I would love to see some kind of speculative evolution community similar to the conlang community. Although I can see some problems given that we have about 7,000 languages but only 1 planet with an evolutionary history.
That may be the reason, because not everyone can draw. I mean, you can do it in your head, imagine the form of creatures, but without drawing, it’s like describing what a language is like but not having any spoke samples of it.
this world building could be great for education: you learn some real theoretical physics, chemistry, biology, linguistics, history, while pursuing your fantasies and learning how to present them in words or visuals. this should be in schools.
"eventually we come to a critical point in the planet's evolutionary history" *banging fists on table, chanting* cambrian explosion! cambrian explosion! cambrian explosion!* "the cambrian explosion" *wild cheering* CANBREIAN EZPOXION
I can see the Radial design becoming a VERY interesting predator. If they change to me more mobile over time, like their young, they can very quickly become mobile and dangerous. Having some of those 'Feeder Petals' specialize into locomotion and others using concentrated acid from the Sulfur they use for their shell they can go a kind of hybrid Internal/External digestive organism. Now each Radial point would have one 'Mouth Petal' and a 'Fin Petal' as well as a kind of capacity organ for the acid. Things would get... interesting if they get into the trees and still manage to be radially symetrical. Imagine a fast moving creature with eye clusters near their "Hands", which also double as a poison sprayer. These would be pretty amazing ambush predators or active hunters and spawn all kinds of sub species to hunt or be hunted by specific other animals. I do so enjoy these theoretical Evolutionary things, here is hoping to see more soon!
so happy you're doing this! not a lot of good spec evo content on youtube sadly, that could just be me though cause I'm a bio major and a lot of the spec evo videos on here feel like suuuuuper basic biology courses lol but this is good because it does something I don't see a lot of videos shows and and books on speculative evolution do: actually lay out and explain general principles, rules, and driving forces of evolution. so I'm really excited to see more of this!
It is amazing to see the development of life on this planet begun from anemones and sea centipedes, to myriad of "squids" and "spiders". Truly an amazing series.
I do not remember if you mentioned this or not. But one important thing to remember about evolution is. It doesn't have to be the best it just has to work good enough.
Where did you make/get the designs for the early life body plans? I'd like to try and make my own but I'd like to see if there's a site or a template I can use for reference.
I've wondering the same ever since I saw this video. He probably designs the 3D models himself. Blender ceome to mind, but it is quite hard to use (as any professional 3D software).
One interesting evolutionary oportunity is that larval stage of anthostoma, which is motile. Motility is highly advantagous, so it might eventually abandon the sessile stage, thus jellyfish. Now I wonder whether octopods originally had a radial structure and later evolved into a bilateral one.
Think of octopus as slug with long legs, as both of them are mollusk they must have the same ancestor which of course have the same body plan. Slug move using pseudopod which is multiple tiny extension of their body, you can imagine that this pseudopod become larger and become legs.
Oh boy, am I nervous about this one. I have a secure confidence that you will do evolution proud, but I am still on the edge of my seat hoping you don't fall into any of the usual traps people fall into when talking about evolution, it's such a poorly understood field of science in the general public and especially Hollywood that I find myself running into misconceptions all over the place. So far so good. Let's see how this goes. How many videos can we go before one fo the laws of evolutionary theory is broken?
If I were looking to do this sort of thing myself, are there any generators or guides of sorts that would take input and go "your planet doesn't have enough oxygen for that" or "that size of creature will not produce enough energy to live" etc etc?
Actually starfish are bilateral animals with an apparent radial symmetry during adulthood. For a certain period of time, prior to Cambrian explosion, there were also animals with trilateral symmetry called Trilobozoa.
There was actually one small group of ...animals? On earth that developed a TRI-lateral symmetry. But they went out in the great dying and that trait went with them. Tribrachridium
If you have booth hydrogen sulfide and oxygen present in the atmosphere it would be flammable, makes for some really funny geology. "Here we see another layer where the world caught fire. And just above you can obsere where it rained sulfuric acid for a few weeks."
On that planet lighting a fire would probably be equivalent to setting off all the world's nukes at once. If intelligent life were on that society probably had to restart a couple dozen times in the early days, along with taking a lot longer to figure out tools without using fire. Modern countries will probably have nearly everyone concentrated into dense, fireproof cities with special domes overhead so that way, if a fire started inside, only one city would be destroyed. Being in possession of flammable/fire-starting materials would be punishable by death. Imagine how crazy terrorism would be. Instead of bombs, cyber-hacking, or complex methods, a citizen could just hold a match in the air and instantly destroy everything.
That's another risk with an oxygenrigh athmosphere. Sure it would allow certain types of bodies to grow larger, but it would also increase the risk of fire. Imagine a world with hundres of meters long insects but every 50 years there is a little mass extinction because of spontaneous athmospheric ignition.
An atmosphere of both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide would be unstable. In earth's atmosphere, it has a half-life of 12 -37 hours, depending on conditions. The conditions on an alien world would be different, the reduced oxygen content would lower the half-life, along with the fact that oxygen is not several orders of magnitude more common in the atmosphere. But even if the half-life is a week, a year, or even a decade, it will still be reduced to effectively zero over millions of years.
@The main cause of warps in all of reality A mixture hydrogen sulfide and oxygen is simply unstable. Once lightning strikes one time and the atmosphere erupts in a great conflagration, the amount of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere will be reduced significantly. A flammable atmosphere is unstable over geological time, either the flammable gas will burn off, or all the oxygen will be consumed.
Imagine how weird that civilisation would be. "Hey come over" "I can't because I lack the ability to move" "My parents aren't home" *mouth flapping intensifies*
If the atmosphere isn't dense they could evolve (idk what I'm saying here) into a kind of flying jelly fish where male and female (whatever it would be called) would fly in clusters that are kinda like clouds where the males fly at a higher altitude dropping gamates on the lower flying females BTW just an idea!
@@ccaffie1231 Of course! We have got so much in common with our multicellular eukaryontic banana brothers. Compared to all other species we are verry similar.
This is so cool. There's actually a worldbuilding course I am taking for English at school, making maps, languages, planets, geography, and writing stories. It's so cool, didn't think I would learn this sorta thing at school..😅
Sorry for the late replies everyone, but firstly, @Daniel Duntavs Saunders the actual course was called Worldbuilding, although it might have also been called Creative Writing, which we did a lot of. Secondly, @Random Volcano, it wasn't specifically for dnd, but one of the ways we could have presented our world at the end of the course was a dnd campaign. I didn't do that, and i don't really play dnd, but I have before.
