How DARK MATTER may be hidden inside Exoplanets
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- Опубліковано 5 чер 2024
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Citation: Leane and Smirnov, Physical Review Letters, 22 April 2021 (10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.161101) - arxiv.org/abs/2010.00015
Outro musical Artist of the week: Valentina Gribanova, "Cinematic elecronic ambient"
Join my Patreon gang: / arvinash
0:00 - Intro & sponsor
1:20 - Evidence for Dark Matter
2:25 - Detecting dark matter
3:10 - Paper by Leane & Smirnov
3:37 - What are exoplanets?
3:48 - Dark matter behavior in Exoplanets
5:22 - Smoking gun
5:52 - Why not use neutron stars
6:43 - Super-Jupiters
7:02 - How do we detect exoplanet heat?
Dark Matter may be detected via Exoplanets. All the matter that is visible to us constitutes only about 18% of the total matter that we think actually exists in the universe. We know this because when all the known mass of a galaxy like the Milky Way is taken into account, the outermost stars of the galaxies are moving way too fast given the gravitational attraction that can calculated. The total gravity would be too weak to keep these stars bound within the galaxy.
When you calculate what the gravity of the galaxy would need to be in order to observe the rotational speeds that we observe, you can calculate the mass that should be there, but isn’t visible.
Since we can’t see it, and we don’t know what it is, we call it "dark" matter. It does not emit any light, nor interacts with ordinary things in any way that we can detect, except through gravity.
Scientists have tried detecting it in liquid Xenon baths, via sensors on silicon chips, and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva. but so far to no avail. But in a new paper published in the journal physical review letters, Physicists Rebecca Leane and Juri Smirnov have proposed a clever way to detect them - heat from exoplanets.
According to their calculations, certain kinds of dark matter could drastically increase the temperatures of exoplanets near the center of our galaxy. Over time, a lot of dark matter particles can become captured especially by very massive exoplanets. At high concentrations, these particles can collide and annihilate each other. This would release energy in the form of heat. As this heat is absorbed by the planet, the temperature of the planet should increase. The larger the exoplanet and higher this effect should be.
Temperatures of some of these planets could be in the ballpark of 1,000 Kelvin. This is compared to a prediction of only 200 Kelvin for planets without this source of energy from dark matter. Planets in our solar system are probably too small to capture enough dark matter to make any difference it temperature.
Generally, the bigger the planet is, the better candidate it is for this kind of heat detection. Relatively small planets like Earth or Venus are too small to accumulate huge quantities of dark matter. So the ideal candidate would be planets larger than Jupiter called super Jupiters which can be 10 times bigger. These would potentially have a lot more dark matter accumulating in them and so should display higher temperatures than expected.
So how do we actually observe these exoplanets and detect their heat? Well, it so happens that we humans are about to launch the world’s best telescope and thermometer soon. It is called the James Webb Space Telescope, or JWST. And it’s scheduled to launch later this year in 2021.
#darkmatter
#exoplanets
This is an infrared telescope, ideal for heat detection, and will be the most powerful space telescope ever built. So metaphorically speaking, the stars seem to be aligning in such a way that we may soon solve one of the most perplexing mysteries in the cosmos, the nature of dark matter. - Наука та технологія
Amazing how we think of clever ways to solve the mysteries of the universe while not even leaving our little rock.
yes
@Henry Hightower Agreed earth's true hero's are the ones making contributions to science today that will be the foundations of what saves humanity and gets us to the stars in the future.
@Henry Hightower I often remember how much of the night sky knew my grandpa. This knowledge kept me surprised until I finally got it: when he was young, there was no electricity, so they could see the night sky.
No street lights, no TV, the show at night was heavens above.
@@captainzappbrannagan Totally agree with you. Plus, I'd say that feelings are something relevant too. If we humans learn as a species how to use our feelings to guide our actions constantly, always being a trustworthy person and more friendly, a person that let love guide all the actions. Then humanity could give the best use for the developed science.
