William Lane Craig, respected apologist: "Yes...but you fail to consider... *magic*!" (spoken with a fancy hand flourish)
I remember he wanted an audience with Richard Dawkins and Dawkins said something in the lines of: I don't know him and I want to keep it that way, or that would look better on his resumé than on mine...
@@marcdc6809He recently mentioned his disgust for Bill in an interview with Alex O'Connor. Richard has the same level of contempt as I do and for the same reason. When you call the murder of babies an infinite good, I'm done with you!
@@marcdc6809 i think it was the resume quote, best put down in academic history.
“An explanation that explains everything, explains nothing.” Well said, love me some Karl Popper. 👍🏼
That supernatural / natural argument blew my mind with it's idiocy and dishonesty. No wonder Bill has such a low bar.
He literally used the word "fantastical" backwards.
Stories containing supernatural elements are, by definition, fantasy.
Asking low bar bill to be honest is like thinking the Titanic is going to rise back to the surface and the band will still be playing.
Movie trivia: At the end of filming, James Cameron shouted "Cast off!"
Fact. The Titanic did rise back to the surface. It landed in New York. There's proof in the documentary Ghostbusters 2.
Imagine if LBB's standard of evidence was prevalent in society, not just in the narrow silo of his favorite subject (Christianity):
Patient: OK, I've had this persistent cough for a week now, and the garlic you told me to hang up over the windows to ward off miasma goblins isn't working. Can't I get a blood test or x-ray, I've started seeing blood when I cough.
Doctor: Look, we can't eliminate the supernatural just yet. I'll write a prescription so CVS can send out a witchfinder squad to test your neighbors for signs of witchery.
Patient: **dies**
Doctor: Hmm, that's odd. Guess he was worshiping the wrong gods. Nurse! Get the wheelbarrow, we've got another dead one!
It is fantastic that no one else noticed the zombie apocalypse
I noticed it when I was playing "The Last of Us." And I killed every one of them!
The crickets were a nice touch, luckily I had already swallowed my sip of coffee.
It's a kind of magic!🎶🎵
Bill getting pulled over for speeding: "Officer, you are assuming I was traveling naturally, and speeding, but what you don't understand is, I was supernaturally traveling between two points in less time than would naturally be within the speed limit. You are denying the completely safe and legal supernatural time-saving travel."
I would suggest not trying that , unless, of course, you have the desire to be detained. lol @misterdeity
The religious escape hatch.. Magic!
My cats told me to request more cricket sounds in your videos.
Well reasoned and insightful, as usual. Thank you! For myself, I will continue believing in the natural world, not the magic one.
Although I attended church for most of my life, I have come to understand, through folks like you, Aron and Bart et al, what a collection of myths and fables the bible really is, thank Hitch!
“Tons o’ moisturizer” 😆😆!
I actually agree with Low Bar Bill about the resurrection being "supernatural." It really is beyond (super) our natural world. I.e. it doesn't exist.
If low bar bill were honest, we wouldnt be calling him low bar bill.
He wouldnt be a grifter/apologist.
6:08 Brian, are you implying that you *have* aged? I DON’T BELIEVE IT!
Once again you're you, and the rest of us are thoroughly entertained and enlightened by your creativity and intelligence.
"What do you do for a living?" "I do magic." "Real magic?" "No, sleight of hand illusions." Note that "real magic" is the kind that doesn't exist, and "fake magic" is the kind you can buy a ticket to go see someone perform.
Bill and his ilk... Bilk, if you will...
Supernatural, pfffft. My magic universe creating socks are superdupernatural.
I heard the universe expanded when it exploded from compression socks.
I'm gonna use that next time I'm talking to a believer. Everyone will know that the superdupernatural is superior to the supernatural! Checkmate!!!
@@InigoMontoya- The current working model, is whenever I lose a magic sock in the drier, a universe is born.
Keep these beauties coming!
I love how WLC is like "well of course Jesus didn't naturally rise from the dead! He did it SUPERnaturally!"
As if that makes his position any more tenable!
He is literally responding to the point that his claim is physically impossible by saying "oh, that's okay because I am claiming that it happened by magic!"
I mean Apologetics are usually bad, but resurrection Apologetics in particular keep blowing me away with just what an utter shambles they are.