@Austin Mcgovern Oh, it's in Australia. It is a public school, but sort of independent. I don't really know how or why they managed to have a course as cool as that!
I do think maybe you should have mentioned the Ediacaran explosion before the Cambrian. It's not as well known or understood as the latter, and none of the known organisms from that time have a later evolutionary lineage, but it did mark the true transition from simple to complex life.
I wanted to mention the Avalon explosion and the Ediacaran fauna, but I couldn't find a way to fit it in in a way that flowed nicely, and I ended up having to cut it for time. But it may get discussed in future videos.
Nicholas Hermes While you're right, it would be useful for a writer with a story about a space-faring civilization where a crew lands on a planet in that phase of its Evolutionary history.
none of them have a later evolutionary lineage? you mena the earth was *completely sterilized* at one point and life had to redevelop from the ground up?
@@benthomason3307 Not that extreme, it's just that the species we've discovered from the Ediacaran period were, in the long term, evolutionary dead ends. Thr early relatives of the lifeforms that would diversify during the Cambrian remain (afaik) undiscovered.
I'm a biologist, and I gotta say, this is awesome! Such a good introduction to zoology for non-scientists! The only correction I would make. Insects do not use blood for pumping oxygen. Insect's ''blood" is basically a liquid soup in which their organs sit, they don't have blood vessels, and their hearts are very weak and doesn't move the liquid very fast. The blood really only exists to transport nutrients extracted from the gut. to transport OXYGEN, insects have branching AIR TUBES that run through their bodies from holes in the sides of their abdomens. This is less efficient than the lung/blood combo that vertebrates have, putting a hard limit on how big insects can grow. Some insects can pump their tracheae to increase efficiency. You ever watch a wasp or a bee after it lands from flight? How they pump their abdomens like their shakin what their mama gave them? That's because it's pumping it's tracheae, basically it's panting after the hard exercise of flight.
That's why we no longer have giant dragonflies and other massive bugs. Those insects became gigantic because the earth at the time had a very oxygen-rich atmosphere, allowing the air tubes to get enough oxygen to support that size. When the oxygen decreased, so did the size; the air tubes were too inefficient to work around a lower oxygen atmosphere.
TierZoo isn't very well informed about some of the earliest expansions of Outside. once our speculation brings us to the more recent expansions, he'll have much more to say
Disappointed Turtle Ah, yes, the radially symmetrical starfish people. Say what you will about them, they’re actually some of the more realistic aliens I’ve seen.
Switching between radial and bilateral symmetry seems less difficult if one thinks about. Radials have a top side and a bottom side that could turn into an anterior and posterior fairly easily. From that one side could be favoured to become the new top/bottom side of a motile.
Interestingly, the evolution of echinoderms went essentially the opposite direction. They started as bilateral organisms very closely related to vertebrates, but their front and back ends slowly evolved into bottom and top ends, respectively. Sea cucumbers later re-adapted bilateral symmetry to an extent.
17:00 I wonder why hermaphroditic systems aren't as widespread in multicellular organisms, since in theory it allows for even higher rate of gene exchange and mutations during the procreation, compared to defined sexes, since in this case you can mate with any member of your species, instead of only half of the population.
This will almost certainly be discussed in a future video. The answer is multifaceted, but it's at least partly to do with specialization between the sexes: if there's a species capable of exchanging genes, then two types of morphs will be selected for: 1. small, fast-moving, mobile forms that are able to search for mates more easily, 2. Large, less mobile forms that are easy to find. This causes disruptive selection, having individuals that exhibit either of these two morphs favored, becoming what we would call 'male' and 'female' respectively. Any individual that exhibits an intermediate morph that doesn't occupy either of these extremes (hermaphroditic) won't be as good at filling these roles as either of the two morphs, and so will most likely just die off. This is a pretty simplistic way of putting it, but it's a basic illustration of one of the factors (obviously there are exceptions, though).
@@Biblaridion It's worth noting that part of the specialisation isn't about speed - spore producers wouldn't need that after all. Rather it comes down to cytoplasmic genes such as in mitochondria and chloroplasts that benefit from being totally asexual and thus war with strangers when cells combine. Thus you need gametes with small to no numbers of these that pair up with those with large numbers to form viable cells. Of course this is also a simplification!
@@yokaiju8909 Hermaphroditic systems are usually still sexual and require two partners, the difference being that any one specimen can mate with any other specimen, rather than having two distinct sexes.
Ah yes, those black moulds in Chernobyl right? I think there are photovoltaic organisms too, which could be seen as "electrotrophy". Osmotrophy, thermotrophy and kinetotrophy are also conceivable.
@@hexamex HBGHFFBFJR THE GOVERNMENT ISS HIDING IT BC IT’S TALKING ABOUT ALIENSJSJSBEDIEBDH AND THEY’RE GONNA INVADE US WITH THEIR EVIL PEW PEW RAYSHDHSHDHSJDHS (I’m joking please don’t crucify me lmao)
Wasn't that the herbal book written in a conlang by women to avoid persecution? Isn't it well-known what it was by anthropologists? Is this not common knowledge?
"Feel free to use whatever nomenclature makes sense for your project" Me using a nomenclature derived from the language I made with the help of his tutorials: "This guy has made my worldbuilding project infinitely better and he doesn't even know me or what I'm doing"
He said word-for-word: "I wanted to mention the Avalon explosion and the Ediacaran fauna, but I couldn't find a way to fit it in in a way that flowed nicely, and I ended up having to cut it for time. But it may get discussed in future videos." So yeahhhh...
This series is amazing but I have one suggestion: Maybe animate the models as you describe them, I think it would add a nice touch to these videos. Again, just a suggestion, Keep up the good content!
Sometimes I just rewatch this series when I feel a creative itch and want to get my brain going. Plus they're really relaxing. Excited for more in the future
Fascinating! I could imagine that in the taxon of Anthostoma some species develop their arms into a free swimming sexual stage creating metagenesis (maybe over an autotomic step), while others could achive neoteny in their larvae creating the taxon Anthosoma... Or there could be a taxon in which the Arms of different individuals grow together after breaking off and a short free swimming stage, forming a sexual symbiosis (I think I once read that something a bit similar occures in some species of polychaeta). Speculative biology is always epic!
SO pretty much Cnidarians really a fascinating group especially in light of the studies of embryogenesis shared genetics and how those genes are used which suggest cnidarians either evolved from a bilaterally symmetric ancestor or perhaps(while far less likely) bilaterians were a neonatal reversion. regardless of what is true IRL any of these possibilities is open game for speculative biology!
why not make the larval stage capable of creating only male gamets and the mature stage capable of creating only female gamets? Then the breaking of the arms could be a part of the gamete- releasing process (as well as the last stage of its life cycle) making the arms... fruits
@@Sethoshini95 That would also be a very interesting idea. And if intern fertilisation has evolved, you could also work with parasitism, where males hijack the fruitbodystage of a closly related species...
