My late dad ken Kay ( Danny ) was also here and although Injured he made it back and continued to fight till after the war , a hero love and miss him every day.
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
My grandfather was in Oosterbeek with the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment. He escaped by swimming across the Rhine. He was a kind and gentle man and I have many fond memories of him.
My high school English teacher was with 3 battery 1st Air Landing Light Regiment. He made it to the bridge but went into captivity when the survivors surrendered.
My uncle was there. 9 Fd Coy Royal Engineers. Unfortunately, wounded and captured. Spent the rest of the war as a POW in Falingbostle. Survived and sadly passed a few years ago.
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
My grandfather participated in Operation Market Garden, his name was Nicolas Kuczynski, a hero like all those seen in that video, I keep his parachutist identification (eagle falling with a chorus of laurels in its legs) and other medals granted. Congratulations! Greetings from Argentina
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
Yes, my grandfather was Polish but he flew from RAF planes. Let's not forget that Poland had established its seat of government in London, first in Paris and then in London
Great video. My Grandfather was on the Oosterbeek drop during Op Market Garden. sadly he was shot, captured at Wolfheze and ended up a POW. He survived the war but due to capture barely.
My late farther was there , he would have been 100 this year He loved the Dutch people , he was just fit enough to go the 50th anniversary celebrations , Thanks for posting this footage , I always look to see if can see him !
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
The Dutch have never forgotten. I was there in 2011 with the RAF in an official capacity. They kept thanking me, which made me embarrassed because I didn't fight in WW2. I pointed this out to one gentleman and he said "It's your uniform, the organisation you represent. When I saw your planes I knew we weren't alone and that eventually we would be free."
I remember the men of Market Garden in Oosterbeek 2 @ 3 times a year and in Valkenswaard almost every month. It is 80 years since this film was made, these men will be remembered by the citizens of Arnhem and Oosterbeek. In less than two weeks, people will gather and the children will lay their flowers to honour these men. These men will never be forgotten. #wewillrememberthem
my uncle was here with the parachute regiment. he was stationed at the hotel at (i think) Hartenstien waiting for the panzers to come down the road into Arnhem. he was 18 and managed to survive by swimming across the Rhine. he later dropped at the Rhine and crossed into Germany the following spring. survived that as well and died an old man in his bed. heroes all of them.
They must’ve had to have hidden this very carefully after the 1st Airborne was crushed. The Germans wouldn’tve taken too kindly to finding footage of them celebrating the arrival of the British and their hoped for liberation
Amazing footage, A Dutch/British link I hope lasts forever. I had the great privilege to jump onto Ginkelse Heide, A badged up tattooed British paratrooper, I took away humility.
What still gets me is that all these fine folks thought they had been liberated. Within a month the Germans were back. It still breaks my heart. If only the lousy radios had worked, history might have changed.
Pretty bloody sad to think that the with the war having about 9 more months to go that some of those smiling young men would have been dead not long after this was filmed
My parents-in-law told me they were 13-14 y o when the Americans arrived at Nijmegen. The children greeting the soldiers and running around the jeeps make me think of them.
Very moving to see this footage,hopes raised only to be shattered,we were fortunate in Britain not to have to suffer occupation other than the Channel Isles.Thank you for uploading.
I think my Dad may be in one of those pictures he was a British commando landed in Normandy early morning June 6th 1944 and I think I saw him just for a flash I have pictures of him once they landed in Normandy I think I saw a picture of him in that group of pictures you have so thank you
Lovely home movie. You can just hear them saying “and here we gave them coffee”, here’s so and so jumping into the shot with her sister … etc. sad thing is they are prob all deceased now. Brave men and populous.
Mooie unieke beelden! Aan de andere kant sneu, om te weten dat sommige van die lachende Britse gezichten de aankomende dagen misschien wel gesneuveld zijn.
Thirty years ago I visited this town and the Airborne Museum located there. Wonderful place but sad history of these brave men getting overwhelmed by German panzers.
A brief moment of happiness for those dear civilians. Goodness knows what for the troops. I wish those moments became reality. Unfortunately it did not and they had to wait and suffer for longer. God bless them all, the Dutch and the British. Its too bad that the people of those times are not alive to remind this pathetic generation what fighting ACTUAL nazis means.
