Caste discrimination in Christianity | The Hindu

Поділитися
Вставка
  • Опубліковано 29 гру 2024

КОМЕНТАРІ • 424

  • @Kalinga_3
    @Kalinga_3 11 місяців тому +106

    I am from Odisha. I have seen that most people here in Christianity have converted from Dalit community. So in villages they live, people still know their background & therefore it doesn't change power & status dynamics of the groups.

    • @PVAR1983
      @PVAR1983 11 місяців тому +11

      Noo.. I know few oriya Christians who worked with are not from daily community.. They are from upper caste communities..

    • @m.b.nagaraj7666
      @m.b.nagaraj7666 11 місяців тому

      There no Original Christians and Muslims in India their Genetic Root Hinduism

    • @ThomasBelieves
      @ThomasBelieves 11 місяців тому

      That males me sad

    • @codewalters
      @codewalters 11 місяців тому

      There is discrimination everywhere . The biggest discrimination today is against men.

    • @AllhaSuarwala
      @AllhaSuarwala 8 місяців тому

      ​@@PVAR1983 you mean Odia ଓଡ଼ିଆ???? , not oriya. we don't like this mispronounce

  • @andrewdeva
    @andrewdeva 11 місяців тому +45

    Not only caste discrimination, there is class discrimination as well. If not for one the other exists.

  • @desistarktm7270
    @desistarktm7270 11 місяців тому +93

    SC: We're Backward.
    ST: We're also backward.
    OBC: We're also backward.
    Minority: We're also backward.
    OC/EWS: We're also backward.
    Bharat : Good. Now don't ask me why I am backward.

    • @prabhakar0076
      @prabhakar0076 11 місяців тому +13

      OC's never say backward but say poor

    • @krishnan9347
      @krishnan9347 11 місяців тому +14

      Without merit india going towards Backward and talents going outward to foreign nations..😂😂..

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +3

      bharat : I'm dominated by privilege caste minority while using bahujan that's why I'm backward

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +3

      ​@@krishnan9347😂 haha and ur merit 😂 in us and uk talk about diversity 😂 qouta lol

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +2

      ​@@prabhakar0076😂 haha ur shudra u don't need to say anything ur history says everything

  • @ktangsoimeyo2826
    @ktangsoimeyo2826 11 місяців тому +86

    In Nagaland we don't do any segregation. Church is for everyone. If fact most of the Churches are left open 24x7 so that anyone whether belonging to that church or not can come and use it to pray.

    • @anniemaraj8773
      @anniemaraj8773 11 місяців тому +1

      Racial segregation in the Church is a global phenomenon so dont shout little frog in the well

    • @anniemaraj8773
      @anniemaraj8773 11 місяців тому

      Racial segregation in the Church is a global phenomenon so dont shout little frog in the well

    • @anniemaraj8773
      @anniemaraj8773 11 місяців тому

      Racial segregation in the Church is a global phenomenon so dont shout little frog in the well

    • @anniemaraj8773
      @anniemaraj8773 11 місяців тому

      Racial segregation in the Church is a global phenomenon so dont shout little frog in the well

    • @anniemaraj8773
      @anniemaraj8773 11 місяців тому

      Racial segregation in the Church is a global phenomenon so dont shout little frog in the well

  • @appollocruze
    @appollocruze 11 місяців тому +51

    All the credits goes to the pastors and preachers,who don't have courage to spoke the real Christianity. They only want to make money

    • @Saha7789k
      @Saha7789k 11 місяців тому +1

      Original Christianity is all about racism between black and white people😂

    • @lightofthelord4816
      @lightofthelord4816 8 місяців тому

      You have courage to talk? Talk what you know about Christianity first...