So well said! They are absolutely the worst! Although, the problem of evil apologetics are right up there as well!
I got involved just today in a YT Shorts discussion about the gospels. The argument is that the reason the gospels differ so much is because of 'perspective'. Was it one angel or two? Well, only one spoke to the women, so one account mentions both angels, another only mentions the one that spoke. See? It's all a matter of how you look at it. My perspective is that they're nuts.
@@misterdeity When I was in bands, we used to call cacophonous chording "a Miles tune". 😆
I agree with Low Bar Bill. The claim that Jesus rose from the dead is a supernatural one. That's why we object to it.
So what exactly is his point there?
One of the things I find annoying is the concept of the supernatural. If you went back to the ancient world the people there would tell you, ghosts interact with them on a daily basis ( see The First Ghosts by Irving Finkel ) fairies and goblins and dwarves brought diseases ( see Jackson Crawford’s recent UA-cam presentation on a pair of dwarves being blamed for headaches in an amulet ), gods lived on mountains ( see the Bible for this one but most Mediterranean religions believed the same thing) souls and breath were the same thing ( also bible) . So the things that apologists call supernatural were once considered part of the world that existed around people or even part of people. Perhaps the concept of supernatural was only made up as somewhere to keep concepts that had become more and more difficult to demonstrate in the world around us but were necessary to sell a certain unlikely story.
There's actually a Christian TV show called "It's Supernatural". It's a surreal program about miracles and weird phenomenon that borders on a New Age vibe.
@@c.a.t.732 i iused to watch Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Essentially the supernatural just existed as part of our world but for some reason most people don’t pay it any attention.
You should have showed Aziraphale and Crowley from Good Omens when mentioning angels and demons, because they’re the best angel and demon.
You missed a big one. Luke was very clear which census that he was referring to. It was the Census of Quirinius. That occurred ten years after the death of Herod. That means there is at least a ten year difference between the accounts in Luke and Matthew.
Ah, yes...
But it wasn´t conducted like the description in the bible...
NO census in the Roman empire ever was...
When you've been grifting for 2000 years, well.... anything goes!
Contrary to theist arguments it's if the supernatural exists we can't know anything.
That's the entire point behind my God Distraction series. Nothing is falsifiable if causal predictability is not valid. That's why I'm an apatheist! If God is real, there's nothing we can know about his existence, character, or will. Not with the supernatural hung around our necks. So who gives a f...?
@misterdeity Someone needs to write a book about the supernatural rules of the timeless spaceless universe. No research is necessary, just a vivid imagination.
Love the crickets sound effect.
Even if one could fool themselves into what Jesus did as fact, what about the following (all found in the Bible) A race of Giants, Witches, Giant Sea monsters, Unicorns (removed from newer Bibles), talking Donkeys, wrestling with an Angel and winning! That is just a few things. Thank Hitch we got Misterdeity :)
@@InigoMontoya- , Wow you are spot on. Next we'll find a Dead Sea scroll that tells of "Jesus was last seen in the Canadian North preaching to Sasquatch".
I think it was God himself that Joshua wrestled, although later theologians said it was an angel. They even made up a name for him. Phanuel, I think.
@@adrianpetyt9167, I wanted to keep you posted on God's wrestling career. I am pretty sure God just joined the W.W.E. (I knew you could do it, I am so proud of our Messiah). His go to move is called "The foot bath" wear he washes the opponents feet till they get totally creeped out. Eeeeewwwww.
Does Bill even still have a bar?
Probably only the one where he drowns his sorrow after Brian speaks.
@jimschmitz4848 For a second I thought you meant you would drown reaching it, considering how deep the bar has been lowered.
It's underground, and not really a bar, more like a fluid that bends and shifts along with whatever Bill thinks suits him best. I want to make an analogy to compare him with, but that would insult anything I would use to compare it with.
Imagine going to Hogwarts but the incantations, potions, magic wands and brooms don't work at all, and all the kids do is pretend play all day long. That's what adults do in Christian "colleges" and at the end they get a degree in make-believe worth less that the asshole of a badger deep fried and battered.
You apparently haven't tried deep fried badger anus; it is fantastic! The best place to get them is Sphincter Hut.
Well, your argument might very well work in the NATURAL world, but in the SUPERNATURAL world all bets are off. Thanks for highlighting that point in your critique; I missed it when Low Bar first uttered it.
