, slave, or indentured labor. The difference, obviously, was that the coastal merchants weren't as zealous about their faith as the Puritans, nor were they as limited for opportunity as the Puritans were by their inland rural industry.
Voltaire was born the year after the Salem Witch Trials. Ben Franklin was born the next decade. It's odd to think how close in time witch burnings are to the Enlightenment and French and American Revolutions.
In Europe the witch hunt went on deep into the 18th century. In 1775 a woman was sentenced to death for witchcraft in Germany, but her execution was never carried out. She is however considered by many to be last victim of the witch hunt in the Holy Roman Empire.
In a world without effective public education systems, knowledge inequality was as great or greater than wealth inequality. There was a vampire hysteria in New England that led to several documented grave desecrations in the middle of the 1800's.
Witches were not burned by the Puritan colonials. They were hanged, drowned, and pressed under rocks but, not burned. I guess it was "enlightened" Christianity in its' time.
The witch-hunts were the last gasp of the old order as it gave way to a more rational worldview.
@@bartolomeothesatyr- Not that they used the word 'vampire.' All they knew was that people were dying, and that if one person got sick, others in the family would soon follow. Michael Bell's _Food For the Dead: On the Trail of New England's Vampires_ is an excellent book about it. (BTW, the Puritan areas of New England were _not_ affected. Puritan belief only allowed for the murdered to name their killers. No revenant shenanigans for them.)
Historical Materialism Atun Shei is something I didn’t know I needed
All history youtubers hitherto have tried to explain bigots. The point, is to change them.
Analyzing this time period feels pretty relevant to the ascendant Satanic Panic of today. Literal demonization of perceived opposition always has been, and will continue to be, an appealing and effective framework when people are desperate enough. The highly epic spiritual narrative is cinematic and alluring.
Yeah almost like history rhymes or something....
I don’t know, man it kind of seems like the church of Satan being a thing is indicative of literal devil worship, never mind all the folks from environmentalists to abortionists really really wanting to reduce the human population.
Absolutely
I really enjoyed the end of the VVITCH, "Do you like the taste of butter?"
"Oh, that's too spicy for me"
-1600s farm girl
8:00 This is the best description I've ever heard of the rural-urban divide.
I *just* finished Caitlin Doughty's video on the locating and raising of the Hunley, and very disappointed that she didn't ask you to do the voiceovers.
Babe wake up Atun Shei just posted
"Where are you from?"
*F*CKING DANVAS!*
Me too
Me when I have to explain where I’m from to someone from Boston and it boils down to the fuckin Six Flags place and THEN AND ONLY THEN they know
We love a little historical materialism, don't we folks?
I hadn't heard this idea before. Really interesting! I'll have to read more.
my ancestor Martha Carrier was killed in the witch trials specifically because she inherited a good deal of land
I thought that was gonna be another one of the countless 'capitalism-bad' videos, but this was really cool! Thanks for making this.
I mean... Capitalism IS bad
It's not?! :' (
@@henrylarson6970no
Immediately bought the book. Thank you for the great nonfiction rec.
Love the lighting on this one!
Short and to the point, I honestly thing this is one of your best videos so far!
really, really enjoyed this. you make some of the best historical content on youtube. i hope you make more like this!! love me a good material analysis!!
>profit for profit's sake
Polities simply do not function this way. Polities pursue income-producing resources for one reason and one reason only: to constitute force, which they need to provide security. While this is true for all polities, it is especially evident in the case of agrarian states, including early modern European empires. To call them even proto-industrialist is to miss how industrialization fundamentally changed the relationship between war and economy.
No matter the subsistence system, before the industrial revolution almost all incomes were rent-seeking and wars were non-destructive (at least as far as the resources which motivated them were concerned). The incentive structure this created was simple and pernicious-you needed force to provide security, to get force you needed income, to get income you needed territorial resources (e.g. arable fields, mines, hunting/trapping grounds, trade centers), and to get such resources you needed to fight. The reason you wanted to steal the other fellow's mine instead of expanding your own was a question of returns. Azar Gat (War in Human Civilization, 2006) has demonstrated quite persuasively that the returns of preindustrial capital investment were meaningfully lower than those of successful warfighting. Developing your own fields (with irrigation, manure, better plows, etc.) would net far less return for resources than conquering another field.