    • @carry177
      @carry177 Місяць тому

      @@lightofthelord4816yes we have the courage,the pastors and missionaries are defaming Christianity and destroying the native culture

  • @max-cs9ko
    @max-cs9ko 11 місяців тому +44

    Islam and Christianity both accepted caste system atleast in India, thats the reason why only Buddhism provides only rights way for annihilation of caste, as Buddhism doesn’t believe in divine origin of human or Varna its very difficult to export casteism to Buddhism

    • @azam2137
      @azam2137 11 місяців тому +5

      There is no caste system in Islam

    • @max-cs9ko
      @max-cs9ko 11 місяців тому +21

      @@azam2137thats true, but casteism is quite prevalent in Indian Muslim

    • @desistarktm7270
      @desistarktm7270 11 місяців тому +1

      @@azam2137 There are so many sects in Muslims. The biggest one is of Hypocrites.
      The peaceful pledge:
      1)Hypocrisy is not by accident but our way of life.
      2)We marry other's girls freely but we don't allow our girls to marry others & hence hide them from head to toe with veil.
      3)We always persuade & welcome others to join our faith but anyone who leaves our faith to join others is our enemy.
      4) We love that country which is fighting our army daily becoz the loyalty towards ummah is important than the nation.
      5) We can freely insult other faiths like our prophet (Q9:5, Q2:221,Q5:51) but anyone who insults ours deserves to be bheaded.
      6) We don't want BJP/RSS to exist but we freely vote for our parties AIMIM, IUML, AIUDF, SDPI, Jamaat e islami party etc
      7) We want more secularism and appeasement when we are in minority but secularism is shirk when we are in majority.
      8) We don't want other faiths in Mecca & Medina but we want mosques in Kashi, Ayodhya, Mathura, Jerusalem & Bethlehem.
      9)Colonialism is evil but Ottoman and Mughal conquests demonstrates exemplary valour and Indians are lucky to be invaded by Mughals.
      10) We have 56 nations which we got by force and deception but we don't accept a Jewish state or a Hindu state though they're much older than our faith.
      11)Once a Mandir can become a masjid, but once a masjid always a masjid. Babri shall rise again Insha'Allah.
      12)Hindus should not try to settle in Kashmir but Kashmiris can settle anywhere in India.
      13) We freely boycott non-halal forever, but if others boycott halal then they're racist and Islamophobic.

    • @desistarktm7270
      @desistarktm7270 11 місяців тому +38

      @@azam2137 ashrafs laughing in the corner.

    • @ranjitsinhzala9660
      @ranjitsinhzala9660 11 місяців тому +21

      ​@@azam2137what about Shia and sunnies..same human,same religion but different beliefs. Same in hindusim there are caste systems but all are worship one God in different form that is omnipresent and omniforms..

  • @hmmer3471
    @hmmer3471 11 місяців тому +22

    My friend his a st he converted to Christianity for monry but he gets st benifits, scholarship from govt. One fuked up place

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +11

      U saw him receiving money ur not his friend but a snake

    • @sk21719
      @sk21719 11 місяців тому

      Lol shut up in our religion truth above every relationship ​@@jen4ra-vs5og

    • @xyz-iz2kf
      @xyz-iz2kf 11 місяців тому +1

      ​@@jen4ra-vs5og everybody knows how Christian missionary spread its religion by money, rice bags 👜😂 etc converted cult😂

    • @suganthabeula864
      @suganthabeula864 11 місяців тому

      Don't lie.They don't give money for conversion.They help the needy people irrespective of caste creed and religion.

    • @xr55
      @xr55 11 місяців тому +2

      How much did he get paid andhbhakt?

  • @user-jz4ge4fk6s
    @user-jz4ge4fk6s 11 місяців тому +26

    In Goa, few years back during marriage some people used to ask about caste but now its almost become less bcos education and well-to-do families among most christians have changed it and the new generation mindset too is changing. In few years, same will happen in other states too.