Greetings from a guy who feels grateful to have the oportunity of sending you this message through this incredible technology science have created, that is internet.
@Henry Hightower if you think enjoying a football game is a waste of time you would be disgusted by the amount of time and energy people put into video games. Even video games where you play football! Have you ever seen a twitch chat where people make the most useless repetitive jokes and 'emotes'? They literally sit there for hours spamming a bunch of pointless and thoughtless text into the empty abyss. Complete brain dead nonsense.
If you ask me even youtube is too various for anyone to actually learn from. People cannot learn in this entertainment environment. Too many subjects and simply too distracting. The comments are usually terrible and distracting as well. Also nobody is going to learn anything useful from these videos unless they go and study the subject more after watching it and somehow find a way to make scientific progress with what they learned. These videos are pure entertainment in my opinion. Just like football.
Btw.. If we want to push for scientific advancement we can just do what the nazis did. They had great science achievements in their short stride in power. I dont think you want to enslave anyone though. We could drug people so they feel less emotions. We could neuter children to keep their minds off sex. We can do a lot of things to make technological advancements. Then you realize there are more important things.
I like the format! Paper reviewing for the lay person is a precious service! Keep it up.
Dear fellow scholars, this is ... :D
I heard one scientist say “ dark “ is just a code word for “ we don’t know” , hence “ dark” energy “ and “ dark” matter
“Dark” just means it doesn’t reflect any light. So it’s neither dark or light technically because light(electromagnetism) just doesn’t interact at all
To be more precise, "dark" here simply means "invisible".
The term is a bit misleading.
Edited to add: One interesting theory is that it could be Planck length black holes, created during the "big bang".
According to a Stephen Hawkin theory, black holes should eventually evaporate as radiation, with the last phase, as the black hole is sub-atomic in size, happening very quickly and ending in a tiny explosion as the very last of it's energy is emitted as a photon. However, another possibility is that this final stage is prohibited by the laws of physics - at the Planck length, the black holes can't emit any more radiation and so can't evaporate any further.
If true, the Universe could be littered with these truly tiny, Planck length black holes. They wouldn't be very densly packed - it's estimated that the average sized city would contain, on average, just one. That density would be enough to explain the observed effects of dark matter.
@@diamondisgood4u so dark energy doesn’t reflect light?
So when will dark matter will come in light?
@@diamondisgood4u even "darker", because it doesn't seem to interact with the electromagnetic field, where light "exists". And since, except for the very recent and very few gravitational waves discovery/detections, we rely almost entirely on light to observe the universe.
Feels good to see another upload from Arvin
More of these small pockets of knowledge and science, please😄
bags
I concur. 😉 😉 😃
We'll I'm literally speechless to how incredibly it is explained
Even I kinda understood it, and that's saying something!
This may have been short but its one of your best videos in my opinion, concise, clear, and interesting.
Watching JWST go liftoff and then orbit to its 1 million mile journey is going to be a Nail biting experience to say the least. It's going to be probably the most watched NASA event since Apollo 11.
YESSS
I won't watch it as I would be too stressed about something going wrong. I would rather not think about it and read an article somewhere saying it all went splendidly!
whats jwt.. jwst - is it the telescope thing
p.s. it is
@@stanimirborov3765 I think it stands for James Webb Space Telescope.
it going to be the most nail biting launch due to the delays that we’ve all waited through.
I think 10 mins is the perfect length Arvin I would prefer two 10 mins episodes a week to one twice the length, but many of you topics obviously cannot be conveyed to your usual entirely in that period.
I’m thankful for anything:)
Thanks for the feedback.
@@ArvinAsh I like fuller explanation, so just goes to show you can't please everybody.
--Still enjoyed the video all the same.
Great illustration!! I feel like the imaging really helped drive the point home. I would definitely be more interested in videos like this
Really enjoyed the new format!!
You explain awesomely....
Keep it up...👍
One day this channel will hit millions....
Mark my word... ✌️✌️
agreed!
here since 20k, love the videos! you and your team do an excellent job explaining complex subjects in an easy to understand way, thank you for your time and effort. the animations are great too! see you at a million
Nice! Thanks for being here since close to the beginning!