@@Norwyn i like the idea of parassitism, but i'm a bit confused by what you mean by hijack. If the fruitbody stage is the final stage what advantage would it be in taking control over it? isn't it just a lump of nutrients?
@@Sethoshini95 I mean hijacking the stage but also/mostly the eggs to replace the DNA making it a male only species (like this particular bivalvian or some fish do (I don´t remember the name of the species at the moment, sorry)).
I am actually making my own kind of this, and I was wondering if anyone would like to join me in doing that as well! I wanna have a mini group of people to make something unique, just comment and we can figure something out
YOU FORGOT SULPHUR FOR MOST OF THE VIDEO. Please just remember sulphur is involved in more than chemistry and biology. Note how so much sulphur would affect the method biology takes place (biochemistry) how do nerves fire? What makes muscles tick? Also not geochemistry and geology. These will affect the seabed which may be sulphur rich, so how does that affect contact with that substate (for sessile organism) or how does the organic waste products of each animal interact with that substrate? Im okay with you havung had done a 30 to 35 minute video if JUST sulphur alone was considered more
You also forgot that the lower atmospheric pressure affects rate of dissolving of oxygen And that your tides are HUGE so shallow water biomes (like it appears you _may have_ idk) should be affected more than earth (tbh idk how much drastically, so that maybe minor, but you get the point)
Early gankgank Edit: Wow...that was intense...I gotta get back on m world building game. Conlanging is fun, but pointless if there's no one to speak the language(s) you create
Great video! I really hope that you can cover non-animal lifeforms similar to plants or funguses? I know plants are simple: cluster of cells got together, formed shapes to maximize sunlight, got on land, got water and nutrient transportation system, got hard and can stand up, got reproductive organs that suit various wet and dry environments, formed cooperative relationship with animals. But they are interesting and are crucial parts of the food web and ecosystem.
Yes, don't worry, the plants and other non-animal kingdoms will definitely get the treatment they deserve, I've got some special (and quite weird) plans for them.
Well, you can assume that bones will work similar to the ones on earth will. Getting inspiration from animals that exist here for skeletons is important! You can start off with a species, and think of what reasons it might have to evolve to stand different temperatures, eat different things etc. Its basically up to your creativity!
@@calebr7199 You could use Blender, or if you want to start with something "lite" that also feels more play-and-go intuitive you can try Sculptris which is also free.
A few comments first do note that aerobic photosynthesis wasn't the first form of photosynthesis but yeah oxygen gets you the most energy per reaction. From looking up anaerobic photosynthesis and respiration there is another combination that seems to be nearly as efficient as oxygen, Iron. There are several problems with it namely that it doesn't really permit adaptation to the land since while iron does dissolve into water it doesn't become a gas at hospitable temperatures and that Iron readily reacts with molecular oxygen to form the insoluble iron oxide The main gripe is the role of endosymbiosis getting neglected I mean it literally is the fusion of two organisms into one which is amazing and probably the single most important development in the history of life on Earth! If looking to compare what happened on Earth to interpret how they might effect alien planets is some of the strange and interesting stuff. It should be mentioned that we have no evidence that bilateral symmetry is specifically ideal as it could be a survival bias caused by ancient mass extinctions leaving the survivors to radiate out. So it does seem feasible to pick one of the more exotic symmetries such as the fascinating fractal symmetry triangular symmetry, or chiral asymmetry that evolved within the Ediacarian. Though I would agree that since they were primarily sessile body plans. One fascinating recent discovery that reframes the context of bilateral symmetry in a way that could allow far more exploration of body forms is the discovery that bilateral symmetry was actually ancestral to the last common ancestor between the sister groups bilateria and cnidaria which was a surprisingly complex bilaterally aligned animal with a basic nerve net, simple muscles and a single mouth able to differentiate from two body cavity layers. This is interesting in the context that urbilaterian was surprisingly primitive the main distinction between the last common ancestor of the two clades and urbilaterian being the differentiation of cell types from one body cavity layer into two for a total of 3 altogether. It also adds to the narrative of convergent evolution as ancestral cnidarians secondarily evolved radial symmetry as an adaptive response to a more sessile lifestyle as we now know this has evolved at least 3-4 times Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Echinodermata(echinoderms), and to a lesser extent Tunicata. With exception to the mysterious and ancient Ctenophora, the later 3 groups all shared a common ancestor with a bilateral body plan as they adapted to a slower less mobile lifestyle. The Tunicata are particularly interesting and disturbing as they are chordates meaning they descend from animals with a primitive backbone and a brain. In fact they actually hatch into tadpole like animals with both "brains" and notocords(primitive backbones) which they use to swim find a place to attach to for the rest of their lives and then reabsorb their brain notocord to become fleshy somewhat more radial organisms. Another interesting piece of the puzzle that could be important and interesting to play with is the seeming link between Snowball Earth events and the appearance of multiple lineages of multicellular life which seem to have been deeply linked as both the Paleoprotozoic and Neoprotozoic snowball events are followed by radiations of multicellular life forms with diverse arrays of morphologies and characteristics. Now the first of these on Earth the Francevillian biota failed suddenly as for some reason the Earth transitioned back into a primitive low oxygen state after a few hundred million years of diversification and radiation, followed by the "boring billion" a period of billion or years where life was purely unicellular again. Then you had the Earth froze over again several times in quick succession after which the Avalon explosion and later more familiar Cambrian explosion occurred. The question of why did the first radiation fail and what if it hadn't seems quite a interesting exploration which could allow a far longer period of developing complexity. IRL something caused oxygen to severely diminish but that needn't of happened on an alien world so it could be perfectly reasonable for complex life to arise in such a scenario about 2.3 billion years ago. Given what life has managed to do in the last 600 or so million years just imagine what might come out of two billion years! :D
@@calebr7199 There are some holdouts but research into wider samples of cnidarian genomes uncovering shared genetic characteristics in body axis determination and embryonic development have pretty much given them no ground to stand on without resorting to cherry picking data and the likes particularly since the major outlier groups they have used to build their case like the hydrozoans show considerable evidence of genome contraction. One group of cnidarians the Myxozoa even take that to another extreme having lost the genes governing cell communication and multicellular life to the point where they weren't initially recognized as animals. At this point the majority of holdouts are either crossing over or entering the denial phase where they start complicating their models and cherry picking data. After all if the last common ancestor was not bilaterally symmetric then cnidarians would have had to evolve bilateral symmetry at least 3 times including the same body axis alignment mechanism utilizing Hox genes otherwise unique to bilateria, while losing all traces of radial symmetry. Occam's Razor is not on their side anymore and history in other major revolutions in science show that this type of stubborn scientists tend to go kicking and screaming to their deathbeds even after they loose any real form of credibility yet.
this is one of the most interesting and well presented speculative biology studies ive ever seen - thank you for using your knowledge to create such a thought provoking world! i love the illustration you use as well, it makes it that much more engaging. i didnt have to think twice about subscribing!