    • @ThomasBelieves
      @ThomasBelieves 11 місяців тому

      Good

    • @joswinnoronha1739
      @joswinnoronha1739 11 місяців тому +1

      We are not talking about Hindus who got converted 500 years back during the times of Saint Francis Xavier😂

    • @ThomasBelieves
      @ThomasBelieves 11 місяців тому +1

      @@joswinnoronha1739 yeah I'm aware...just giving some context on how the mess started and how it's not part of Christian tradition. Time to dump it.

    • @arjyachatterjee6874
      @arjyachatterjee6874 10 місяців тому

      ​@@joswinnoronha1739 Cagots of France and Romani people says high. 😂

  • @EloraSelah
    @EloraSelah 11 місяців тому +24

    You cannot have caste discrimination in Christianity. A dalit recently became a priest of high order in Vatican. All are equal before God and God plays no favorites. Caste is sin before God where you claim only high born have access to God.

    • @SonOfGod_567
      @SonOfGod_567 11 місяців тому +5

      His name is Cardinal Anthony Poola, from a Telugu Catholic Christian background.

  • @vidhu0211
    @vidhu0211 11 місяців тому +14

    Thanks for bringing it to the mainstream. This is needed so badlynto get these castists to get in line. Including some of the "pastors"

  • @AbhijitPrabhanidhi
    @AbhijitPrabhanidhi 21 день тому +2

    After enslaving lakhs of Africans, missionaries came to India and said:
    "Wr are here to liberate you from discrimination." GREAT HYPOCRISY

  • @codewalters
    @codewalters 11 місяців тому +5

    Christianity itself doesnt allow any caste based discrimination. This is just local traditions making way into the culture.

  • @ochan4884
    @ochan4884 11 місяців тому +16

    Thanks Sir. Good presentation. I had asked a learned Church historian way back in the early 60s ' What was De Nobili's view on Caste. His reply was "For De Nobili Caste is a social phenomenon and when society changes caste system will change." Society takes time to change and so all the 'unchristian' elements take time to change. Today there was a report of killing a mixed caste couple and their child after two years of running away from home. They were not Christians.

    • @prabhakar0076
      @prabhakar0076 11 місяців тому +5

      Oh, then why r there so many different types of sects and churches in Christianism. Its not a Christian oriented social Norm ? Which never changes until U know it 😂

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +2

      ​@@prabhakar0076lol heavy talk from someone when there's zero shudra in shankarqcharya post within 😂 char dham of india while Hinduism was the first religion to discriminate the dalits

    • @sk21719
      @sk21719 11 місяців тому +1

      ​@@jen4ra-vs5ogreligion does not discriminate each society has its evils.

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому

      @@sk21719 lol which religion ignores literally

    • @bangtunbabes721
      @bangtunbabes721 11 місяців тому

      ​@@prabhakar0076idiot,christianity is the only religion that is seeing every caste peoples equally.

  • @PremKumar-vc3ws
    @PremKumar-vc3ws 11 місяців тому +9

    Man is created in God's image. Hence, Men are created equal.
    Anything away from this, comes from satan.
    2 Corinthians 6:15
    What harmony is there between Christ and Belial? What does a believer have in common with an unbeliever?
    Unbeliever, maybe they are so-called as Christians, of man created in God's image and created equal.

    • @NicolastheThird-h6m
      @NicolastheThird-h6m 10 місяців тому +1

      You don't really look like your white man god though 😭😂
      btw its "non-believer" not unbeliever. Learn your master's language dude.

  • @BFM481
    @BFM481 11 місяців тому +19

    There is no caste discrimination in the churches of Mumbai All are welcome to pray rich or poor. CHRIST IS FOR ALL
    There may be still a handful people who embedded in their old ancient caste class of their ancestors.