WLC has to assume the supernatural in order to prove the supernatural. That's begging the question.
I would always choose an aardvark over Billy," God looooves me" low bar Craig, on matters of integrity.
Looking forward to episode 6 of this current trilogy.
He really said a supernatural resurrection is more probable than a natural one 😂
I think it's one of those apologist magic tricks, where in stead of looking at the bigger picture of how silly the claim is, they focus on the fact that somehow baby jezus had a spearwound with the guts sticking out, perforated liver, three days without breathing and heartbeat, the maggots were already on him, no way this could have been just one of 'm medical near death experiences where a guy just wakes up in the morgue and walks home...
WLC honest? the thought inspires giggles...thanks Bri Bri your the best......
I have been thinking about moving outside of time and space, where I am not bound by natural laws, but I have heard the crime rate- especially genocide - is quite high, plus I don't know how I would make the commute.
There's a reason it's called apologetics. "The support of an unsupported premise".
I used to eat a diet that consisted of only natural products. Now I am religious and have switched to an all supernatural diet. Pre-transubstantiated wafers (Jesus Jerky) and blood (post wine state), unicorn sliders, buffalo angel wings, Kraken sushi, filet o’ ghost, and Lucky Charms- they are magically delicious!
They have monetized the same magic that our cave dwelling ancestors believed in. They're capitalizing on a primal memory.
Christians: "We know Jesus was God because he was the only person in history to rise from the dead."
Matthew: "Well, except for all the others who did so at the same time."
I love the "ordinaire" rather than "extraordinaire."
I have one wish. That unicorns and tooth-fairies of modern vintage would not be used exclusively to illustrate magical thinking. Let's work out the magical thinking of the ancient Mediterranean and Mesopotamian cultures and compare THAT to the equally primitive magical thinking of the contemporaneous biblical authors. I think that Christianity is not merely magical, not merely incoherent and illogical, but is also primitive and pre-scientific. In its context, it should fill us with intellectual repugnance.
the smugness of Craig... where he goes like... what, you thought he 'just' rose from the death, with his guts spilling out of a spearwound, what were you thinking? no, he rose from the death in a kind of supernatural way... and he tells you this as if he's not the one making supersilly claims and you're some prehistoric man looking at a man operating a tv with a remote control...
_God did it!_ = _It's magic!_
Exactly.
lbb's "argument at 3:00...how does his head not explode from the bs?????
His god created his head specifically to handle this kind of nonsense and nothing else, it's what gods do. If Bill were honest, he'd poof out of existence.
C'mon Brian, "if he were an honest person and upright". Sheez, the high expectations you have of a "man of God", so slippery he might as well be anointed daily with consecrated oil............gallons of it at a time. Now where did I put that small vial of it I used to believe in........maybe behind this coffee? Keep it going.
The gospel scholars posit that the writers of these tales got their information from "Q" of which we know nothing other than he made occasional appearances on Star Trek. Also, I've cut back on supernatural experiences, as the means of achieving them requires me to imbibe spirits that are just too hard on my liver.
Q also tells fantastical stories to rubes in the US, and they believe them.
You are in luck! Supernatural abilities come in gummy bear form now, and are legal in many states.
Firstly I'd like to thank Brian for the second part of this one part series. Next I'd like to remind Sir Bill of the Low-Barbarians, a little thing called Humes Maxim:
_That no testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle, unless the testimony be of such a kind, that its falsehood would be more miraculous, than the fact, which it endeavours to establish._
Also worth considering is the same problem in terms of set theory. One might consider "natural" to be the set of all possible events and supernatural to be the set of all impossible events. Draw them in circles on a Venn diagram, and Sir Low Bar somehow has these circles overlapping. NO the set of all possible things is mutually exclusive to the set of impossible things. A true miracle isn't miraculous unless it's an event that is *naturally impossible...* That is to say, it's simply *IMPOSSIBLE.* #ImpossiBill
Oh! That's a great way to put it. I love it!!! I also love "Bill of the Low-Barbarians." LOL!!!
"It am be magic" -- LBB.
Well said - if the claim is not that Jesus rose naturally from the dead, but that it happened supernaturally...
How do you calculate that prior? Resurrection is rare enough, but when you throw in the idea of measuring the supernatural, the number of events is zero simply because the supernatural cannot be measured.
