The European mole - Krtek obecný (Talpa europaea)

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The European mole - Krtek obecný (Talpa europaea)
The European mole (Talpa europaea) is a mammal of the order Eulipotyphla. It is also known as the common mole and the northern mole.
This mole lives in a tunnel system, which it constantly extends. It uses these tunnels to hunt its prey. Under normal conditions, the displaced earth is pushed to the surface, resulting in the characteristic molehills. It is an omnivore that feeds mainly on earthworms, but also on insects, centipedes and even mice and shrews.
Description
The European mole has a cylindrical body
Length: 11 to 16 cm (4+1⁄2 to 6+1⁄2 in)
Weight: 70 to 130 g (2+1⁄2 to 4+1⁄2 oz)
Females are typically smaller than males.
The eyes are small and hidden behind fur, while the ears are just small ridges in the skin.
The fur is usually dark grey, but the actual range of colors is larger, as due to the subterranean habits there is no disadvantage in having off-colored fur.
European moles with white, light grey, tan, taupe, and black fur have all been reported.
Distribution
It has a wide range throughout Europe and westernmost Asia, being found as far north as the United Kingdom and southern Scandinavia, as far south as northern Greece, and as far east as western Siberia. It is the only mole species in most of this range.
Habitat
While moles are typically found in tunnel systems, the European mole is not exclusively an underground dweller. In the spring and early summer when the young moles leave their mothers' burrows they must find new territories. This forces them to leave their burrows and they can either make new tunnel systems or enter existing systems. In the summer time, however, they are likely to burrow much more superficially. The superficial burrowing could be due in part to the soil that is much harder, which makes burrowing a greater challenge.
T. europaea have also been found to spend a lot of time at the sides of drainage lines and streams but do not inhabit flooded or dry soils. However, dry areas do become important when their normal habitats become flooded. Factors such as the type of soil, vegetation present, and altitude have no effect on the areas that moles choose to inhabit. The one factor that does greatly influence the mole population in a specific area is the abundance of earthworms. In suitable urban greenspace, an area of 10 hectares is required for population persistence, and the number of mole territories increases with available habitat.
Reproduction
The European mole has a relatively short breeding season, in the spring. Mating occurs over a span of a few weeks in March and April, followed by a gestation period of four to five weeks.
Most births occur at the end of April or at the beginning of May.
The litter size ranges from two to seven. The lactation period lasts for four to five weeks but at the end of June, the young are usually required to leave the tunnels.
The lifespan is from three to five years.
Feeding habits
One common belief about European moles is that they typically consume their own weight in food every 24 hours, but this is an exaggeration.
Studies have been performed that show European moles eat about half of their body weight in food each day. When in captivity, European moles will eat a wide variety of food items, including liver, mice, mealworms, shrews and maggots. However, they tend to prefer earthworms over all other options.
In areas without as many earthworms, insects are the main dietary constituent.
Moles eat both larval and adult insects.
Its saliva contains toxins which paralyze earthworms in particular.
Vision
Due to the subterranean nature of this mole, there is an anatomical regression of its eyes at several organizational levels. Its eye has a diameter of only 1 mm (1⁄32 in), it is buried beneath fur and has a cellular lens. The organization of the retina is quite similar to that of a typical mammal.
It has been determined that there are about 2000 ganglion cells and the optic nerve is roughly 50 μm with 3000 axons. Roughly 15% of these axons are myelinated.
Studies have shown that T. europaea does have photopic vision, contrary to popular belief that all moles are blind.
In a study of the mole eyes it was found that Talpa withdraws when exposed to a flashlight and it can also perform light/dark discrimination tasks. The cone cells in the eye are unlikely to provide high-resolution vision but they could allow a detection of movement and some hue discrimination. It is suggested that in subterranean mammals vision is used to detect predators that have broken into the tunnels.
(Wikipedia)
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[@manumerino]

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Hezký víkend. Pozdravy. Manu

[@Tom-zq7lu]

Is fantastic and beautiful thank ❤😊

[@ValeriyRJ1979]

Супер! 👍

[@Didjeridoolove]

European mole.. very very interesting!! Expert camera work .. I’m really going to enjoy your channel! Subbed (I’m a true subscriber btw!!)

[@ziran1158]

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[@STRABSEN]

It is rare to see a mole on the surface of the earth. I've never managed to do that. Very interesting video. Best regards and have a nice new week. 😀

[@TinedeJong]

Nice video shared. Moles usually live underground. This means they cannot be seen above the ground except when they are digging their hole or digging for worms. A heavily fertilised and humus-rich soil attracts more moles because there are plenty of earthworms to be found. Most people don't like to see them but I think they are beautiful animals too. Many think a mole is blind, but it can see poorly with its eyes as small as pinheads. It finds its way with its pointed pink snout that has sensitive whiskers and tactile nerves. June is the best time to spot a live mole above ground. Wish you lovely day friend.

[@ValkoBranislav]

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