  • @rhyridam9427
    @rhyridam9427 11 місяців тому +3

    Here is my say as a Christian. Generalising that caste/class system exists in whole Christianity is completely wrong. Many people come and points out to the fact that most Christians in india are from lower caste, but ignores rest who had accepted to follow only Christ, and even stoop down to demean them personally , their family. Now thats a whole lot different topic. Specifically, the caste thing, is infact south's problem to be able to come out dogmatic views on their perspective of social psychology. But it doesn't apply to rest of us who have been raised in completely different culture.
    There are lots of misconceptions about Christians, especially as when I refer to my ethnicity, I am a Bengali, but by faith I'm a Christian. I can not reject either of them, for both of them are true.
    Merely, as a religion there will be Pharisees and saducees everywhere. People's psychology and society is the factor. Im from the northern part of west Bengal. Christian culture here is completely different than the southern parts of India. Why? Its because change in belief doesn't change culture and traditions. Mostly for us bengalis, we don't care about anyone's caste for day to day livelihood, and so it does reflect in other religious people in the Bengali community too. The so called lower castes, they just live normal life here without any social or physical barriers. Not only bengalis, other people groups from north east too disregards the caste system.
    In addition to it, i know many of south indian friends and churches, who are just like us, and caste system is completely 0.
    While, there's always an effort to blamish Christians in India, by our neighbours, it doesn't rule out the fact that our neighbours don't kick out their own Hindu brothers by calling them lower caste.

  • @vishnu9529
    @vishnu9529 11 місяців тому +5

    I am from Kerala. About 120 years ago, Few British missionaries from CSI church bulit a church in our locality.The initial converts were mostly syrian Christians from other demonization or hindu communities like ezhava,kammala, vellala etc.and few from upper caste nairs.Barring some initial converts they could not get much believers from these communities afterwards. So they began convert dalits from pulaya caste. However, This made upper cast converts furious and they threatened dalits and denied their entry to church. Initially missionaries tried to convince upper castes to let dalits to enter the church, but all attempts were faliure. In order to bring back peace in parish missionaries bulit another church a mile away from church of upper castes for dalits. Still both these groups have two different church for prayer. The sad part is Syrian Christian and ezhava converts benefited a lot through conversion to Anglicanism, thus became prosperous. However dalits converts are still backward.

    • @docman4965
      @docman4965 11 місяців тому

      Which Christian community is most castiest

    • @Nawongyonten-yp4fz
      @Nawongyonten-yp4fz 11 місяців тому

      Thank you. I also heard this.

    • @NicolastheThird-h6m
      @NicolastheThird-h6m 10 місяців тому

      Shows how many Malayali Christians are wannabe Nairs and Varmas. Christian festivals are literally a copy paste of hindu festivals.

    • @melipsangma3812
      @melipsangma3812 10 місяців тому +2

      More caste practice caste system is from Hindus.

  • @PVAR1983
    @PVAR1983 11 місяців тому +10

    Tamils are not Hindus and Hindus cannot be Tamils..
    The Dravidian folk tradition people are Tamils and for the sake of census the folk tradition people are under Kinthuism..
    We can say people practice christianity from Dravidian folk traditions

    • @ancientminds199
      @ancientminds199 11 місяців тому +2

      Nee uruttu uruttu 😂

    • @PVAR1983
      @PVAR1983 11 місяців тому +2

      @@ancientminds199 Truth always bitter..
      The facts is fact.. Tamil folk tradition don't have a fictional stories like Ramayana and Mahabharatham..

    • @ancientminds199
      @ancientminds199 11 місяців тому +2

      @@PVAR1983how many people follow it?

    • @PVAR1983
      @PVAR1983 11 місяців тому +1

      @@ancientminds199 All Tamil people except the brahmins in Tamilnadu

    • @ancientminds199
      @ancientminds199 11 місяців тому +3

      @@PVAR1983 If you think that all Tamils except Brahmins, don't revere Ramayana and Mahabharata.... You're delusional af

  • @johnrajayyan4464
    @johnrajayyan4464 11 місяців тому +28

    Christianity is the best solution to resolve the caste based community issues in India.Christ's eternal love upon mankind irrespective of caste, creed, race reigns over the churches. Anybody can enter any church and worship without being questioned about his caste or faith. In other words, those who get baptised in Jesus' name, become the royal community, according to the Bible.