Way to own yourself, Bill.
“Resurrection is rare enough.” LOL I choked on my drink!
Someone should ask LBB if he knows what the Hebrew prophecies concerning the Messiah are, and then ask if he knows that Jesus didn't fulfil any of them.
Not to mention that Jesus is the world's most successful vampire, in a bit of a reversal. He was killed and rose from the dead. Now though it seems he controls his millions of minions by having them drink his unlimited blood(it's a miracle)every week in exchange for their keeping his memory alive(he lives vicariously). The tale could go on, but enough is enough.
I always found it a bit unsettling, this ritualised blood drinking by the priest and ritualised cannibalism by the minions... if we would see a tribe in the Amazon rain forest do such a ritual we would consider it below our civilised western culture, go figure...
Seriously believe this channel should be weekly mainstream broadcast TV show and shown in schools
LBB will now show how the zombies didn't eat people!
Of course low-bar Bill will reject this motion. LMAO
The Resurrection of Julius Caesar
on the day of the Liberalia
On Friday, 17 March 44 BCE, the day of the Liberalia, the festival of Liber Pater (Bacchus/Dionysus), Julius Caesar received his state funeral and resurrected as god by the will of the people. A wax effigy of his slain body was presented, raised above the bier, at the exact spot where a cruciform tropaeum stood, and was then rotated for the attending crowd.
The image above shows a reconstruction of Caesar’s simulacrum on the cross from the available archaeological sources. In the context of the Liberalia this cross was not (as usually) only a Roman victory cross, but especially needs to be seen as a liturgical prop commonly found in the rituals of Dionysian festivals. The tropaeum is taken from one of the many Caesarian coins that display Caesar’s tropaea, while the effigy is from a denarius by Caesar’s moneyer Buca, a coin that represented the imagery used at Caesar’s funeral, including his effigy as the legendary shepherd/king Endymion.
Thanks Bri Bri. Always a pleasure...
Is a miracle! I haven’t aged at all in 17 years, either! What are the odds!!! 😂
Thanks
It’s interesting that LBB is willing to identify Jesus’ raising as supernatural. I’m used to a false separation between the supernatural and Christian miracles
WLC (aka LBB) is talented in avoiding then unpleasantnesses of his Bible (particularly the Gospels) while extolling it's virtues as he sees them. He's willing to drop all skepticism for a kiss and a promise, but if he were ethical and honest (low probability) he'd label it all myth, but he can't lest he lose his most lucrative speaking engagements. I'd love to see any apologist present what they think is evidence of the world(s) of the afterlife (heaven, hell, purgatory, etc.).
I'm apposed to the contamination of magical beasts and their perfect bacon. The natural source of all nutrition.
I wonder why Jesus still refuses to join the Justice League... maybe he thinks those run of the mill superheroes are not KOSHER, or maybe he objects to Wonderwoman being a member???
@@cullenjohnson0 ... Superman's real name is Kal El (כאל אל)... in Hebrew it means like the god and El... who is the name of the Canaanite Supreme god... so maybe Jesus (Yeshua ישוע) which means Yahweh Saves, objects to El being a more powerful savior than second rate god "father"
I'm think I'm gonna use this to open the next Mr. Deity episode. Stay tubed!!!
WLC walked into a bar and said 'ouch'.
Or Trump: Two Corinthian walk into a bar...
HAA! The VERY IDEA! (HAA = Honest Aardvarks of America)
Aliens rose Jesus after they probed him
That would explain why he floated up instead of walked away. Aliens applied too much push on the tush.
Laughing so hard after your throwaway comment at the beginning: "in part 2 of this 1 part series..." I had to restart the video to see what I missed Don't worry I don't take LBB serious, I don't even take you seriously ,but I somehow think that's the way you want it. .;-) I think I need to get some sleep now . Keep up the great work !
LBB strikes me as a wanna-be preacher who realized he could increase his profit margins if he didn't have the overhead of owning and operating a church.
I've got my lantern. I'm still looking.
Never interrupt someone when he is making a mistake. We can now quote the esteemed and widely respected Christian academic when confronted by others of his ilk. I think you are confused; the resurrection is not naturally explained but supernaturally. So stop arguing that the resurrection has anything to do with the natural world in which we all live.