This shit breaks my heart after years of occupation the Dutch civilian population really thought this was it the long awaited liberation hopes so tragically dashed then they had the long winter of discontent to follow when many were reduced to eating tulip bulbs and many more died of starvation but still these brave people risked death and torture and hid many 1st Airborne evaders Wonder how many of these tommys in this footage made it back across the Rhine my ex girlfriends grandfather Sgt Jack "Spider" Sparham of the 11th battalion 4th para brigade and Londsdale force was one who did RIP Spider
They enjoyed a cigarette and a cup of char, and a cuddle of course. They all look both good soldiers but fun people to be around, chosen for their character amongst other things I imagine.
it gave the dutch hope, those brave soldiers lifted a nation for a few days, and struck fear into the nazi regime, I hope some of the soldiers and locals managed to survive and met up after the war was over..
This is amazinzing footage, I have not seen this before. The feeling of the Dutch people must have been awesome, alas they did not expect the outcome. I believe the Dutch where forced out of there houses after this as a reprisal, their homes looted and furniture sent back to Germany.
That was really interesting Compared to the few photographs that have been published. The troops look shattered and so little equiptment to fight the SS tanks with. Just the reaction of the local people. And just a few days later complete defeat very sad
Most of the German troops fighting 1st Airborne Div. on 18th September were not SS - they were scratch formations made from Wehrmacht service, admin and security/police troops stationed locally. The SS and Parachute troops mainly arrived later. 10 SS Pz was actually not in Arnhem having been immediately sent south towards Nijmegen to confront Gavin's 82nd Airborne Div. There were very few German 'tanks' in Arnhem on 17th/18th September, the German AFV's being mainly self-propelled guns, many lash-ups on repurposed French and Czech tank chassis; scary, but not tanks. The biggest stroke of bad luck (and there were many) was not the presence of 'SS' but the presence of F-M Model (a genius of defensive tactics), Student's parachute troops who had trained extensively in ANTI-airborne tactics and SS Obergruppenfuhrer Bittrich who was able organise a response with lightning speed. Market-Garden was a bold and imaginative plan, not properly supported by SHAEF for political reasons. With a fair wind, it should have been a staggering victory. There was no fair wind. Just about everything that could go wrong - from top to bottom - did go wrong.
We used a lot of American hardware as our factories and homes were bombed too f*ck unlike yours ! You were well paid for your wares as the debt wasn't paid up for many a decade . "Special relationship " 😂😂
A wonderful contraption, and lets nots forget the DUKW... The immense power & production capacity in the US in my opinion was absolutely crucial to victory however, as a 'Limey' .... we wouldnt have got that far without British aerospace technology & true bloody grit to get through to December 41 when eventually the United States declared war. To level the field a bit, the Mustang only became potent due to a British engine being fitted in her. Everything and anything helped....
I did note the star on the side of the jeep. Great bit of marketing by Uncle Sam. Also the jeeps totally overloaded, working well over designed capacity
Geeft een duidelijk ander beeld van wat je altijd hoort. Ik zie genoeg rollend materieel in de vorm van Jeeps. Ik zie soldaten die behoorlijk rustig aan doen...
de opnames zijn van de eerste dag bij de Utrechtseweg, toen men redelijk positief was op weg naar Arnhem. Voorbij Oosterbeek werd het wel anders... Er waren inderdaad wat jeeps, naast wat motorfietsen was dat het wel. Dat werkt niet tegen pantserwagens, tanks en gemechaniseerd geschut. De soldaten die u in het tweede deel van de opname ziet rusten wachten op opdracht om op te trekken en zich dood, gewond of gevangene te vechten.
They can hardly having parachuted tanks in with them, could they? And how could they have moved quickly without transport like the jeeps that were light and small enough for them to be carried in the planes that brought them?