    • @plusultra7258
      @plusultra7258 11 місяців тому +10

      Same can be said for Buddhism or Judaism as well. Makes no difference

    • @geethasanthosh6084
      @geethasanthosh6084 11 місяців тому +5

      Actually not. It's society more than religion. Society has to change

    • @xr55
      @xr55 11 місяців тому +4

      ​​@@plusultra7258No. I don't think Buddhism or Jainism teaches about 'love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you and bless those who curse you'.

    • @Time-waste319
      @Time-waste319 11 місяців тому +1

      😂😂😂😂

    • @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar
      @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar 11 місяців тому +1

      ​​@@xr55 hinduism says not to love or hate an enemy... it is as simple as possible. Ask me if you want source 🙂

  • @RajDave12
    @RajDave12 11 місяців тому +6

    Christians from High caste they are very eager to show their caste.they boost about it. But bible says all are equal in christ.

  • @AsishKumar-xe8rd
    @AsishKumar-xe8rd 11 місяців тому +3

    But Christianity doesn't have religious sanction for untouchability. It is only Hinduism that has this scheme.
    Conversions should have addressed the inherent bais.

    • @mayan9714
      @mayan9714 11 місяців тому

      untouchability still there in christianity bro. bc mbc christians still not give their son or daughter to SC Christians

    • @AsishKumar-xe8rd
      @AsishKumar-xe8rd 11 місяців тому +2

      @@mayan9714 it is because ex Hindus have hijacked this religion. They got converted but took their caste into the religion.

    • @mayan9714
      @mayan9714 11 місяців тому

      @@AsishKumar-xe8rd not just ex hindus even 3rd or 4 th generation christians still have caste discrimination and caste pride in them .

    • @docman4965
      @docman4965 11 місяців тому

      ​@@mayan9714 who are mbc and sc Christians

  • @vincentdsouza7814
    @vincentdsouza7814 11 місяців тому +7

    In mangalore we dont practice caste system

    • @docman4965
      @docman4965 11 місяців тому +1

      So where you practice caste system

  • @PranabNath7
    @PranabNath7 7 місяців тому +1

    Upper caste : we need hinduism but we don't give the privilege to lower caste

  • @inspiretoday7837
    @inspiretoday7837 11 місяців тому +9

    Even when Christianity does not discriminate on caste, it takes a couple of generation's for people to change their mindset, it's not an on off switch that can be changed overnight.
    However the govt has incentivised caste system making it more difficult to irradicate the dehumanizing system.
    Vote bank politics has turned divisive more the factions more the control.

  • @suheethsapaliga8873
    @suheethsapaliga8873 11 місяців тому +3

    Christian is itself is Casteist concept....

    • @Vpr2255
      @Vpr2255 11 місяців тому

      😂joke

    • @suheethsapaliga8873
      @suheethsapaliga8873 11 місяців тому +1

      @@Vpr2255 reality

    • @vince5651
      @vince5651 2 місяці тому

      What is caste... How did it originate..

    • @suheethsapaliga8873
      @suheethsapaliga8873 2 місяці тому

      @@vince5651 European concept....

    • @vince5651
      @vince5651 2 місяці тому +1

      @@suheethsapaliga8873 whatsapp university student... Did British say there are 4 varnas, ( one came from head , one from legs ???).. they said u r yadav, u r brahmin, u r vaishya, kshatriya ????. Now lets come to modern era.. did bristish say dalit are untouchables, dalit women shud give breast tax to brahmin, they cannot wear slippers????.

  • @akashsingh-od3hx
    @akashsingh-od3hx 11 місяців тому +3

    Atleast some one is discussing this👏

  • @zidanEris
    @zidanEris 11 місяців тому +21

    Christianity is all about equality & Freedom .
    Christianity is religion of love and kindness ✝️❣️
    proud to be Christian ✝️❣️
    Have faith in god ✝️
    Don't fall for propaganda

    • @haragopal1
      @haragopal1 11 місяців тому +1

      Christianity itself is propaganda....