17:28 "How do you find a mate if you can't move?"
Yep, that's a _very_ relevant issue right now.
*slyly releases spores out of the window*
@@KOTEBANAROT are you a species of fungi?
yes
@@synphilia4776 just jerk it out the window
@@themorebike880 lmao just what I was thinking
I would love to see some kind of speculative evolution community similar to the conlang community. Although I can see some problems given that we have about 7,000 languages but only 1 planet with an evolutionary history.
There are some spec evo communities already, most of them in speculative evolution forums or in DeviantArt groups
@@brunog3768 and the art that comes out of them is AWESOME
That may be the reason, because not everyone can draw. I mean, you can do it in your head, imagine the form of creatures, but without drawing, it’s like describing what a language is like but not having any spoke samples of it.
specevo.jcink.net/ check this link, I think it has the most active people in the speculative evolution subject
But on this planet there are millions of species.
And in human history there is also only one language evolution, if you think about it...
this world building could be great for education: you learn some real theoretical physics, chemistry, biology, linguistics, history, while pursuing your fantasies and learning how to present them in words or visuals. this should be in schools.
Or maybe once humans get advanced enough, they can produce a world. Test theories and write down new ones. Interesting if you think about it.
@@thefederalist1713 i have worlds of my own
@@water2205 On the computer or in the book?
@@thefederalist1713 not your planet
@@thefederalist1713 water planets
"eventually we come to a critical point in the planet's evolutionary history"
*banging fists on table, chanting* cambrian explosion! cambrian explosion! cambrian explosion!*
"the cambrian explosion"
*wild cheering* CANBREIAN EZPOXION
Megaskizzen CANBLIAM EGZBLOZIN
CHAHIJBRIPOAN EIXLPLIOJAN
KANANBRAM EZPLONEON
CEMBRWON EZBWOUSEN
Calbdyhgdg explogdgsgb
I can see the Radial design becoming a VERY interesting predator.
If they change to me more mobile over time, like their young, they can very quickly become mobile and dangerous.
Having some of those 'Feeder Petals' specialize into locomotion and others using concentrated acid from the Sulfur they use for their shell they can go a kind of hybrid Internal/External digestive organism. Now each Radial point would have one 'Mouth Petal' and a 'Fin Petal' as well as a kind of capacity organ for the acid.
Things would get... interesting if they get into the trees and still manage to be radially symetrical. Imagine a fast moving creature with eye clusters near their "Hands", which also double as a poison sprayer. These would be pretty amazing ambush predators or active hunters and spawn all kinds of sub species to hunt or be hunted by specific other animals.
I do so enjoy these theoretical Evolutionary things, here is hoping to see more soon!
You hit it on the head
Now I’m just imagining a starfish wheeling through tree branches
When the fuck did I make this comment
Eye clusters near hands.. radially symmetrical(mostly)… venom near the eyes that are also near the hands… we call these spiders.
Crazy to look back at the beginning where we only had a little worm thing and a little sea anemone thing
Now we have a complete working ecosyst- i mean he kind of extinct half of the planet but he replaced the life forms at least
so happy you're doing this! not a lot of good spec evo content on youtube sadly, that could just be me though cause I'm a bio major and a lot of the spec evo videos on here feel like suuuuuper basic biology courses lol but this is good because it does something I don't see a lot of videos shows and and books on speculative evolution do: actually lay out and explain general principles, rules, and driving forces of evolution. so I'm really excited to see more of this!
It is amazing to see the development of life on this planet begun from anemones and sea centipedes, to myriad of "squids" and "spiders". Truly an amazing series.
oh god i needed this i'm planning on making my own alien biosphere and this is so informative!
this series exemplifies why things on earth are the way they are so effectively
This was amazing!!!! I think I’m just gonna sit here and patiently wait for the next video...
I like how the spores have mobility as a trait 😍 It would be interesting to see them develope mobility in their later stages as well.
Easier way:
Make them in spore
Brilliant !
Why didn't I think of that!
yES
Cell stage is plankton when you think about it
I do not remember if you mentioned this or not. But one important thing to remember about evolution is. It doesn't have to be the best it just has to work good enough.
just started this series, this is just amazing
Where did you make/get the designs for the early life body plans? I'd like to try and make my own but I'd like to see if there's a site or a template I can use for reference.
I've wondering the same ever since I saw this video. He probably designs the 3D models himself. Blender ceome to mind, but it is quite hard to use (as any professional 3D software).
I learned more here than in my biology class
Awesome video! What did you use to draw the creatures? Google Sketch-Up?
Hell yea dude hell yea this is so up my alley I'm wondering how you even found my address
Ikr thats what i thought
THIS IS THE ULTIMATE EVOLUTION SERIES ON THE PLANT ATM
Greek / Latin naming system makes sense, is easy to understand, and "realistic".
Much better than what actual scientists do.
It is what actual scientists do, although they’ve begun to branch out and include roots from other languages as well
I was just watching Ben G. Thomas, and this video popped up in my, "Up next", and I don't regret clicking on it.
i so hope there's a part three.... this is amazing
Awesome video! I learned so much
This is just great how you explain any detail in life raising. i wonder, Is there a spanish spoken/subtitled version? Thanks for your channel
Hard to believe this started 2 whole years ago
One interesting evolutionary oportunity is that larval stage of anthostoma, which is motile. Motility is highly advantagous, so it might eventually abandon the sessile stage, thus jellyfish. Now I wonder whether octopods originally had a radial structure and later evolved into a bilateral one.
Think of octopus as slug with long legs, as both of them are mollusk they must have the same ancestor which of course have the same body plan. Slug move using pseudopod which is multiple tiny extension of their body, you can imagine that this pseudopod become larger and become legs.
Things like this is what Spore game could have been.