The soldiers in the jeeps were most likely pathfinders and reconnaissance platoon ,they would be considered special forces by any other army (even today)such was the standard of the British soldier then and now, I speak from experience,in the eighties a section from A coy 1 RHF trained with an American infantry battalion in Germany,the yanks were convinced they were actually special forces hand picked!😊(No insult to our American cousins,the eighties were a bad time for the American army,but they soldiered on and became the professional fighting force they are now and stout allies to all who defend democracy 😊
On the 18th, when this video is supposed to have been filmed. The reconnaissance squadron was in the lead of the advance through Oosterbeek. To be specific, it was 12 section of D troop. I know that because my grandfather Trooper George Adams was in 12 section, under Capt. Park and Lt Pascal. I'm not sure who is shown in the footage here, as it wasn't just recce using the jeeps. But they are all worthy of remembrance. My sympathy also goes out to the poor Dutch in the area. They had already had a bad time of it, which would get far, far worse after the battle.
This was 18th, it was already too late. The Germans had already blocked the route to the Bridge. I am guessing these are mostly from 1PARA and their attached sappers, possibly 3 PARA, but pretty I am certain 3PARA were fighting in the area near St. Elizabeth Hospital.
Both Holland and Belgium wanted to stay neutral, they didn't allow British or French troops in until they were attacked by Germany. Then it was too late.
First thing I noticed was the civilized way the Allied soldiers conducted themselves. No hint of the terrible acts as seen by the russian army invading Ukraine.
Monty came up with idea, the airborne generals jumped in and planned it. Market Garden could have worked but for one US airborne division that failed to capture their assigned bridge, they had other priorities like a site for their HQ! Read a real book about this operation or look at some of the recent videos on UA-cam.
With regard to the comment about Monty, try educating yourself. Defeated the Germans in Africa, Italy, Normandy, northern sector of the battle of the bulge, crossing the Rhine. But like so many you just like to knock him with no actual understanding of him or warfare.
My late dad ken Kay ( Danny ) was also here and although Injured he made it back and continued to fight till after the war , a hero love and miss him every day.
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
My grandfather was in Oosterbeek with the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment. He escaped by swimming across the Rhine. He was a kind and gentle man and I have many fond memories of him.
My high school English teacher was with 3 battery 1st Air Landing Light Regiment. He made it to the bridge but went into captivity when the survivors surrendered.
Sounds like a lovely man, lots of that generation were, values have changed since then
My uncle was there. 9 Fd Coy Royal Engineers. Unfortunately, wounded and captured. Spent the rest of the war as a POW in Falingbostle. Survived and sadly passed a few years ago.
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
My grandfather participated in Operation Market Garden, his name was Nicolas Kuczynski, a hero like all those seen in that video, I keep his parachutist identification (eagle falling with a chorus of laurels in its legs) and other medals granted.
Congratulations! Greetings from Argentina
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
@@morpheusspirit6609Thanks!
Was he with the Polish unit?
Yes, my grandfather was Polish but he flew from RAF planes. Let's not forget that Poland had established its seat of government in London, first in Paris and then in London
@@rgk7293 Nie zapominamy.
Great video. My Grandfather was on the Oosterbeek drop during Op Market Garden. sadly he was shot, captured at Wolfheze and ended up a POW. He survived the war but due to capture barely.
I’ve taken veterans to Arnhem in my London taxi. Extraordinary men.
I hope you turned the meter off.
@@vic6820
😂😂
My late farther was there , he would have been 100 this year
He loved the Dutch people , he was just fit enough to go the 50th anniversary celebrations ,
Thanks for posting this footage , I always look to see if can see him !
I’m sure you feel so very proud of him. Such courage and determination to succeed… even when all else fails around them. Incredible memories. Thank you for sharing. 🙏🏾❤️
The Dutch have never forgotten. I was there in 2011 with the RAF in an official capacity. They kept thanking me, which made me embarrassed because I didn't fight in WW2. I pointed this out to one gentleman and he said "It's your uniform, the organisation you represent. When I saw your planes I knew we weren't alone and that eventually we would be free."