Industrialization upended this paradigm. New, non-rent-seeking incomes emerged and very rapidly became enormously more productive than was previously possible, but these incomes were considerably more fragile, being enormously dependent on infrastructure built by capital investment. If you burn down an subsistence agrarian village, it stinks for the farmers, but is unlikely to significantly impact their production; if you bomb an iphone factory that part of the economy will meaningfully suffer and the effects will ripple out, effecting consumers, shippers, suppliers, etc. And, at the same time, the destructive effect of war and its costs were increasing enormously, both in human and material terms. Even winning on an enormous scale is unlikely to be sufficient to meaningfully recoup your investment in a modern, industrial war. The Soviet Union managed to seize enormous swaths of Eastern Europe to exploit (certainly, it represented the biggest material gain from the second world war) and the returns were paltry compared to the investment. In essence, to get more force now you don't need grazing grounds, you need factories. And taking an enemy factory by force is both likely to damage or destroy it and to expend war materiel (tanks, planes, cruise missiles, etc.) well in excess of the expected value-the ROI of building your own factory is higher in every conceivable way.
>a superiority complex and an inferiority complex all rolled into one
Why am I reminded of Eco?
"The followers must feel humiliated by the ostentatious wealth and force of their enemies. When I was a boy I was taught to think of Englishmen as the five-meal people. They ate more frequently than the poor but sober Italians. Jews are rich and help each other through a secret web of mutual assistance. However, the followers must be convinced that they can overwhelm the enemies. Thus, by a continuous shifting of rhetorical focus, the enemies are at the same time too strong and too weak. Fascist governments are condemned to lose wars because they are constitutionally incapable of objectively evaluating the force of the enemy."
"The Witches tempted me with a Pepsi! I swear before-ah da Lord, only his Heavenly nectar dat is Coca-Cola shall touch me lips!"~Someone in Salem, probably.
Hmph. Pepsi. Sounds about right. God-fearing 'Murricans drink Dr. Pepper.
@@brucetucker4847 And so, for that matter, do quite a few God-doubting 'Murricans.
Mountain Dew is the nectar of God.
Such blasphemy against the Lord's great gift to us, root beer! Oh, what sinful times we live in.
Devilry!!!
You make my day when i see you post a new video, especially one with our city in the title.
This is a really interesting perspective! I'm gonna have to really think about it. Thanks for the video!
Great video, with some solid townie shout-outs. I appreciate pushing the boat out when it comes to getting to the bottom of the Salem tragedy. From Ergot poisoning to King Philip's War PTSD (which I favored in a paper), it's been fascinating revisiting the period. The multi-angle capitalist interrogation is interesting. I HIGHLY recommend Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra's _Puritan Conquistadors_ for religio-materialist parallels between the Conquistadors and the Puritan push into North America.
Honestly, there is a lot of relevance to the modern day. We see a lot of the same patterns emerging and having similar effects in the modern day. History doesn't repeat, but it sure does rhyme
I was really surprised seeing your face again when i opened the video. You do a good job attracting and audience. Consider me subbed
solid piece, hopefully it didn't take too long to edit as I like to see more of the behind-the-scenes discussions on major events in human history (just like checkmate)
Since the dawn of the capitalist era, such social discourse always seems to be about the rural-urban divide. It's just that here, the divide turned deadly
In fairness, I think the urban-rural wealth divide was always present. It was just exacerbated by capitalism
Dawn of the capitalist era? More like the dawn of civilization. It was a huge issue in ancient Athens and Rome.
This is pretty normal.
Large cities tend to concentrate more wealth into itself than rural areas. Whether its a capitalist society or not.
That is the basic purpose of a city. Concentrate wealth into itself so it can easily be traded or used.
The development of Salem town and village reminds me of the development of Visby town and rural Gotland, in the Baltic. Only this happened around the year 1100.
Excellent report. Love the costume and set design.
That was truly fantastic commentary as always. The music at the end was eerily haunted; maybe not exactly what I needed to hear at 1:30am fighting insomnia tho...
They started punching up the social ladder
We should bring this back tbh
Scarcity of resources brings out the worst in humanity. Economic and basic needs insecurities are hard to cope with.
Your content is unbelievably good.
jokes aside, i really like your closing statement about how we can draw meaningful parallels to now and to learn from it. thanks Atun-Shei, great as always!
>Be me
>Scrolling youtube for something new
>Mostly nothing
>About to go to bed
>Sees Atun-Shei video
>"Capitalism Caused The Salem Witch Trials"
>...
>"Welp, time to spend the next three hours of my life sorting the comments by new."
Will watching your movie the Sadsbury Devil be important to watching the finale of Checkmate Lincolnites? I’ll watch the movie eventually regardless but I’ll watch it sooner if it is important
The Sudbury Devil is a rather dark movie, so I doubt it’ll be part of the Finale. It just wouldn’t fit.
@@stary-eyedphantom6456Again, where can I pirate it?!
Doesn't seem to have been, as far as I can tell. Maybe I missed some Easter eggs but other than that, no.
Thanks for the vid. Always great.
Holy shit the music at the end SLAPS!
Sounds like somebody gave didgeridoos to a couple vikings, I need to know the source
5:24 "a high correlation between extreme weather and outbreaks of witchcraft"
🤔
Nice costume and title, you going to be the next contrapoints?