7:30
Fun fact: starfish re-evolved radial symmetry from bilaterally symmetric ancestors, and there larvae still have a bilateral body plan
Oh boy, am I nervous about this one. I have a secure confidence that you will do evolution proud, but I am still on the edge of my seat hoping you don't fall into any of the usual traps people fall into when talking about evolution, it's such a poorly understood field of science in the general public and especially Hollywood that I find myself running into misconceptions all over the place. So far so good. Let's see how this goes. How many videos can we go before one fo the laws of evolutionary theory is broken?
Yay spec evo is the best!
This is reminding me of my various Spore playthroughs, but with far less penis-shaped monstrosities that were a sin upon god.
Fun fact to add to around 7:40
Sponges are the only known organism on earth that isn't readily symmetrical
Randomly came upon this video I have to say the subject matter is very interesting.
Your channel is awesome :)
I'm taking a few ideas for my own !
That was super cool I loved that
It is gonna get very interesting
Very nice!
Uploaded 9 minutes earlier! Make these mor e often! Love the videos!
This is super interesting! Thanks Brosqueeze!
bro you are a literal god
If I were looking to do this sort of thing myself, are there any generators or guides of sorts that would take input and go "your planet doesn't have enough oxygen for that" or "that size of creature will not produce enough energy to live" etc etc?
I would love to watch the next part but I have been jump scared by spider eyes one too many times to trust that it won't happen again!
Lol
I wish there was a software or game that let you do world building and actually see what your making and how it interacts.
Actually starfish are bilateral animals with an apparent radial symmetry during adulthood.
For a certain period of time, prior to Cambrian explosion, there were also animals with trilateral symmetry called Trilobozoa.
okay now I'm hooked.
Nice video, but needs more graphic depictions of alien sex.
There was actually one small group of ...animals? On earth that developed a TRI-lateral symmetry. But they went out in the great dying and that trait went with them.
Tribrachridium
this was like a crash course in evolutionary biology
3:34 what about the AVALON Explosion that was the precursor of the Cambrian Explosion?
So is this what DM's making creatures up have to go through?
What program did you use to make the creatures?
I would like to know that aswell
@@couldntthinkofayoutubename6498 he uses Lightwave 3D :)
this was a great vid!
thanx for those great videos!!! just one question: where is the background-music from? how do you call it? would be great meditation sound!
If you have booth hydrogen sulfide and oxygen present in the atmosphere it would be flammable, makes for some really funny geology.
"Here we see another layer where the world caught fire. And just above you can obsere where it rained sulfuric acid for a few weeks."
On that planet lighting a fire would probably be equivalent to setting off all the world's nukes at once. If intelligent life were on that society probably had to restart a couple dozen times in the early days, along with taking a lot longer to figure out tools without using fire. Modern countries will probably have nearly everyone concentrated into dense, fireproof cities with special domes overhead so that way, if a fire started inside, only one city would be destroyed. Being in possession of flammable/fire-starting materials would be punishable by death.
Imagine how crazy terrorism would be. Instead of bombs, cyber-hacking, or complex methods, a citizen could just hold a match in the air and instantly destroy everything.
That's another risk with an oxygenrigh athmosphere. Sure it would allow certain types of bodies to grow larger, but it would also increase the risk of fire.
Imagine a world with hundres of meters long insects but every 50 years there is a little mass extinction because of spontaneous athmospheric ignition.
An atmosphere of both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide would be unstable. In earth's atmosphere, it has a half-life of 12 -37 hours, depending on conditions. The conditions on an alien world would be different, the reduced oxygen content would lower the half-life, along with the fact that oxygen is not several orders of magnitude more common in the atmosphere. But even if the half-life is a week, a year, or even a decade, it will still be reduced to effectively zero over millions of years.
@The main cause of warps in all of reality A mixture hydrogen sulfide and oxygen is simply unstable. Once lightning strikes one time and the atmosphere erupts in a great conflagration, the amount of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere will be reduced significantly. A flammable atmosphere is unstable over geological time, either the flammable gas will burn off, or all the oxygen will be consumed.
Imagine a volcanic eruption...
Plot twist: the sessile one evolves into intelligent life.
Imagine how weird that civilisation would be.
"Hey come over"
"I can't because I lack the ability to move"
"My parents aren't home"
*mouth flapping intensifies*
@@sungazer8604 *proceeds to fill the atmosphere with gametes*
If the atmosphere isn't dense they could evolve (idk what I'm saying here) into a kind of flying jelly fish where male and female (whatever it would be called) would fly in clusters that are kinda like clouds where the males fly at a higher altitude dropping gamates on the lower flying females
BTW just an idea!
Billy look, a snowflake! Watch me catch it with my tongue!
@@sungazer8604 They become nihilistic philosophers.
ahhh.... the moment you realize that Humans might actually just be Really complicated Seaweed...
seaweed are protists
our dna apparently shares quite a few similarities with bananas
@@ccaffie1231 monke
@@ccaffie1231 Of course! We have got so much in common with our multicellular eukaryontic banana brothers. Compared to all other species we are verry similar.
@@ccaffie1231 metabolising sugars, growing, multicellularity, nuclei... The list goes on.
Nobody:
That one bacteria about to trigger the Cambrian explosion: Sunlight’s chill n’ all but that archaea lookin hella thick tho
Lol
Lol very funny
And then it committed G E N O C | D E . . .
“Taste the sun!” - Bill Wurtz
The Cambrian Explosion happened because someone chose violence.
This is so cool. There's actually a worldbuilding course I am taking for English at school, making maps, languages, planets, geography, and writing stories. It's so cool, didn't think I would learn this sorta thing at school..😅
And this is _literal_ worldbuilding
Interesting is it by any chance called creative writing?
Sorry for the late replies everyone, but firstly, @Daniel Duntavs Saunders the actual course was called Worldbuilding, although it might have also been called Creative Writing, which we did a lot of.
Secondly, @Random Volcano, it wasn't specifically for dnd, but one of the ways we could have presented our world at the end of the course was a dnd campaign. I didn't do that, and i don't really play dnd, but I have before.
@Austin Mcgovern Oh, it's in Australia. It is a public school, but sort of independent.
I don't really know how or why they managed to have a course as cool as that!
Please give me your class
I want more of this planet.
I REQUIRE MORE ANTHOSTOMAE
I WANT ONE AS A PET
*WHEN IS THE NEXT SHUTTLE TO WHAT THIS PLANET IS CALLED*
Now that it’s a while later I can tell you that this planet is called Tira 296 b or something like that
@@mpice2666 GIVE ME THE *A N T H O S T O M*
I want them all as pets
@@thebananabeast2322 ME TOO
I named this planet Archeron
This feels like I'm an alien watching a class about earth. Interesting new feeling.