I remember the men of Market Garden in Oosterbeek 2 @ 3 times a year and in Valkenswaard almost every month. It is 80 years since this film was made, these men will be remembered by the citizens of Arnhem and Oosterbeek. In less than two weeks, people will gather and the children will lay their flowers to honour these men. These men will never be forgotten. #wewillrememberthem
my uncle was here with the parachute regiment. he was stationed at the hotel at (i think) Hartenstien waiting for the panzers to come down the road into Arnhem. he was 18 and managed to survive by swimming across the Rhine. he later dropped at the Rhine and crossed into Germany the following spring. survived that as well and died an old man in his bed. heroes all of them.
They must’ve had to have hidden this very carefully after the 1st Airborne was crushed. The Germans wouldn’tve taken too kindly to finding footage of them celebrating the arrival of the British and their hoped for liberation
Amazing footage, A Dutch/British link I hope lasts forever. I had the great privilege to jump onto Ginkelse Heide, A badged up tattooed British paratrooper, I took away humility.
Incredible historic document! My friend’s dad is pulling the hand cart at 1:34!!!!!
Wow ❤️🇬🇧
What still gets me is that all these fine folks thought they had been liberated. Within a month the Germans were back. It still breaks my heart. If only the lousy radios had worked, history might have changed.
The Krauts actually never left and were within days in charge again.
Pretty bloody sad to think that the with the war having about 9 more months to go that some of those smiling young men would have been dead not long after this was filmed
Incredible. Thank you for posting the video. My admiration for those men is boundless.
A patient of mine was on this drop and survived - just.These lightly armed men then had to take on panzers.
My parents-in-law told me they were 13-14 y o when the Americans arrived at Nijmegen. The children greeting the soldiers and running around the jeeps make me think of them.
Very moving to see this footage,hopes raised only to be shattered,we were fortunate in Britain not to have to suffer occupation other than the Channel Isles.Thank you for uploading.
So very true
British Airborne, unassuming hero’s and very, very tough. What a generation.
When you can tell the neighbors you’ve got British paras taking a break in your front yard.
I think my Dad may be in one of those pictures he was a British commando landed in Normandy early morning June 6th 1944 and I think I saw him just for a flash I have pictures of him once they landed in Normandy I think I saw a picture of him in that group of pictures you have so thank you
Incredible poignant historic footage.
Lovely home movie. You can just hear them saying “and here we gave them coffee”, here’s so and so jumping into the shot with her sister … etc. sad thing is they are prob all deceased now. Brave men and populous.
Mooie unieke beelden! Aan de andere kant sneu, om te weten dat sommige van die lachende Britse gezichten de aankomende dagen misschien wel gesneuveld zijn.
trans: "Beautiful unique images! On the other hand, it's sad to know that some of those smiling British faces may have died in the coming days."
Thirty years ago I visited this town and the Airborne Museum located there. Wonderful place but sad history of these brave men getting overwhelmed by German panzers.
A brief moment of happiness for those dear civilians. Goodness knows what for the troops. I wish those moments became reality. Unfortunately it did not and they had to wait and suffer for longer. God bless them all, the Dutch and the British. Its too bad that the people of those times are not alive to remind this pathetic generation what fighting ACTUAL nazis means.
Would the group Antifa be considered nazis?
@@kilroy3961 not really. But they are even worse than fascists or nazis.
@@donathandorko so…dangerous fanatics?
This shit breaks my heart after years of occupation the Dutch civilian population really thought this was it the long awaited liberation hopes so tragically dashed then they had the long winter of discontent to follow when many were reduced to eating tulip bulbs and many more died of starvation but still these brave people risked death and torture and hid many 1st Airborne evaders
Wonder how many of these tommys in this footage made it back across the Rhine my ex girlfriends grandfather Sgt Jack "Spider" Sparham of the 11th battalion 4th para brigade and Londsdale force was one who did RIP Spider
Thank you for sharing. Amazing footage.
They enjoyed a cigarette and a cup of char, and a cuddle of course. They all look both good soldiers but fun people to be around, chosen for their character amongst other things I imagine.
It must have been a wonderful feeling to be free again .
For only a short time though. They had 9 more months of hell to live through.
they weren't though, not yet.
Wow. Thank you for posting this.
Poignant images.