Arvin could explain superluminal subspace dynamics and I would totally get it. He makes everything so easy to understand. Thank you Arvin for sharing such complex treasures of knowledge in ways that all of can comprehend and appreciate.
This was amazing, please continue to share these types of videos!
Hello Arvin.. great teasers which can be added too later with future discoveries
I like your longer videos too!!! They are much clearer to understand.
Thank you sir for the early video!!! This one was good
Fantastic stuff as always...Thanks.
Excellent short video! More please.
The format will defined work, very good...On the paper, this is what I LOVE about science..Virtually every day there are surprising NEW insights..Thanks Arvin..
Great video as always! Amazing when we see papers that soon can be put in practice!
Thank you for this update... My friend... ☺️
Everything you make is awesome regardless of format
Love this concept and I would like to see more, excellent work
I do like the new format, please gimme moar! To elaborate, the video left me wanting more context, details and potential future implications or various conclusions, I couldn’t draw due to just ignorance. So longer version with more context on the parts that would create the sum or draw the conclusion would be more juicy, especially with your own analysis in the mix. Thank you very much for new format and yet another informative and entertaining video.
Love your channel. Always feel better after watching. Ty mr.ash
Nice to hear. Thank you.
@@ArvinAsh keep the great vids coming my friend. 🤘🤘
I love this channel. Informative at a level that is accessible to a non-scientist.
This channel is thorough and amazing animations and exact explanations. I'm shocked. Very nice!
Glad you like them!
Thank you for the awesome video again, sir. Cant wait for JWST!
One of the my favorite science enthusiasts, keep up the great work
Your content is awesome educational wish more people like yourself deserve bigger audience
Not to mention the fact that we are not sure of how dark matter would interact with exotic matter of a neutron star, and thus we would not understand the results of observing the results of dark matter hitting a neutron star...
Good format!
I signed up for Private Internet Access based on your recommendation, and it works with one minor glitch: Google keeps asking me to prove I’m human, because it sees “unusual traffic” from my IP address (presumably the IP from the public end of the VPN)
If the captchas were easier this wouldn’t be a big deal, but I don’t have the best eyesight and on my phone, when Google says “identity pictures of (x)” I have to tripple-tap the magnifying glass on so I can even see the pictures in the first place, and even magnified I sometimes get it wrong.
There is an easy work-around: I now use bing for my searching, it never asks me questions.
Good. I find those "identify pictures" quite annoying myself.
That's a great video. Thanks!
I guess if their hypothesis is correct, this could work in reverse as well and be used as an argument to disprove dark matter were they to discover exoplanet temperatures near the centre of the galaxy are not much greater than the baseline temperature. I wonder what reaction that would cause.
It would rule out some WIMP probability
An excellent observation. Not to be too cynical but as a geophysicist I can already hear their word ‘inconclusive’ instead of ‘we were wrong’.
Make the next video about quantum foam, it will be very interesting)))
This reminds me of Joseph Priestly who conducted experiments on frogs (toads?) in closed jars in the 18th century. He didn't understand why they died but lived a little longer when plants were included. Steven Johnson wrote a book about him titled "The Invention of Air".
Good stuff, what a time to be alive!
When dark matter is very speed matter (v>c) and which exist in another deminsion, we can't be observed those type temperature increase. Dark matter only connect with gravity in our 3d universe.
Its great time to be alive if ur science enthusiast.
We have seen discovery of gravitational waves, gods particle, black hole image, mars landing and even a Pandemic. Next could be dark matter
I have just one ambition to see the aliens or extra terrestrial life.
@@Physics__guy we may find it too but definitely in micro form or fossil evidence. Don’t think we can ever see alien like “Jaadu” 😁
No i want to see an alien likeOne in PREDATOR MOvie🧐🧐🧐. But more curious about alien technology!
Wait til they roll out the sex robots!
Great video
I like the way u present in clear words...