Same to me watching this gives me an out of body experience as well
Then you would like videos by Zogg From Betelgeuse
I do think maybe you should have mentioned the Ediacaran explosion before the Cambrian. It's not as well known or understood as the latter, and none of the known organisms from that time have a later evolutionary lineage, but it did mark the true transition from simple to complex life.
I wanted to mention the Avalon explosion and the Ediacaran fauna, but I couldn't find a way to fit it in in a way that flowed nicely, and I ended up having to cut it for time. But it may get discussed in future videos.
@@Biblaridion Makes sense, given that the lack of significant connection to modern phyla makes it a bit hard to fit in to this video's purpose.
Nicholas Hermes
While you're right, it would be useful for a writer with a story about a space-faring civilization where a crew lands on a planet in that phase of its Evolutionary history.
none of them have a later evolutionary lineage? you mena the earth was *completely sterilized* at one point and life had to redevelop from the ground up?
@@benthomason3307 Not that extreme, it's just that the species we've discovered from the Ediacaran period were, in the long term, evolutionary dead ends. Thr early relatives of the lifeforms that would diversify during the Cambrian remain (afaik) undiscovered.
I'm a biologist, and I gotta say, this is awesome! Such a good introduction to zoology for non-scientists! The only correction I would make. Insects do not use blood for pumping oxygen. Insect's ''blood" is basically a liquid soup in which their organs sit, they don't have blood vessels, and their hearts are very weak and doesn't move the liquid very fast. The blood really only exists to transport nutrients extracted from the gut. to transport OXYGEN, insects have branching AIR TUBES that run through their bodies from holes in the sides of their abdomens. This is less efficient than the lung/blood combo that vertebrates have, putting a hard limit on how big insects can grow. Some insects can pump their tracheae to increase efficiency. You ever watch a wasp or a bee after it lands from flight? How they pump their abdomens like their shakin what their mama gave them? That's because it's pumping it's tracheae, basically it's panting after the hard exercise of flight.
They aren’t insects
mmmmm soup yummy
He literally said this in the video???
That's why we no longer have giant dragonflies and other massive bugs. Those insects became gigantic because the earth at the time had a very oxygen-rich atmosphere, allowing the air tubes to get enough oxygen to support that size. When the oxygen decreased, so did the size; the air tubes were too inefficient to work around a lower oxygen atmosphere.
@@Thunderous333 the comment was probably posted midway through the video or as the topic comes up, as is often the case.
Sort of surprised TierZoo didn't get a crossover. That would have been really fun to see.
He'll help with the extreme evolutionary pressures expansion.
TierZoo isn't very well informed about some of the earliest expansions of Outside. once our speculation brings us to the more recent expansions, he'll have much more to say
Currently it's in beta and in depth strats haven't been found yet
@@judgenitsuj4402 no distinguished meta, *yet.*
TierZoo is kinda dumb
the hardest rule of the Alien Biospheres drinking game: Every time the Square Cube Law gets brought up, finish your drink
Dies of alcohol poisoning
Or you could just say “F symmetry” and make a shoggoth... but who am I to judge?
Epic Romulan Films The thing to keep in mind about Shoggoths is that they were artificially created as slave-creatures by the Elder Things
Disappointed Turtle Ah, yes, the radially symmetrical starfish people. Say what you will about them, they’re actually some of the more realistic aliens I’ve seen.
Epic Romulan Films I definitely agree. They‘re my favorite creatures out of the Lovecraft mythos
*_TEKELI, LIIIII_*
Switching between radial and bilateral symmetry seems less difficult if one thinks about. Radials have a top side and a bottom side that could turn into an anterior and posterior fairly easily. From that one side could be favoured to become the new top/bottom side of a motile.
Interestingly, the evolution of echinoderms went essentially the opposite direction. They started as bilateral organisms very closely related to vertebrates, but their front and back ends slowly evolved into bottom and top ends, respectively. Sea cucumbers later re-adapted bilateral symmetry to an extent.
@@CaptainCuttlefish74 Just can't make up their minds.
@@CaptainCuttlefish74 sea pigs were bilateral then radial than bilateral again
17:00
I wonder why hermaphroditic systems aren't as widespread in multicellular organisms, since in theory it allows for even higher rate of gene exchange and mutations during the procreation, compared to defined sexes, since in this case you can mate with any member of your species, instead of only half of the population.
This will almost certainly be discussed in a future video. The answer is multifaceted, but it's at least partly to do with specialization between the sexes: if there's a species capable of exchanging genes, then two types of morphs will be selected for: 1. small, fast-moving, mobile forms that are able to search for mates more easily, 2. Large, less mobile forms that are easy to find. This causes disruptive selection, having individuals that exhibit either of these two morphs favored, becoming what we would call 'male' and 'female' respectively. Any individual that exhibits an intermediate morph that doesn't occupy either of these extremes (hermaphroditic) won't be as good at filling these roles as either of the two morphs, and so will most likely just die off. This is a pretty simplistic way of putting it, but it's a basic illustration of one of the factors (obviously there are exceptions, though).
Biblaridion
K-type and R-type reproduction play a similar role here I imagine, although entire species can tend to be either more k or r type.
@@Biblaridion It's worth noting that part of the specialisation isn't about speed - spore producers wouldn't need that after all. Rather it comes down to cytoplasmic genes such as in mitochondria and chloroplasts that benefit from being totally asexual and thus war with strangers when cells combine. Thus you need gametes with small to no numbers of these that pair up with those with large numbers to form viable cells.
Of course this is also a simplification!
Because Sexual reproduction with two participants allows for more variation and so more chance of survival.
@@yokaiju8909 Hermaphroditic systems are usually still sexual and require two partners, the difference being that any one specimen can mate with any other specimen, rather than having two distinct sexes.
1:50 It should be noted that radiotrophic organisms also exist.
I'm assuming they feed on radiation?
@@The_Vent_Goblin Yep
Sunlight isn't radiation?
@@femimark5021 it's a type, but phototrophs use the energy from the sunlight instead of the direct radiation
Ah yes, those black moulds in Chernobyl right? I think there are photovoltaic organisms too, which could be seen as "electrotrophy". Osmotrophy, thermotrophy and kinetotrophy are also conceivable.
I learnt more words in this 20 Min video than I did in 5 years of High School English...
...why would an English class teach you biology vocabulary?
6:45
Urbilaterian are now to be defined as either "Ant Dogs" or "Water Beans", and must be considered as *absolutely precious.*
19:05
(Taking notes)
yES WATER BEANS
Water beans is better lol
Pls use Sanskritic Nomenclature
I would love to see pushpāsyati
this is a joke
Gross
Goodus boyus
I guess the Voynich manuscript was just some ancient nerd's elaborate conlang and conworld project.
