Learn how computers add numbers and build a 4 bit adder circuit
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- Опубліковано 2 чер 2024
- Let's build a circuit that adds numbers! Binary addition is even easier than decimal addition since you don't have to know how to add numbers larger than 1.
Support me on Patreon: / beneater
You can get all the components used in this video from any online electronic components distributor for a few dollars.
Complete parts list:
2x 74LS86 (Quad two-input XOR gate)
2x 74LS08 (Quad two-input AND gate)
1x 74LS32 (Quad two-input OR gate)
2x 4-position DIP switch
5x LEDs
1x Solderless breadboard
22 gauge wire
USB charger and cable or some other 5v power source
Teacher: No calculators allowed for this test.
Me: Okay
Good Luck to implement IEEE 754
This comment is underrated
Ridiculously underrated
@@devhonking721 but for integers it s ok
Arduino ain’t a calculator
How do I build a intel core i7 using this method? Can you use legal size paper clips if you don't have wires?
I hope this is bait lol
lol
I hope to see a serious answer on this, because I need not one, but two i7's.
Then you gonna need, literally multiple life time. Bcoz this is just one arithmetic adder unit. Intel i7 has billions of unit like this, just in microscpic level.
Can I pre-order that?
Ben, I wish you were my teacher when I was studying computer science... This is an absolutely amazing, simple, and fun explanation.
I would love to go back 40 years (101000) and re-learn all this, what a brilliant project. I last did this stuff in 1982 at college. Watching these videos just brings it back. 👍👍👍
One of the most concise explanations I have seen.
the real question is if you understood it or you already know this
luxannna crownguard I had previously understood the basics of binary operations, but not how logic gates were used to do binary operations.
im so jealous of you
when I was in high school I saw in a book ( before the 90's) how full binary adder works and I implemented all 4 major math operations . Addition subtraction , multiplication , division. One of the very few things I'm still proud of.
no such thing as concise or not concise expx, can explx anyx by anyx and it'd be perfect, wrr proud, shnotx
I wish I had some spare cash to give you because you've managed to teach me everything I've wanted to know about computers from the semiconductor level up to this; more so than the computational college courses I've actually taken.
This is more computer science than how to use computers, which is what I went into computer studies for in the first place.
computer science is mostly software
computer engineering is mostly hardware
electrical engineering is more accurate
electrical engineer == power
electronic engineer == signal processing
computer engineer == ^ with some computer sci
well in the US
i'm graduating from 2 different unis in computer sciences, and both of them had a logic circuits class as an obligatory seat, soo
Bravo , great explanation
Man in my whole engineering course I haven't seen any thing as practical as u have shown me. We can draw a lot of circuits on paper but when doing practically people nowadays hardly have any knowledge pertaining the subject. 👍👍
Cuz indian education system
@@sonicboom2535 literal shitpile!
Only if they taught us semiconductors and electronics this way..
@@monke4319 It's because of our bad education system, we are forced to learn more and better on our own, which happens on a large scale, that's why there's many Indian tutorials ranging from school to college education, who's goal is to educate and prevent what problems they've faced. Proper education is an international problem though.
Don't tell me you didn't have a logic design lab.
The way you teach with physical examples after the theory is exactly how my brain learns best. Thank you for doing these brilliant videos.
I love this stuff! It's amazing to me that even this close to the metal, there's still a layer of abstraction using ICs with pre-built logic gates. It's amazing to me that people figured out how to build these logic gates with vacuum tubes, and later transistors. No wonder they used to take up entire rooms! And then less than a century later we have these things in the millions on a microscopic scale doing arithmetic so fast that it can be abstracted into a high definition video streaming over the internet for millions to see!
People make chips nowadays using HDL. Its just abstraction over abstraction, and a whole lot of specialization.
Kinda cool.
Those large conputets calculated how to do a small computer. Soon AI will imagine better AIs.
That’s insane! I always thought computers were like intelligent pieces of magical technology (not really but that’s what it felt like) and now I understand that what you’re ‘computing’ is really just an electrical representation of the math! As in, it’s just physics, and the math existed there already before we created any circuits or put any electricity through them. It’s so cool to think that it’s actual such a tangible thing, and that it actually works with using electricity and some intelligent placement of a few specific materials. Fantastic video!
Sorry we destroyed the magic for you.
@@ivarnordlkken8082 You must have spelled "enhanced" wrong ;) I quite often say to my students on various occasions: "No, it's not magic. Even better - it's physics!"
I was confused, but I can see how very smart people figured this out over the years. Thanks.