LMAO, but you know if the the fantastical magic was real they would still deny the existence of things they don't believe in. Like I had asked a believer I know if she believed in other gods? She said no because gob said there were no other gods. Because of course gob said so. "Thou shalt have no other gods before Me" even a plain reading of that tells me that gob knew of other gods and had to make sure his people didn't follow them. Of course. What about the Egyptian gods? They aren't the 'true' god. Of course. Greek? Norse? Not 'TRUE' Of course. SIGH
Bill has been honest on a number of occasions. For instance he has admitted all the apologetics are verbal diarrhea since he actually believes due to "witness of the holy spirit", that is because of personal feelings. All the rest is really just wasted verbiage.
Apologists will deride the Multiverse as an explanation for fine tuning, calling it an atheistic faith position. They're right. There's no proof. But A: where's there's one of something there may be others, and we _know_ at least one universe exists. Not so with gods. And B: the history of our estimation of the size of _this_ universe; the #s of stars, planets & moons, is one of constant revisions upward. Finding more universes would just be par for the course and make me go 🥱.
It's considered an hypothesis, not a fact. And no one is expected to align their life and morals according to it. It certainly makes a huge difference too. 🤷🏽♂
somebody should go and explain to Frank Turek that if you take reality, model it, run and crunch the numbers backwards to the first second, then run it back to today, you end up with the same reality, that's how models in science work, and the parameters and constants in this model are derived from a reality that has a 100% chance of existing and we already know they are tuned just fine, cause we tuned thim in the first place...
I only ever hear apologists talking about the multiverse. It seems like such a fringe concept that I have never heard a scientist argue its veracity.
@@kellydalstok8900They do. The multiverse isn't just something scientists came up with out of thin air. As I understand it, the math and the physics we know suggest the possibility. It's a logical conclusion based on what we currently understand. See... ua-cam.com/users/shorts6-L5GJYkx2o?si=uDwSnQ-Y-BvYNjHq
Poor Low Bar Bill - he's crawling around the ankles of pygmies when he could be standing on the shoulders of giants 🙂
At the ankle level, the difference between pygmies and giants isn´t so remarkable. 😁
And in *"If Low Bar Bill Were Honest, Part VII: **_Revenge of the Sith anti-lispers_** "* he addresses - honestly - the natural *_and_* supernatural evidence of the divine inspiration of the gospels...
_[or not]_
Every now and then, I am tempted on taking Bill seriously.
And then I recall that he believes he is make good arguments for God.
Hiding nonsense within lots of big words, shouldn't impress anyone.
If confirmation bias didn't exist, I don't think Christianity would either.
If Craig was honest he wouldn't be Craig.
@@drlegendre I see him more as an Elvis impersonator or perhaps the urinal colonel at Mickey Ds.
@@drlegendre "probably wouldn't be Christian"
My biased opinion is that no christian is honest with themselves. their god is themselves talking to themselves. nothing more.
I've always thought this was the most dishonest (and dumbest) argument Craig ever made. He's essentially saying that we can prove a supernatural occurrence by assuming the supernatural. Well okay, if you say so...
William Lyin Craig
Low bar Bill keeps saying, more and more, the stupid parts out loud.
Methinks he is just aware enough of the lack of valid premises he has to construct his "logical conclusions" that all he is left with is make-beLIEve.
Given his apologetic "trajectory" with rebuttals and his remaining life span, he may just say one day, " I couldn't have believed this was true if I didn't get all the respect and good money for promoting this ephemeral sh-t".
Jesus: A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have love you, so must you love one another....
The disciple, Matthew: alright, alright, alright 😏
@@misterdeity yeah, that was great! I think a movie where Matthew McConaughey plays one of Jesus's disciples sounds pretty interesting, especially if it were directed by the Cohen brothers 😂
How can a "God" die? Anthropomorphize much?
jezus took our sins out for a weekend, not exactly a big deal and nobody really knows what he did with them... silly story
Interesting how excusegists always are hyperfocused on Jesus's resurrection like it's special. Their own holely books says he wasn't the first person to do so, nor the last, nor the only person who could resurrect other people. Why does his resurrection get exclusive billing?
Because it was the only unique thing he "did". Everything else he did was pretty common place.
@@goldenalt3166 Do many other people kill fig trees for not producing fruit out of season?