I legitimately think that's what that was.
You got a point.
He was a fellow nerd
@@hexamex HBGHFFBFJR THE GOVERNMENT ISS HIDING IT BC IT’S TALKING ABOUT ALIENSJSJSBEDIEBDH AND THEY’RE GONNA INVADE US WITH THEIR EVIL PEW PEW RAYSHDHSHDHSJDHS
(I’m joking please don’t crucify me lmao)
Wasn't that the herbal book written in a conlang by women to avoid persecution? Isn't it well-known what it was by anthropologists? Is this not common knowledge?
"Feel free to use whatever nomenclature makes sense for your project"
Me using a nomenclature derived from the language I made with the help of his tutorials: "This guy has made my worldbuilding project infinitely better and he doesn't even know me or what I'm doing"
15:01
That kinda looks tasty. If i were a predator on that planet i know what i'd eat..
You'll need to break the shell first.
Spoiler alert: it has toxins for self defense, so it tastes bitter as a warning.
Getting real “the history of the entire world, I guess” vibes here
I wish someone would make a video like that but for evolution only.
IT'S THE CAMBRIAN
*e x p l o s i o n*
God made us and the earth prove me wrong
Bret Bailey no one asked
@@dumpsterchild131 u cant prove me wrong dude
Do a triple person collab with Ewa and Artifexian!
I need this now
Worldbuilding notes.
@Hernando Malinche I suppose there's no accounting for taste
Omg that would be a dream. Artifexian makes the geology, Biblaridion makes the language, and Ewa makes the culture
@Hernando Malinche yeah makes sense. I've tried to show it to my brother and he hates her voice. Makes sense to me I guess but I just find it charming
A new vid of biblaridion.
*click immediately*
*pause*
*writing a comment saying what i did and am doing*
I stopped watching The Expanse for this.
@@wasserruebenvergilbungsvirus That's the kind of devotion we need
See, I do exactly the same, only I was a little late...
Holy crap I never clicked this fast in my life.
@Steven i use post notifications, you should really give it a go
Smh, and I hoped you would mention the Avalon explosion. That said, awesome vid. Inspirational.
Nuada the silver hand Avalon explosion never gets enough respect
Dark_Messiah, finally a man of culture! The first person I've met to even know what 'Avalon explosion' even means.
He said word-for-word:
"I wanted to mention the Avalon explosion and the Ediacaran fauna, but I couldn't find a way to fit it in in a way that flowed nicely, and I ended up having to cut it for time. But it may get discussed in future videos."
So yeahhhh...
Never even heard of it lol
start of series:
radial= sessile
ep.6
radial: AND IT'S FLYING HIGHER ! THE KING OF THE SKY!
There's some motivational message to take from that, surely
ITS FLYING TOO FAST AND FLYING TOO HIGH
@@sticktheok HIGHER AN EYE FOR AN EYE !
THE LEGEND WILL NEVER DIE !
FIRST TO THE SCENE HE IS A LETHAL MACHINE!
IT'S BLOODY APRIL AND THE TIDE IS TURN'N!
@@unimaginablybasedindividual FIRE AT WILL AND IT'S THE THRILL OF THE KILL FOUR IN A DAY SHOOT DOWN WITH ENGINES BURNING !
This series is amazing but I have one suggestion:
Maybe animate the models as you describe them, I think it would add a nice touch to these videos.
Again, just a suggestion, Keep up the good content!
I'm glad this idea never got put into practice, I don't think I'd be able to handle seeing Giant Horse Spiders in motion
This is so cool! I love how deep you went into detail!
Sometimes I just rewatch this series when I feel a creative itch and want to get my brain going. Plus they're really relaxing. Excited for more in the future
Fascinating!
I could imagine that in the taxon of Anthostoma some species develop their arms into a free swimming sexual stage creating metagenesis (maybe over an autotomic step), while others could achive neoteny in their larvae creating the taxon Anthosoma...
Or there could be a taxon in which the Arms of different individuals grow together after breaking off and a short free swimming stage, forming a sexual symbiosis (I think I once read that something a bit similar occures in some species of polychaeta).
Speculative biology is always epic!
SO pretty much Cnidarians really a fascinating group especially in light of the studies of embryogenesis shared genetics and how those genes are used which suggest cnidarians either evolved from a bilaterally symmetric ancestor or perhaps(while far less likely) bilaterians were a neonatal reversion. regardless of what is true IRL any of these possibilities is open game for speculative biology!
why not make the larval stage capable of creating only male gamets and the mature stage capable of creating only female gamets?
Then the breaking of the arms could be a part of the gamete- releasing process (as well as the last stage of its life cycle) making the arms... fruits
@@Sethoshini95 That would also be a very interesting idea. And if intern fertilisation has evolved, you could also work with parasitism, where males hijack the fruitbodystage of a closly related species...
@@Norwyn i like the idea of parassitism, but i'm a bit confused by what you mean by hijack. If the fruitbody stage is the final stage what advantage would it be in taking control over it? isn't it just a lump of nutrients?
@@Sethoshini95 I mean hijacking the stage but also/mostly the eggs to replace the DNA making it a male only species (like this particular bivalvian or some fish do (I don´t remember the name of the species at the moment, sorry)).
This is Spore but for real men
accurate
Her: hes probabably thinking about another girl
Him:
I am actually making my own kind of this, and I was wondering if anyone would like to join me in doing that as well! I wanna have a mini group of people to make something unique, just comment and we can figure something out
Still doing this by any chance?
Vinny I would also like to know
@@forbidden_channelexe same
Jeez... and I thought conlanging was hard...
And yet they go hand-in-hand...
I need more. MOOOOOOOOOOOOOOORE.
Rewatching in preparation for the release of part 15!
YOU FORGOT SULPHUR FOR MOST OF THE VIDEO.
Please just remember sulphur is involved in more than chemistry and biology.
Note how so much sulphur would affect the method biology takes place (biochemistry)
how do nerves fire? What makes muscles tick?
Also not geochemistry and geology. These will affect the seabed which may be sulphur rich,
so how does that affect contact with that substate (for sessile organism)
or how does the organic waste products of each animal interact with that substrate?
Im okay with you havung had done a 30 to 35 minute video if JUST sulphur alone was considered more
You also forgot that the lower atmospheric pressure affects rate of dissolving of oxygen
And that your tides are HUGE so shallow water biomes (like it appears you _may have_ idk) should be affected more than earth (tbh idk how much drastically, so that maybe minor, but you get the point)
But your clearly better at conlanging. There's nothing wrong with that.