Where were you when I was learning this stuff back in the 90's??!?! AMAZING explanation and so easy to get... Thx.
I remember struggling with the "adder circuit" for an exam (in 1972). I just memorized the gates in the end - never understood it.
@@BR-hi6yt Yeah.. folks have so many resources available to help teach things today.. I'm sure I would have been a better student had I all these resources just a click away!
so cool.. I just understood how computer understands numbers.. your one video explained more than my 22 years of learning... thank you from deepest heart....
This is just so cool! I just learned how logic gates are made with transistors and now how this actually works out to make an adder. Thanks man!
Next step, know how a transistor works, so you know how those gates work at electrical level
I built this in Minecraft, it is really not that hard if you how it works. mommentuall I try to build a multplikator but it gets a bit complicter (ofcours).
im so used to building these in minecraft. which makes me say i love how quick it is XD even tho its an rca.
Nicolas Erriquenz next step, learn how electricity works so you know how it works on an ELECTRON level.
Next step after that, learn how electrons work so you know how that works on a quantum level!
Even further step, learn how quantum mechanics work... oh wait no one knows how that works
@@thevendetta9726 I do. I am god
For everyone wondering why there aren't any pull up/down resistors on the switches, it's because Ben is relying on the fact that the pins on these chips essentially float high, so he is merely grounding them to set them low.
So should we be powering instead of grounding the dip switches?
arrrrrhh okay, makes sense now :-)
Someone please correct me if I'm wrong, but if you're using HC or HCT family chips you will need pull-up or pull-down resistors, since those inputs simply float.
This video brought me the nostalgia of feeling cozy in a classroom with a teacher you love on a rainy day.
"I've got these four little dipswitches"
What'd you call me?
This comment is my life in a nutshell
@@homework8969 Whatcha mean? Like, taking things said casually and in some other context personally?
Discovered this channel recently and am going through every video. You're a great teacher. I picked up Digital Computer Electronics and have been really enjoying it. Thanks for making these videos!
Absolute legend I couldn’t sleep last night trying to figure out how binary numbers can be added together using electricity.
I had no luck finding any explanation the first day, but before I slept I ended up figuring it out.
This morning this vid was recommended to me and it just confirmed my mental model.
Thanks you beautiful man.
Wow! This brought back memories. I remember my training to fix old mainframes in the early 70's. The amazing thing is computers only know how to add or shift. Seeing how they do the different math functions was just amazing. Fun thing is finding what circuit element was "on strike" when a failure occurs.
Thanks for the video! Very inspirational to find out that he didn't finish college either and managed to still do what he loves. I failed at my first attempt at college as well, taking computer science as well, and have been stuck at a job I hate for 20 years, dreaming of what might have become. Just recently returned to my passion as a hobby and to see if I've still got the brains for it. To find people like Ben Eater really sparks my thirst for more knowledge, something I thought was dead in me. I forgot what it was like when it was fun to learn. Will be either buying a kit or donating when I can. I love this content! Thanks Ben!
This is the best 15 minutes summary of how computers work, BIG THANKS to Ben
I had courses that taught me this about 12 years ago. I still remember the many many pages I filled with binary calculations and sketches of diagrams using gates. It was something amazing for me to learn and I loved every second of it. To see it now again so well explained is very nostalgic for me. Cheers to you!
This is so cool! The ability to not only explain but demo things without a program (just ICs and electricity) is awesome!
At first I just watched these for fun with no intentions to make them myself but since I saw your newest video in my recommendations I've been rewatching your videos. You explain everything really well and I've gotten a huge motivation boost from these.
I'll order some parts this week and try this out myself :)
Dont forget to connect the input carry of the first column to ground (zero).
I found an app that allows simulation of logic circuits, and used your explanation here to build an adder. Your explanation, and then putting into practice, if only in a virtual environment, really helped me grasp the concept. I am going to follow your other explanations, and build/test other logic circuits. Ultimately, I may add all the components into a virtual machine, like you built a real machine. Maybe, sometime down the line, I will build real hardware. I showed my wife the virtual logic circuit, and was able to explain the workings to her, although her interest may have been feigned. They say you really know something when you can teach it to someone else. I think you also know you are a good teacher when your students can teach others. By that logic, you are a good teacher. Thank you!
BuckeyeStorms what's the app hombre?!?!?!?!?
Smoked Robot Pâté It is called Logic Simulator. It is on Android.
Nice find! Thanks.
Now put it on a digital readout. :O
@@TheDarkToes Ben Eater actually does that, in his series on building a full 8-bit computer. Start here: ua-cam.com/video/HyznrdDSSGM/v-deo.html
I've wanted to know how computers work on a very basic level for years. This is the first video that really helped me understand how logic gates and math are possible and how binary works in a way that was easy to understand for me.