@@dbt5224 Unique, non-dumb thing. He did lots of really embarrassing for a supposed God things.
@@goldenalt3166It's amazing how the power and scope of god's miracles diminish the further on you read in the bible. Long gone are the days of god flooding the planet or raining fire over entire regions. Now god is doing parlor tricks and small favors to try to impress his buddies.
@@dougt7580Hey, don't knock it. He helped me find my keys just the other day!
Of course fairies are not real , they don’t make LBB feel all warm and fuzzy inside.
LBB is the world heavy weight limbo champion!
He's even packed on and lost weight to claim the other weight-class belts! He's the GOAT!!!
(Bill) + (his ilk) = bilk
the canonical gospels may have been written 100 years after the event. check out Markus Vincent's work
I'll check that out. I've always thought they could have been written much later since we don't have a birth date for Jesus. Personally, I suspect the Gospels are composite stories about a number of different preachers from the time (and before). There was certainly never an actual person like the Jesus of the Gospels.
Brian, oh, I missed this in my Gmail. Great now though! I loved the crickets! As for you aging the last 17 years, yes you did. You got beautiful! Oh, I guess you aged that first 17, too. But...😘👍💙💙💙🥰✌
When a theist becomes honest, he is no longer a theist.
Oh, come on, magic is real. Just watch any video by Danny Ortiz. Even Penn and Teller were fooled!
Low Bar Bill is therefore perfectly reasonable in his belief therein. ;-)
If Jesus was the most important person in the history of the world, why didn't he leave any writings?
What about no one knows what he looks like?! This didn't seem an issue to a Christian I used to speak to. How will anyone in heaven be able to recognise jesus? I guess there will be a que for miles and miles as everyone will want to speak to him so look out for that? How can you spend an eternity with one bloke when there's billions wanting the same thing? It makes no sense at all. I think it all boils down to theists wanting it to be true, feeling the universe owes them an explanation, this life can only mean something if there is an afterlife and major death anxiety. Simple minds want Simple answers....God did it!
@@pointbreak8646it’s even more absurd than that. There’s nothing stopping Jesus from showing up now, so what makes theists think he’ll suddenly become everyone’s best friend in heaven? 😂 He’ll still be off buying that milk and cigarettes, as he is now.
@@KeanuReevesIsMyJesusThere is something from stopping him from showing up now... ua-cam.com/video/aXg0RNOZt78/v-deo.html
Had to be said. Dr. Lane Craig´s point of view is a little tendentious. A little bit...thanks Mr. Deity.
When you consider the stories told by Christianity's biblical authors, and the striking similarities to the stories told by the ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Norse, Celtic, and other mythologies, that are, (according to how time works), much older than Christianity, the dishonesty is less about any claim made about Jesus, rather, the dishonesty is in how they ignore the obvious bias. Not to mention their claim that the bible is even remotely original in any substantial way.
The new testament falls apart completely, because the provenance of Jesus' wizard daddy, has not been established. Furthermore, it can be inferred that, given the actual origins of the stories in the old testament that are traceable to other mythologies, Jesus' celestial sperm donor, is the product of a multi-cultural god orgy. And given the origin stories of several of those gods, there's a decent chance it was incestual.
Giving them the benefit of all blatantly obvious doubts, let's assume Jesus was real, and was a nomadic inspirational speaker, what then can we conclude about him post death? Nothing. Nothing at all.
People may very well have seen him after he died. Or rather, thought they saw him. Doppelgänger is a word for a reason. Also, long hair and a beard doesn't leave much room for identification. Especially by grieving friends and family, who believe in magic, and who recently witnessed their loved one being used as a human pin cushion.
If he was buried in a tomb with 2 posted guards, and said tomb was later found empty, still proves nothing. History is littered with things that vanish, including bodies. Guards can be bribed, nap on the job, or be distracted by intoxicants and/or poontang. I've also noticed, (and maybe further studies are needed), that when people get caught breaking the rules, they often lie.
To sum up:
The names and events have been created to invent the fictitious.
It is near impossible to disprove that which has no proof. Harder still to disprove a belief grounded in fear or hope.
WLC bears a striking resemblance to David Lee Roth, and I find that hilarious
If apologists were honest, they’ll be out of a job. This also applies if their God(s) were competent.