Mooie unieke beelden.
it gave the dutch hope, those brave soldiers lifted a nation for a few days, and struck fear into the nazi regime, I hope some of the soldiers and locals managed to survive and met up after the war was over..
It would be interesting to get a lip reader to look at this footage, and log what these men were saying if possible.
Dad was there. P.i.a.t.
This is amazinzing footage, I have not seen this before. The feeling of the Dutch people must have been awesome, alas they did not expect the outcome. I believe the Dutch where forced out of there houses after this as a reprisal, their homes looted and furniture sent back to Germany.
Aye, they were good with all their reprisal crap..
Those people would have been so grateful to see the Union Flag unlike the UK of today.
I wonder how many of them survived after ten days..God bless those men...
THANK YOUS FOR A BEFORE HAS TOO BE SAD IT ENDED IN SO MUCH DESTRUCTION SORRY .
wow such special footage it would be lovey to know what became of them all
Thank you. 🇬🇧🇳🇱✌
My Uncle Bill Lawson was dropped at Nijmegen with the 504th PIR of the 82nd Airborne Division during Market-Garden
That was really interesting Compared to the few photographs that have been published. The troops look shattered and so little equiptment to fight the SS tanks with. Just the reaction of the local people. And just a few days later complete defeat very sad
Most of the German troops fighting 1st Airborne Div. on 18th September were not SS - they were scratch formations made from Wehrmacht service, admin and security/police troops stationed locally. The SS and Parachute troops mainly arrived later. 10 SS Pz was actually not in Arnhem having been immediately sent south towards Nijmegen to confront Gavin's 82nd Airborne Div. There were very few German 'tanks' in Arnhem on 17th/18th September, the German AFV's being mainly self-propelled guns, many lash-ups on repurposed French and Czech tank chassis; scary, but not tanks.
The biggest stroke of bad luck (and there were many) was not the presence of 'SS' but the presence of F-M Model (a genius of defensive tactics), Student's parachute troops who had trained extensively in ANTI-airborne tactics and SS Obergruppenfuhrer Bittrich who was able organise a response with lightning speed.
Market-Garden was a bold and imaginative plan, not properly supported by SHAEF for political reasons. With a fair wind, it should have been a staggering victory. There was no fair wind. Just about everything that could go wrong - from top to bottom - did go wrong.
Mijn overgrootouders, oudtante en -oom moesten vanuit Den Haag hierheen verhuizen.
The Nazis were prevented from crossing the English Channel: 2024 sees an invasion that cannot be prevented!😮
Could be with an eye opened will.
Best grappig on te zien dat nederland na 70 jaar nog steeds er zo uitziet
Superb.
If only those in command hadnt ballsed it up
I wonder if it would be possible to identify the soldiers and civilians in this footage?
Bloody heroes, all of them.
Can you let me know if it's possible to use parts of this footage for my own video? Thanks in advance!
I believe I saw a few Canadian paratroops there!
none
are there any photos corresponding to the footage?
Hi there, lovely footage. Are you the owner?
On their way to Arnheim
What a week for WW2. Market Garden and Peleliu going on at the same time. USA!
Imperial War Museum London would like this.
Must be Hackets' 4rd brigade
Great video, but why are the Dutchmen in the film not fighting the enemy ??
the dutch were in the resistance of whom many died as brave heroes. And I resent your lack of reverence
what a fantastic piece of history.....no wonder they were called the red devils.....do they still make them like that anymore ?????
Must have been filmed at16:00 , and it’s t time
As a yank I’m glad to see you limeys driving American Ford Willys jeeps…
We used a lot of American hardware as our factories and homes were bombed too f*ck unlike yours ! You were well paid for your wares as the debt wasn't paid up for many a decade . "Special relationship " 😂😂
A wonderful contraption, and lets nots forget the DUKW...
The immense power & production capacity in the US in my opinion was absolutely crucial to victory however, as a 'Limey' .... we wouldnt have got that far without British aerospace technology & true bloody grit to get through to December 41 when eventually the United States declared war.
To level the field a bit, the Mustang only became potent due to a British engine being fitted in her. Everything and anything helped....