That was beautifully done, thank you.
Excellent video. I am very glad you weren't afraid to emphasize the complexities at play and not just stick to a single-cause approach.
I was supposed to do something else. But then saw this clickbait title and, not wanting to be subscribed to a tankie, I sat through the entire thing. Good job, it worked. Hope you get a lot engagement. And good video too (although this channel always delivers, so I'm not surprised there).
Edit: spelling
Lol, if you stick around as a leftist and take it seriously you'll become a Tankie some day.
@@nowhereman6019is this a leftist channel. Not that it matters I just like history.
@@nowhereman6019 yeah, sure. Same can be said with conservatives and fascists though. I don't think it's really about the "political team", but more about how likely you are to be drawn towards populist ideas.
Fellas, is it tankie to be anti-capitalist?
@@benzippos it isn't in your face leftist, but leftist analysis does occasionally come up as it's useful for understanding situations like the one in the video. If you really don't want politics, it's easy enough to just watch his videos just for the history stuff.
What is that music in the End Credits?
ua-cam.com/video/aMDpGYYa21c/v-deo.html
Flora from the Sudbury Devils soundtrack.
good shit as always. keep on it man we're all proud of you (:
Bro's material analysis is on point, fantastic video.
Ah yes sweet, sweet, transition-from-feudalism-to-capitalism made horrors beyond comprehension. Though i miss some Federici's theoretical framework, have you read her? Maybe can be interesting for the theme but i don't know if it fits for the XVII century North America because her thesis was built around the XVI-XVII century in Europe linked with political and religious struggles involving peasants and cities' lower classes against traditional feudal power (princes, bishops, etc). What do you think?
You have my attention.
great vid we love what you do
Great video dude!
We shall escape to the one place not corrupted by capitalism!...
Schhpace!
Andy is radicalizing, and it’s fantastic to see!
I hope comrade ; )
Surely you jest in hyperbole. Ideology is the death of reason in the mind.
Why the hell do you think he is radicalyzing?! I'd say he's deradicalyzing. He just explains here the correlation that might have affected the trials, he doesn't criticise capitalism or anything here.
@@mihel1640 Of course he criticises capitalism. Criticism doesn’t equal mud-dragging, he simply pointed to an example of proto-capitalism being a catalyst (amongst _many)_ of an infamous historical atrocity, and explained how so. I don’t think he’s any more or less radical than he was last time he did that ‘Ravenous’ essay.
Well done as always for making the 17th century relevant and influential to the 21st century.
This take is so applicable to the modern day, and I’m so glad you covered it
Almost like historical materialism is...I dunno, useful to understand things?!?
Puritanism is radical Protestantism, and Protestantism shares a lot of its sentiments with various revolutionary movements
i mean, early on. but a lot of protestant churches have turned incredibly reactionary by now. some of them a lot more so than most catholics
Protestantism was a bit revolutionary during the North American Jesus Movement, but too much of it caved and fell back into the churched structure. That removed the majority of the revolutionary elements. By extension, it empowered the structure that currently incentivises young people to leave Christianity in droves.
I mean, the Puritan movement came out of the same war as the Levelers and Diggers, so that checks out
@@godsdj7316 i don't think the structure is the cause. I'm a catholic-born European and what always bothered me most about American Christians is how distinctively lacking in structure their faith is. Any random guy can become a preacher and amass power and wealth, even if he sells often heretical interpretations of the Bible.
I would argue the lack of structure is one of the chief issues with Protestantism. People like structure. I like having a pope. I like having a Vatican. I like having an unbroken line of culture and precedent going far back into history.
As another Catholic European, I second this. I do in all honesty prefer not to have a random person with very contentious credentials spew their whacky interpretation of three random verses to incite violence, hate and their personal gain…
I like how the first line answered the exact question in my head lol. That one really got me.
This video feels like an Atun-Shei ESOTERICA remix and I'm here for it.
Damn man, I was just reading that book as well. My neruodivergent history hyperfixation is currently stuck on colonial America.
Conquering the holy land and bring about the second coming... Yup only a medieval idea... Only a medieval idea... Yup
Excellent video as usual.👍
Masterful video. Love it!
Atunshei notification pops up, anticipation turns to disappointment as it's not the finale of checkmate linconites, good video otherwise
Mycelial network!
Excellent video!
... As a history teacher, I want every student to be this. All of this. And your other videos as well. Well done.
Dost thou like the taste of butter?
Wouldst Thou Like To Live Deliciously?
B-b-but ergot poisoning!
I will watch ANYTHING you make, Andy! So PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE POST MORE CONTENT!!! 😮
I love how fast you talk, but despite my poor knowledge of English language I can understand almost everything. Also love your outfit, it's quite grandiose.
"Danvuhs" 😅