Early gankgank
Edit: Wow...that was intense...I gotta get back on m world building game. Conlanging is fun, but pointless if there's no one to speak the language(s) you create
"a collection of primitive hearts" sounds like an indie punk album name lol. This series is amazing btw
🎵🎶it's 🎵🎶the 🎵🎶Cambrian 🎵🎶explosion!! 🎵🎶
Great video! I really hope that you can cover non-animal lifeforms similar to plants or funguses? I know plants are simple: cluster of cells got together, formed shapes to maximize sunlight, got on land, got water and nutrient transportation system, got hard and can stand up, got reproductive organs that suit various wet and dry environments, formed cooperative relationship with animals. But they are interesting and are crucial parts of the food web and ecosystem.
Yes, don't worry, the plants and other non-animal kingdoms will definitely get the treatment they deserve, I've got some special (and quite weird) plans for them.
fairly sure sessile organism can be considered the progenitors of plants and fungi
How did you model the animals? I would love to maybe make my own Speculative Evolution stuff.
Well, you can assume that bones will work similar to the ones on earth will. Getting inspiration from animals that exist here for skeletons is important! You can start off with a species, and think of what reasons it might have to evolve to stand different temperatures, eat different things etc.
Its basically up to your creativity!
@@Isimarie
I meant what program did he use. I assume it's blender or something, but thanx anyways.
Caleb R I would be so down for that, this kinda stuff is something I’m strangely good at
@@calebr7199 You could use Blender, or if you want to start with something "lite" that also feels more play-and-go intuitive you can try Sculptris which is also free.
A few comments first do note that aerobic photosynthesis wasn't the first form of photosynthesis but yeah oxygen gets you the most energy per reaction. From looking up anaerobic photosynthesis and respiration there is another combination that seems to be nearly as efficient as oxygen, Iron. There are several problems with it namely that it doesn't really permit adaptation to the land since while iron does dissolve into water it doesn't become a gas at hospitable temperatures and that Iron readily reacts with molecular oxygen to form the insoluble iron oxide
The main gripe is the role of endosymbiosis getting neglected I mean it literally is the fusion of two organisms into one which is amazing and probably the single most important development in the history of life on Earth! If looking to compare what happened on Earth to interpret how they might effect alien planets is some of the strange and interesting stuff.
It should be mentioned that we have no evidence that bilateral symmetry is specifically ideal as it could be a survival bias caused by ancient mass extinctions leaving the survivors to radiate out. So it does seem feasible to pick one of the more exotic symmetries such as the fascinating fractal symmetry triangular symmetry, or chiral asymmetry that evolved within the Ediacarian. Though I would agree that since they were primarily sessile body plans.
One fascinating recent discovery that reframes the context of bilateral symmetry in a way that could allow far more exploration of body forms is the discovery that bilateral symmetry was actually ancestral to the last common ancestor between the sister groups bilateria and cnidaria which was a surprisingly complex bilaterally aligned animal with a basic nerve net, simple muscles and a single mouth able to differentiate from two body cavity layers. This is interesting in the context that urbilaterian was surprisingly primitive the main distinction between the last common ancestor of the two clades and urbilaterian being the differentiation of cell types from one body cavity layer into two for a total of 3 altogether.
It also adds to the narrative of convergent evolution as ancestral cnidarians secondarily evolved radial symmetry as an adaptive response to a more sessile lifestyle as we now know this has evolved at least 3-4 times Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Echinodermata(echinoderms), and to a lesser extent Tunicata. With exception to the mysterious and ancient Ctenophora, the later 3 groups all shared a common ancestor with a bilateral body plan as they adapted to a slower less mobile lifestyle. The Tunicata are particularly interesting and disturbing as they are chordates meaning they descend from animals with a primitive backbone and a brain. In fact they actually hatch into tadpole like animals with both "brains" and notocords(primitive backbones) which they use to swim find a place to attach to for the rest of their lives and then reabsorb their brain notocord to become fleshy somewhat more radial organisms.
Another interesting piece of the puzzle that could be important and interesting to play with is the seeming link between Snowball Earth events and the appearance of multiple lineages of multicellular life which seem to have been deeply linked as both the Paleoprotozoic and Neoprotozoic snowball events are followed by radiations of multicellular life forms with diverse arrays of morphologies and characteristics. Now the first of these on Earth the Francevillian biota failed suddenly as for some reason the Earth transitioned back into a primitive low oxygen state after a few hundred million years of diversification and radiation, followed by the "boring billion" a period of billion or years where life was purely unicellular again. Then you had the Earth froze over again several times in quick succession after which the Avalon explosion and later more familiar Cambrian explosion occurred.
The question of why did the first radiation fail and what if it hadn't seems quite a interesting exploration which could allow a far longer period of developing complexity. IRL something caused oxygen to severely diminish but that needn't of happened on an alien world so it could be perfectly reasonable for complex life to arise in such a scenario about 2.3 billion years ago. Given what life has managed to do in the last 600 or so million years just imagine what might come out of two billion years! :D
Wasn't there some controversy as to whether cnidarians evolved from a bilateral ancestor or not? I'm not sure that's completely confirmed yet.
@@calebr7199 There are some holdouts but research into wider samples of cnidarian genomes uncovering shared genetic characteristics in body axis determination and embryonic development have pretty much given them no ground to stand on without resorting to cherry picking data and the likes particularly since the major outlier groups they have used to build their case like the hydrozoans show considerable evidence of genome contraction. One group of cnidarians the Myxozoa even take that to another extreme having lost the genes governing cell communication and multicellular life to the point where they weren't initially recognized as animals.
At this point the majority of holdouts are either crossing over or entering the denial phase where they start complicating their models and cherry picking data. After all if the last common ancestor was not bilaterally symmetric then cnidarians would have had to evolve bilateral symmetry at least 3 times including the same body axis alignment mechanism utilizing Hox genes otherwise unique to bilateria, while losing all traces of radial symmetry.
Occam's Razor is not on their side anymore and history in other major revolutions in science show that this type of stubborn scientists tend to go kicking and screaming to their deathbeds even after they loose any real form of credibility yet.
this is one of the most interesting and well presented speculative biology studies ive ever seen - thank you for using your knowledge to create such a thought provoking world! i love the illustration you use as well, it makes it that much more engaging. i didnt have to think twice about subscribing!
New video just came out, so I feel like rewatching whole series again
It's been two years and i only just realized the sessile creatures have an armour of essentially plaster or gypsum