Really appreciate it.
I really want to buy all these and do this myself one day
Can we just appreciate how neat and clean his circuit looks! Mine always looks like a catacomb of wires!😂
same here
XD
I need to buy this bigger one..i have the smaller one, talking about breadboard
Yep, by the time I had all my jumpers in place, you wouldn't be able to see the LEDs!
Mine look like platefuls of spaghetti.
This has just become my favourite video on UA-cam.
By 3 minutes in I was lost. Checked the comments to see if I was alone. Yep. I’m just thick. 😂
There are _so_ many videos on youtube claiming to explain how binary adding works in a computer, but this is only one that actually does it. Thank you!
Great video! I've always been really confused by adder circuits and how they work. I take advancement tests based off schematics and when adder circuits were discussed I would kinda just go brain dead trying to figure it out. This made it crystal clear and I appreciate it!
Many thanks from Egypt.. you have really awesome planned and organized method in exploring your materials let any one understand.. many of peoples can say some of that theoretically but few can apply like you..
Hi i am from middle east too
Greetings from Morocco!
Watching this video helped me understand logic gates more than any of the reading I have ever done. Thank you. Subscribed.
It took me a while to learn that the outputs SUM0, SUM1, SUM2, SUM3 and COUT at 6:53 are the diodes, but now it makes a perfect sense. Sir, you are a genius. This thing was a total mystery to me up to this moment.
You're a great teacher. It is very rare to see someone being good at teaching, it's a hard thing to learn. I was perplexed when a friend asked me how the elementary functions worked in a computer and I couldn't give a straightforward, simple answer. Having spent a lot of time of my life writing software, this was actually very embarrassing. This video has a refreshing conciseness and was very helpful.
I looked for such an explanation of how computers add numbers for quite some time now. Just stumbled about this by accident and it explains everything in a way even a non expert can understand. Thanks for the awesome video, keep it up!
Brilliant video! I really like your clear and concise style. Thanks a ton for posting this!
Ive watched a few videos from this channel and its really great how he explains everything. its actually really interesting to see every little step
Your videos are so satisfying because like, we all know it's going to work and do exactly what you say it does, and when that expectation is met exactly, it is so satisfying.
This video brings me back to late 80's when I used to mess with logical circuits and LEDs (TTL and mostly CMOS 4xxx circuits ripped from dead computer cards), being a kid who loved blinking lights :)
I only I had a teacher like you that time. Thanks for the sharing.
That is probably the coolest thing I've seen this year. (and yes, I don't really get out much)
Really been Into learning the foundations of circuitry and logic gates. This helps a lot! A week ago I thought looking at a full adder, that it would be hard to understand what it does and how it works. I learned more here than I would have back in high school
Sir you are just excellent . I'm just a beginner and I have just started learning about simple logic gates but the way you explained this complex circuit its just awesome 🙏
Just for the heck of it, on the subway, I wanted to draw this circuit, as I had done 10+ y ago. I ended up with the same design as you.
I also did a multiplier. This one requires an adder on the bottom part.
I worked out partially a substracter but this one is complicated. I think I would need a memory location.
As for a divider, I imagine that is the most complicated.
Then, you have the modulo function to work on.
Great video, it really helped me understand full adders. Keep up the good work! :D
Sensacional. Lembrei-me das minhas aulas de circuitos lógicos. Bons tempos. Muitas alegrias.
took me back 15 years to university days, nice channel
Wow that was very instructive, and cool! Thanks!
Dude this is freaking sweet! I am not that familiar to logic gates but your explanation is in-depth while not being boring! This is a really cool project. You just gained a sub...
P.S. I haven't found many videos about logic gates where I haven't felt compelled to skip ahead a little... I never even thought about it for this one! My only suggestion would have been to maybe mark like A on the first dip and B on the 2nd, label the gates, etc, just to help newbs like me understand.
And to add to that, XOR (exclusive OR as mentioned in the video) means that if one input is on AND the other is off then the output is on.
@Oscar Smith-Jones He has a video how these gates are done using transistors ua-cam.com/video/sTu3LwpF6XI/v-deo.html
these chips uses transistors (BJT) to make the gates, which are very power hungry and slow. So modern processors use CMOS transistors.
You're videos are incredible. I wish everyone taught such stuff like you do, or that you made more videos on other subjects as well :)
This is the best video I’ve seen explaining this topic. Easy to digest. Thank you!