Amazing. More please
I totally enjoyed this video.
great content
Great vid
I like this new format.
Nice info
I think brown dwarfs can also be used to confirm this staggering idea
Too difficult to determine how much of the heat is from nuclear reaction.
Arvin is the best
Spiral galaxies look like giant probability bands of light and dark pattern. With high chance of finding most stars in the center, and lower chance of finding stars farther away, and almost no chance of finding stars in the darkest part of the bands.
Is that headoperation healing well? :)
It's going to be warm with that hat soon.
Your explanation is great n awesome.
Plz make videos on oort clouds.
This concept was fascinating . I was totally engrossed in it. I have one question : Is Antimatter and dark matter same ?
Another point is that, as it said in the video, most DM models suppose that DM particle is its own antiparticle, so if two particles meet, they will annihilate in form of gamma rays that could, in principle, be detected.
Is it possible that dark matter is just residue or by product of black hole. All the substance that go into black hole and then they just appered out of nowhere are the energy from black hole
I don't immediately see a connection. What is inside a black hole remains inside for the most part. There is some leak due to Hawking radiation, but there is too little of that to be dark matter.
@@ArvinAsh thanks sir
Great work, but you always do good work. Regardless, I won't be silent about it!
This is so satisfying
Combine:
1. cosmological constant in Dxy [m^-2] = lp^2/λ^4= lp^2 nxy ^2 [m^2] [m^-4]
2. schrodinger solution
3. Planck E= h f= h n
4. n = number of superpositions = wave function frequency
And you get: dark matter = superposition of the electron
Dxy [m^-2] = lp^2/λ^4= lp^2 nxy ^2 [m^2] [m^-4]
Nxy = sqrt(Dxy / lp^2)=. (Dxy / lp^2) ^0.5= [m^-1] [m^-1] = m^-2
Then nxy = sqrt ( 10^-52 / 10^ -70) = 10^18 ^0.5 = 10^9
Schrodinger solution:
n^2 h^2 / ( 8 m L^2) = h n
8 m L^2 h n = n^2 h^2
m = n^2 h^2 /( 8 L^2 h n)
m = n h 0.125 L^-2
m= 10^9 10-34
= 10^-25 ( all superpositions).
1 particle = 0.331 10^-25 / ( 0.4 10^9) = 0.828 10^-34 kg = 46 eV
If you count only the positive wave function amplitudes: n = 10^4.5
then 1 particle = 0.331 10^-25 / ( 0.4 10^4.5) = 0.828 10^-30kg 5.6 10^35= 10^5 ev = 0.5 Mev
Superposition of electron causes dark matter?
underrated channel!
Scients out there trying to figure out the secrets of the universe, while I'm here wondering what Arvin Ash looks like without a hat.
Sir make a video on dimensions and higher dimensions related topic.
Awesome video👌👌😃
good job
i like the longer more in depth format. especially when you give your opinion or the other side's opinion
Thanks for the feedback.
@@ArvinAsh Not to say I didn't also enjoy this format too.
I saw this one video From now on I'm making notes and revising it 👌
Maybe dark matter is gravitational waves flowing trough the galaxy, and dark energy, the waves repulsing thanselves, making it look like an expansion.
Dr. Becky touched on exoplanets and dark matter in her talk about the JWT. Sounds like we are going to get a ton of good science out of the telescope. It should definitely be exciting. Also over at the FermiLab channel, they said that they just finished the dark energy survey. There should be some more precise numbers coming out on the dark energy distribution, but they said that so far the numbers are close, but not an exact match to the Standard Model. Lots of interesting science coming out right now.
I hope and give my best wishes that it finally gets launched this year I have been waiting for a long time to see beyond Hubbell 🤲🙏
Arvin sir your very great sir
How would you tell the difference between dark matter heating from a galaxy core planet over the natural increase and radiation from all sources the closer you get to the core?
2 minutes papers of physics? Nice!
Maybe do something on Relic Black Holes which assumes a lower limit to black holes limited by quantum mechanics. They may be a possible candidate for dark matter if they were created in sufficient quantities in the early universe.