You are correct sir..
as a brit it was great that yanks actually turned up 3 years late
I did note the star on the side of the jeep. Great bit of marketing by Uncle Sam. Also the jeeps totally overloaded, working well over designed capacity
😊❤🙏
Geeft een duidelijk ander beeld van wat je altijd hoort. Ik zie genoeg rollend materieel in de vorm van Jeeps. Ik zie soldaten die behoorlijk rustig aan doen...
de opnames zijn van de eerste dag bij de Utrechtseweg, toen men redelijk positief was op weg naar Arnhem. Voorbij Oosterbeek werd het wel anders... Er waren inderdaad wat jeeps, naast wat motorfietsen was dat het wel. Dat werkt niet tegen pantserwagens, tanks en gemechaniseerd geschut. De soldaten die u in het tweede deel van de opname ziet rusten wachten op opdracht om op te trekken en zich dood, gewond of gevangene te vechten.
They can hardly having parachuted tanks in with them, could they? And how could they have moved quickly without transport like the jeeps that were light and small enough for them to be carried in the planes that brought them?
Are Poles there?
Large numbers of the SS troops the Airborne fought were Dutch.
Parachute Regiment.
The soldiers in the jeeps were most likely pathfinders and reconnaissance platoon ,they would be considered special forces by any other army (even today)such was the standard of the British soldier then and now, I speak from experience,in the eighties a section from A coy 1 RHF trained with an American infantry battalion in Germany,the yanks were convinced they were actually special forces hand picked!😊(No insult to our American cousins,the eighties were a bad time for the American army,but they soldiered on and became the professional fighting force they are now and stout allies to all who defend democracy 😊
On the 18th, when this video is supposed to have been filmed.
The reconnaissance squadron was in the lead of the advance through Oosterbeek.
To be specific, it was 12 section of D troop. I know that because my grandfather Trooper George Adams was in 12 section, under Capt. Park and Lt Pascal.
I'm not sure who is shown in the footage here, as it wasn't just recce using the jeeps.
But they are all worthy of remembrance.
My sympathy also goes out to the poor Dutch in the area. They had already had a bad time of it, which would get far, far worse after the battle.
Lucky bugger -- not one but two pretty women with their arms around him !
No sense of urgency to get to the bridge. The civilian welcome assisted the delay.
This was 18th, it was already too late. The Germans had already blocked the route to the Bridge. I am guessing these are mostly from 1PARA and their attached sappers, possibly 3 PARA, but pretty I am certain 3PARA were fighting in the area near St. Elizabeth Hospital.
Not quite like the greeting the Russians have received in Ukraine.
Indeed. Theirs is much 'warmer'.
It is in the Donbas and East of the country…the West not so much.
could you do me a copy a relative his on this film 2.25 into it the sniper
If only the bef had have been sent to holland in 1940 rather than wasted in
France!
Both Holland and Belgium wanted to stay neutral, they didn't allow British or French troops in until they were attacked by Germany. Then it was too late.
The British occupied Holland! Brave German soldiers!
First thing I noticed was the civilized way the Allied soldiers conducted themselves. No hint of the terrible acts as seen by the russian army invading Ukraine.
🤣🤣🤣🤣
In Donbass ?
There for both of them were you?
Arnhem wasnt a wise move by allies it failed and dutch suffered
shut up you prat
tell that to brave men who at least took action
I apologise on behalf of all the British and American soldiers who fought and died to liberate your country, it was so inconsiderate of them.
Monty was a prick.
Monty came up with idea, the airborne generals jumped in and planned it.
Market Garden could have worked but for one US airborne division that failed to capture their assigned bridge, they had other priorities like a site for their HQ!
Read a real book about this operation or look at some of the recent videos on UA-cam.
@@patgeorge1Could you recommend a book on Operation Market Garden please.
@@samartin745it never snows in September, the battle from the German perspective. Excellent and detailed read.
With regard to the comment about Monty, try educating yourself.
Defeated the Germans in Africa, Italy, Normandy, northern sector of the battle of the bulge, crossing the Rhine. But like so many you just like to knock him with no actual understanding of him or warfare.
@@senseofthecommonman Thanks, much appreciated.
Amazing footage.