    • @puneetverma5838
      @puneetverma5838 11 місяців тому +1

      The religion which spreads most of the propaganda is christianity. Christianity wiped who native americans

    • @docman4965
      @docman4965 11 місяців тому +1

      How is such things propaganda... There is some form of casteism in Christian too

    • @zidanEris
      @zidanEris 11 місяців тому

      @@docman4965 I'm Christian born indian in india never felt discrimination from my Christian community . We all are equal in the eyes of God ✝️ .

  • @haritharan7891
    @haritharan7891 11 місяців тому +3

    British had brought reforms in so called hindu religious culture
    ,Evil practices like , sati , widow remarriage act, women education, Backward class,dalits education are foremost reformative proceedings of western administration....Then some oppressed moved to Christianity aginst the discrimination they met ,after prosperity they started to practice on now marginalized sections...so called RSS ,has been saying that they are authority of hindu relious culture ,did not take even a single step to relinquish the caste discrimination,contrarily it takes further backward ....As a dalit i feel , their religion will face retrogressive growth,not a progressive .....

    • @xr55
      @xr55 11 місяців тому

      ​@sheetalsharma3686 Buddhist genocide by Hindus. I guess you haven't read about it.

    • @arjyachatterjee6874
      @arjyachatterjee6874 10 місяців тому

      ​@@xr55 Prove it.

    • @NicolastheThird-h6m
      @NicolastheThird-h6m 10 місяців тому +2

      "as a dalit", you even think backward dude. why do you wanna put people into boxes? You can't blame the past for your current failures.
      Maybe your ancestors did face persecution but do you? The Upper castes suffers more in the current generation than dalits. Cause they don't live to play the victim game and hide from reality that its YOUR CHOICES that decides life.
      You think inside the box, jailed by religion. You guys think changing religion solves the problem but fail to realise that its the religion itself thats the problem not the beliefs.
      I hope you get well soon and your generation of men stand straight again.

    • @RjVictorBaBaOfficial214
      @RjVictorBaBaOfficial214 7 місяців тому

      ​@@NicolastheThird-h6mbelief and religion the problem

    • @RjVictorBaBaOfficial214
      @RjVictorBaBaOfficial214 7 місяців тому

      ​@@NicolastheThird-h6myea sc also have human rights

  • @GirishVenkatachalam
    @GirishVenkatachalam 11 місяців тому +8

    Dalits are often proud Hindus.
    I see even high saiva Pillai people convert for cash.

    • @heh8285
      @heh8285 11 місяців тому +13

      People come to Christ for salvation not for cash.christianity is a way of life for humans to reach His creator

    • @xyz-iz2kf
      @xyz-iz2kf 11 місяців тому +1

      ​@@heh8285 what kind of salvation? You so called "lord😂🤣 jjokas" Even could not save himself from crucified😂 and he will give salvation to you? Brainwashed cult😂

    • @suganthabeula864
      @suganthabeula864 11 місяців тому +9

      People choose Christianity for Jesus Christ and not for cash.Many new converts even though lost wealth money they follow Jesus happily.Bramin Saiva Pillai Muthaliar all caste people are seen in Christianity.Most of them are well educated people.

    • @heh8285
      @heh8285 11 місяців тому

      @sheetalsharma3686 Mam salvation is deliverance of humans from sin,curses to reach eternal life which cannot be received with money , education,status and rice bags. Conviction,a longing to cleanse our soul from sin, a longing to be connected to our creator will lead to way of salvation.Jesus is son of God whose human incarnation,holy life on earth,sacrificed himself on cross as the Lamb of God ,gave his last drop of blood. When we sin our blood has to be shed as sins salary is death but he gave his blood,removed sins,curses also.Taste and see that the Lord is good.Salvation is received by God's love,humans love not by rice bags Mam

    • @suganthabeula864
      @suganthabeula864 11 місяців тому

      @sheetalsharma3686 I agree with you.They give money and help to the needy people.But some other cases also there.Some people are delivered from the clutches of witchcraft. Few are getting healed from the sickness by the power of Christ.