If you look at the spiral galaxy, there is a highly dense branch (dense with stars) that collides with the highly dense center of the galaxy. Does the effect of two "dense with stars" regions colliding/combining have any known effect, such as star collisions?
Hey arvin ! Very informative video. it is always good once in a while👍. But i have a question that if we consider planets/stars around spinning black holes in different regions of our galaxies ( as they spin very fast) then they should create more collision of dark matter particles (if they are wimps) hence increasing surface temperatures of orbiting objects higher than usual which should be significantly higher enough to get detected and then comparing the values of temperatures of objects around black holes in the same order as we did with arrangement of exoplantes in the milky way , wouldn't that be more productive approach?
It is possible. But I'm not sure how you would detect planets orbiting black holes.
@@ArvinAsh ok thanks👍
That feel when your edit has neutron star jets correctly portrayed with symmetric jets but by time of upload it's incorrect and neutron star data indicates non-symmetry in jets is the more correct model. :P
Hi Arvin, I'm not an expert in physics. However, I like science and I often watch your channel as an enthusiastic person. I hope you correct me if I used the wrong terms that may look silly.
I was wondering, isn't possible that the quantum fluctuations are the cause of dark energy and dark matter?
If the quantum fluctuations can push two uncharged metal plates to each other like in casimir effect, why not the same effect creates some sort of pressure in the vacuum that pushes the galaxies away from each other, and compress the matter in the galaxy itself, which explains the galaxies fast rotations and universe expansion.
If Super Jupiters are the best candidates for detecting access heat, what about the possibility that such large planets have an onset of thermonuclear fusion? I would think that these are objects near proto stars, not yet suns, but there may be heat from fusion nevertheless.
Sir
Please ans a question
We have two choices
First- verse have a beginning
But how something can evolve from nothing
2nd- it doesn't have beginning
But this points out that our verse is reason less but how something can happen/exists without any reason?
In order for any of this to work, dark matter particles have to be able to interact through forces other than gravity (what force?) and annihilate in high energy collisions. But what if they don't? If they were capable of producing heat energy shouldn't we see a very weak cloud of thermal energy throughout the galaxy even where no baryonic matter is detectable?
The methodology outlined in the paper seems reasonable enough to me but it seems like that premise of self-interaction should already leave other clues?
Nice video!! Thank you very much. One question what it would happens to WIMP S in black hole and stellar interactions? Would it make life of Stars shorter in the center by increasing the rate of nuclear fusion?
They should not affect the life of stars. Heat contribution due to WIMPs in stars would be negligible because they likely could not accumulate, as too much kinetic energy would be imparted to them from the internal heat.
Thanks for the video. Now to the comments section to see what the experts have to say.
For such a speculative paper, I thought your presentation implied that all of this exists in actuality and is not purely just a sci-fi proposition written in hope of getting extra Webb Telescope time.
It is not entirely speculative. If dark matter is composed of WIMPs, then it should behave this way. If this heating is not picked up in exoplanet data, then it would be a case against WIMPs, and would tell us to focus our energy elsewhere.
@@ArvinAsh ok, thanks, it's a novel idea.
I thought the WIMP 'cloud' was so diffuse, across, even a galactic gravity well, that these signals just wont exist.,Because cold dark matter annihilation amplitudes are so low and to have a measurable effect (eg even 1/1000 k° delta)) must also affect a planetary-mass in an obvious way. Doing a Galactic Survey does ADD Data and as-such clarity.
This is why searching for distinctive annihilation frequencies was the original manner astrophysicists started searching for WIMPs cosmically. If WIMPs only interact VIA the WEAK FORCE, why expect lots of INFRARED PHOTONS to be produced, inside planets?
What if it is just a galaxy's own gravity, that LENSES the observed image of the galaxy? So much so stars seem to orbit too fast, because they are actually CLOSER to the center of galaxy and orbiting within local speed limit. I know, I have been asking this before, but still it bothers me, has it been taken account in those calculations that say stars orbit too fast in a galaxy?