You are the coolest person I saw today
Interesting how an inanimate object can do arithmetic
cncz: ...says a guy using an inanimate object to view videos over the Internet.
"It's amazing how far technology has advanced, you now have computers in pockets, cars, refrigerators. They let you watch movies from your house or order food with a few clicks, they take care of your plants, take your kids to school and if you are not careful they fuck you in the ass while you're asleep, it's amazing!"
it's also interesting how an animate object cannot!
it's not inanimate, you animate it the moment you interact with it
Yes, but it requires a touch (has to be designed) by a living human who is actually a eternal spirit soul encaged in a material body. Consciousness is the symptom of the soul. It is the soul that has access to the mind, intelligence, and identifies itself with the material body because of "false" ego. You are not this body, you are the soul. And only a soul can process information.
Awesome video! I am wrapping up a Digital Design Fundamentals class and I wish I would have seen this video first to see how to properly wire up a breadboard.
Like why doesn't have every teacher this video as an obligatory one?
This could have been such a gamechanger honestly
Have a degree in computer science and I haven't seen, nor could I explain binary addition in such a simple (obvious) fashion. Great job.
Dude, You cleared my concept in 13 minutes what my university tried to teach me for 1 year(2 Smesters) but couldnt.
That's the neatest bread board lay out that I have ever seen ❤️
I don't really do hardware (although I know, and do enjoy the subject), but these videos even help me as a software developer. I think I've watched just about every one of your videos. I really enjoy the long series like the 8-bit computers.
That was very entertaining and educational to watch! I love the explanations, and everything makes perfect sense!
I'm a little sad at myself, because while watching this I thought "man this would be fun to build"! Then, when you brought out the quad gate chips, I realized I had SEVERAL SHOPPING BAGS worth of this stuff from an electronics guy I used to know. I had every single part necessary to build one of these myself. All brand new, in the package, RadioShack quad-input XOR/AND/OR/etc. gates; the breadboard and lead wires; 4-position DIP switches; LEDs; etc. But, I had to get rid of it all, after it sat for years untouched and the attic needed to be cleaned out... :(
Thank you for posting this, hopefully someday I can get my paws on this stuff again and get to build similar fun little circuits!
Amazingly, this used to be taught in secondary school in the 90's. A pity it's not anymore...
That was brilliant! Really enjoyed it although it lost me about half way through so I’ll have to rewatch. This makes the jump from computer studies to something practical and physical. Thanks very much. 👍🙂🏴
This is one of the *gulp* best video I have *gulp* ever watched! Great *gulp* work.
Ficou muito legal, vale 1 milhão de likes
All I see is minecraft redstone
someone I know acctually built this in minecraft... really awesome
@@jonathanjaeger6973 xor, and, nand, or gates, etc. Are all fairly easy in minecraft tho
It's amazing how much technology it takes, to build logic gates in Minecraft. Like, first you have to invent the Internet.
@@TheDarkToes Ye, people have built multi core 16 bit computers in minecraft
@@cyrenarkade i know... why are you telling me?
No shit.. old news...
OH!!MY!!GOD!!
I love the way you present the basic information in such a GREAT way!!:) (where many programmers just try to write the code without any of these knowledge )
really excited to watch your videos.
YOU GAINED A NEW SUBSCRIBER:))
What a great video. The way you use a breadboard is amazing.
But can it run Skyrim?
No, but seriously dude, thanks a lot for these tutorials, really awesome job.
It actually does. Every time
i think you ment crysis
Me literally 20 seconds into understanding this
Ben: 1 plus 2 plus 2 is five
Me: Wait
Ben: *proceeds to write 5*
Me: Right
One of the best simple projects I have ever seen.
Binary is cool. In the 90s, when I was entering the IT as a kid, I hated finding decimal dividers, when trying to convert from huge hex values... ;)
Great video, great channel! Fun and pleasure to watch!
1 + 1 = 10
:)
Nope
thats binary
Joe Jia no it isnt
sorry but did'nt he say that if it is 2 it gos 1 to the front so basicly it is 10 in binary DUDE :) LOL
Joe Jia doesnt it has to be 01 then
And i have just created a basic computer...so proud of myself :)
The best teacher I have ever seen. I’m teacher too. Feel bad for myself a little bit.
Thank you, I just had the experience of getting goosebumps after understanding something I've been struggling so much to get, thank you again man really you're a good man
Me (having no clue how this works and seeing this for the first time) at the end of the video: *OMG WOW IT WORKS OMFG HOW*
when my teacher taught me this
I slept
Thanks for sharing one of important components to learn for translating from mathematic stuff to digital circuits.