  • @SonOfGod_567
    @SonOfGod_567 11 місяців тому +25

    As a Christian, I'm ashamed of Tamil Believers who are bringing caste system in Christianity. Jesus Christ never differentiated people according to their looks, He loved each and every one. If St. Thomas was alive today, he would've been ashamed and distressed by this behaviour.

    • @plusultra7258
      @plusultra7258 11 місяців тому +5

      Caste is an Indian thing. It is not a religion thing.

    • @love_raj_jumar
      @love_raj_jumar 11 місяців тому +3

      Yes tell me how rice bag needed

    • @Rin_Chawngthu
      @Rin_Chawngthu 11 місяців тому +8

      ​@@love_raj_jumarthen hinduism must be worth only a rice bag then? According to you?

    • @love_raj_jumar
      @love_raj_jumar 11 місяців тому +2

      @@Rin_Chawngthu so chriatanity is simple just a one rice bag will make a person jesus son???

    • @Rin_Chawngthu
      @Rin_Chawngthu 11 місяців тому +4

      @@love_raj_jumar no but they still chose it over hinduism according to you

  • @dr.anandarokiaraj868
    @dr.anandarokiaraj868 11 місяців тому +3

    All kinds of caste system exist in the church in India 😂

  • @vintage_TV_
    @vintage_TV_ 11 місяців тому +15

    Jesus doesn't see caste, religion, etc... He sees everyone as his children❤ Jesus loves you❤

  • @anksssssssss
    @anksssssssss 11 місяців тому +18

    caste system is never issue , its cultural issue , caste system is not linked to any religion , but to society itself , religion doesnt matter in this .
    even hinduism dont talk about any caste per say .

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +1

      In short caste system is issue

    • @anksssssssss
      @anksssssssss 11 місяців тому +3

      @@jen4ra-vs5og it's a cultural issue , not religious issue , that the point .
      And people crying about caste system are the real caste supporter , none dare to raise voice to ban caste system completely.

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +4

      @@anksssssssss lol the audacity when the religion is already the evidence of producing the law code manusmriti which discriminate ur accepting the fault their because u feel they're not supposed to be held accountable for

    • @okbyebye9586
      @okbyebye9586 11 місяців тому +5

      ​@@jen4ra-vs5og
      Tell me u haven't read manusmriti without telling me 😂😂😂
      Kabhi padha hai ?
      Ans is no bas suni sunai baati hai isliye behti ganga mai haath dho leta hoon.

    • @okbyebye9586
      @okbyebye9586 11 місяців тому +4

      ​@@jen4ra-vs5og
      Literally people who divide the entire earth on basis of believers and non believers and discriminate with them have audacity to question others.

  • @karthikshetty2206
    @karthikshetty2206 11 місяців тому +1

    You can change your religion not your caste.

  • @shashijee83
    @shashijee83 11 місяців тому +11

    Brahmanical Christian. 😂

    • @priyer74
      @priyer74 11 місяців тому +3

      please do not continue to blame brahmans for all of this.

    • @Syedarshad03
      @Syedarshad03 10 місяців тому

      What did brahmans do here in Christianity. Christianity is mainly dominated by nadars and reddys who are wealthy and use religion to their own advantage. They will face god one day and will have much answerings to do

    • @mge82779
      @mge82779 7 місяців тому

      ​@@priyer74dude they are responsible for caste based discrimination they are the one who started it and still continue to practice it

    • @mge82779
      @mge82779 7 місяців тому

      ​@@priyer74request to all Brahmans remain Hindu Christians don't want you please stay away

    • @priyer74
      @priyer74 7 місяців тому

      @@mge82779 from 1947 onwards, the politicians have used it to collect votes, and they will never end it, since they profit from it. The politicians point the finger at brahmins. Excellent.