Yes, this has been taken into account. Even if you double all the visible mass of a galaxy, it is still not enough to account for the rotation.
Sir does Dark matter consists of particles or is it a fabric like space time
When I see all that gamma ray energy I get worried. It's not that I mind turning green and growing but I can't afford new clothes everytime I'm angry.
Dear sir
I think the wave nature of particle have due to vibration of particle . its repeat own self by the net vibration .....am i right plz tell me and if i right then i try to make to equation for it .....
Have you done a segment on dark energy yet?
Nice, so if this experiment works and the larger Jupiters do heat up, it would tell us that dark matter is there in terms of WIMPs- but will we know what exactly is it, what is its composition?
When a star dies and becomes a black hole, i think of quantum gravity and i wonder, assuming graviton exist, when the star gets dense enough if that's a sort of chain reaction of graviton and unknown physics that makes the matter colapse very dense and then the system just releases information slowly in outer space.
I'm just in the dunning kruger curve
Finally we got some of the better information about this unsolved and unidentified stuff of the universe🌟🌟🌟🌟🤩
Thanks Arvin for the video but one question in mind :
Be them exoplanets but at the end these are just planets and amount of heat they can absorb largely depends on their atmospheric composition so to speak not such a reliable source of information. For example, taking into account the climate change, one can measure differing temperature patterns compared to one century in the past on our planet.
What I mean planatery temperatures are not stable.
Sure, these would have to be accounted for. They would need to see a pattern of increasing temperature correlated with distance from the galactic center. If you can gather enough data, perhaps thousands of exoplanet temperatures, it could be a smoking gun.
@@ArvinAsh thanks Arvin. I remember seeing a merger picture that you
have also seen, I think. Merger of two galaxies with matter and dark matter halos around.
This dark matter also exists in entangled filaments under cryogenic conditions as far as I am aware.
What is the outro music?? I'd like to knoooowe
Outro musical Artist of the week: Valentina Gribanova, "Cinematic elecronic ambient"
Why would dark matter scatter when colliding with an exoplanet? I thought they would gravitationally attract each other
How do we know if once in a while dark matter particle can nudge or interact with proton if we never found any proof of dark matter interacting with normal matter ?
That's why this is a theory which needs to be confirmed by observation.
@@ArvinAsh ahh got it ! Thanks for reply ! 👍
*Arvin can you make a video on LUCK itself ....what is it and why some people are lucky and others not when they try to achieve the same goals 😊👍*
I don't think anyone has more luck than others. It is a matter of making the right connections with people that will determine whether you are lucky or not. People you consider lucky, have been unlucky 90% of the time, perhaps just like you. But they persevere because it only takes one lucky break to get what you want.
@@ArvinAsh *But how do you get that lucky break ?*
One thing I do not understand is that if Dark Matter is mostly surrounding the visible matter of the galaxies like you showed at 2:09, how does it increase the rotational speed of the matter which is "inside" it? It would be very helpful if you could explain that.
Dark matter is in a large halo around the galaxy. It is just more concentrated in hte center of the galaxy. It doesn't increase any speeds. It just prevents the arms from spreading further out from the center and slowing down.
@@ArvinAsh Thanks for the explanation. Makes more sense now.
I knew this after watching world science festival, they explain it in detail
I still wonder if this it's an artifact from the Friedman equation being calculated for a perfect fluid rather than a fluid with pseudoplastic or thixotropic properties.
A variable viscosity space moves slower at low density giving impression of inertia/mass. And denser less viscous regions would because of this develop more turbulence and micro turbulence which turns smooth laminar notion into curl. Solving galactic disk problem
Why go to exoplanets, would Jupiter also "feel" this effect and how much would it be? Or is it too small or too far from the galactic center?
It is not massive enough to accumulate large quantities of dark matter, and given our distance from the galactic center, the nominal "dark heat flow" as the authors call it, will not be distinguishable from random heat sources within Jupiter.