This greatly improved my understanding of computer chips.
Do the LEDs have built in resistors?
no
The LEDs don't, but most of the logic circuits available today, such as the 74LS series that Ben uses, limit their output current to a level that's safe for LEDs. This isn't intended as a way of driving LEDs, but just a convenient coincidence that keeps Ben's circuits from getting cluttered by unnecessary parts. Ben's use of LEDs to show what's going on within a circuit is one of the best ideas I've seen in some time.
@@kamelrnb Wrong on two counts. First, for 74LS series gates, the output high level is nominally 3.4 V, with a minimum of 2.4 V, not 5 V. Second, the input level required to register a high is 2 V. That's according to Fairchild's and TI's data sheets. Furthermore, these are just the specs. In reality, 74LS circuits operated at normal room temperatures are much less picky about this - the forward drop of 1.6-1.8 V that you get from standard (i.e., non-high-efficiency) LEDs is enough to register as a high.
But even beyond that, if you look at the schematics that are shown in some 74LS datasheets, they actually SHOW a series resistor of 110 ohms in the collector of the high transistor on the output. This is from the On Semiconductor LSTTL Data Book. And that's just the fixed resistor - the current through the transistor is also limited by its beta and its base current.
Myself, I would use a series resistor of 220-330 ohms, which would put the signals into the legal limits, but it's hard to argue with circuits that have been demonstrated to work.
Where did u connect "Carry in" in your circuit?, Thank You and keep making great videos!!!
I would like to know that too.
Jorge Morales I think he connected it to GND
I tried that. and it doesn't work. when connecting it to Vcc through a 1K Ohm resistor, it works.
You can use the carry in to subtract if you are clever about it
@@teacherofthings902 Then you did something wrong. Ground is correct.
This channel is addictive and fun, never thought that electronics is this much interesting.
This tutorial is so nice. It's exactly what I was searching for
How the dip switches are working they are connected to negative rale and not to 5v
Please anyone answer me.
Instructions unclear:
I ended up making Microsoft
Hi im black but i love programming and electronics
@@hugodaniel8975 wtf 😂
@@hugodaniel8975 How does your race relate to your interests in computer science?
Very well done, your work even if basic, is inspiring for someone who's a newbie. Keep it up!
The video was cool and all but you literally fast-forwarded through the section I needed the most.
why would someone dislike videos like this???
he didn't explain integer overflow.
Nicholas Howatson explain it for us?
+Nicholas Howatson please
I was being sarcastic lol
I don't know, I was wondering the same thing.
Hi, can somebody tell me how it's not damaging led's without resistors?
you should take a look to the datasheets of the components he used, I bet there are already resistor built in the ICs
These chips provide about 50mA short circuit current max per output pin. When you add an led in series with the output, that drops to around 20 mA, which is perfect for running LED's
plushoom can you send its link
watch all his videos. im sure youll thank yourself for doing so
Probably the Ic's or even the power supply can't supply enough current to burn them. However, current limiting resistors should be used www.talkingelectronics.com/te_interactive_index.html
After many videos and many explanations finally now I am understood how it's work from this video . You are great bro
Just a brilliant demonstration! Love it.
Plssssss make a video on the connection..
I tried this and got messed up along the way..plssss make a separate video on connection .
HIRAK MONDAL Ben provided the schematic, all you need is data sheets to show the pinout of your ICs and you have everything you need. 😉
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74ls86a.pdf (XOR)
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74ls08.pdf (AND)
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74ls32.pdf (OR)
I just build a calculator in minecraft. Thanks!
Where was UA-cam 22 years ago. This is so much easier to understand this way than the good ole fashion way of learning…
This was so much fun to watch.
After I got myself familiar with logic gates in general,
Watching this was such a breeze ...
I Admire your dedication on making easy to understand videos :)
Who’s here from UA-cam recommendation?
me
UA-cam
Step 1: 1+1 = 2
Step 2: build a computer from scratch
IT'S SO EASY
1+1=10
Literally wasnt coming together for some reason in my head until the very very end when seeing the 5 bit LEDs turn on. And then just like those lights it just clicked in my head. Very good explaining the AND/OR/XOR. I either missed it or its not needed but what about a NOT? Im using this info dealing with Subnetting right now so i dont know if NOT gates are needed in this but they are when converting bits in IP addresses to find their masks and whatnot. I swear being in school and having UA-cam is a game changer. School gives you all the heavy details and cool ass people like you make videos so we can actually understand it. My professor shot right over explaining some of this stuff.
Great video Mr. Eater! I love your creativity, it is inspiring
I study insects.