  • @JesusChristlovesyou_friend
    @JesusChristlovesyou_friend 11 місяців тому +7

    Friend, *Catholicism, not Christianity. Because Christianity is not a religion, it is the relationship with the one and only true divine God.

    • @xyz-iz2kf
      @xyz-iz2kf 11 місяців тому +2

      In your comment The line "one and only true god" Depicts your insecurity about your "true god" And that proves you are not certain as your god is true or not😂😂

    • @bangtunbabes721
      @bangtunbabes721 11 місяців тому

      ​@@xyz-iz2kflol for hinduism and islam

    • @JesusChristlovesyou_friend
      @JesusChristlovesyou_friend 11 місяців тому +2

      @@xyz-iz2kf Why do you think so, my friend? I am certain that my God is with me as I have witnessed Him and His glory, His working, and His power. And therefore, I testify to you that He does love us, so much that He died for us on that cross....but He has risen.

  • @jitendrayadavweb
    @jitendrayadavweb Місяць тому

    One of my friend a teacher got converted to Christianity, now after 5 years he is willing to get back to Hinduism and the reason he cited is discrimination by christian priests and church authorities where converted Hindus are treated like untouchables and are now allowed to take leading roles in church management and even not allowed stay at front during mass prayers. Converted Hindus are treated like zombies who inturn asked to act like chain marketing agents who are suppose to persuade few more hindus among their contacts in order to gain mercy of jesus and wash away the past sins......this all blsht.

  • @funkyasthedoc
    @funkyasthedoc Місяць тому

    Guys... Conversion to Christianity doesn't directly mean that there is no caste discrimination. If you take lessons from history, you will see that lots of Afro-Americans have converted to Christianity in the US since the 1600s, but only gained equal rights in the 1960s by the ruling class. You see this throughout the colonial history. In addition, in Europe where Christianity has been refined. There have been so many wars between Christian sects. So my conclusion is: discrimination is in human nature. Even if you convert to another religion, doesn't change anything.

  • @rashmibelur
    @rashmibelur 11 місяців тому +9

    Everything that goes right is coz of your new institutionalized religion that your have adopted, and everything that goes wrong is coz of Sanathan dharma!!! Wah bhai wah!!!

  • @jesuslove1989-j9q
    @jesuslove1989-j9q 26 днів тому

    i was a Pentecostal follower in Mumbai somehow i started to go catholic church and i feel they discriminate people on class,,,they give special treatment to English speaking catholic,,hindi,tamil even dnt allow to be inside the church when English mass running,,😢😢😢

  • @B.S.Prasanna
    @B.S.Prasanna 11 місяців тому +10

    Religious conversions will not solve the problem of caste discrimination, but they will reduce the level of discrimination to some extent. *Unless the 'notion' of caste is eradicated* from our minds, the caste system will not be eradicated. 1. *Stop giving sanctity to the Brahminical literature*, which supports the caste system. One of the reasons the Varna/Caste system survived for nearly 3,000 years is that the Brahminists covered the Varna System (Sanatana Dharma) under their religion. We can't separate Brahmanism (from which Hinduism evolved) from Hinduism now. So, leaving Hinduism is a must and should be the first and easiest step. As an atheist, I suggest atheism.
    2. *Inter-caste marriages* Currently, only 6-10% of Indians have inter-caste marriages.
    3. The most important thing is what I said earlier: eradicate the notion of caste from our minds. This includes removing the caste suffixes from the names. The topic of caste should only come up when necessary, like while making government policies or doing some research about castes.
    *Brahminists* are people who practice or enforce the Varna or caste system and its inherent gender discrimination. In history, Vedic Brahmins were Brahminists, but now many non-Brahmins are increasingly becoming Brahminists because they benefit from it. So, when I said Brahminists, I didn't mean the Brahmin community.

    • @DIPANRAJKUMAR
      @DIPANRAJKUMAR 11 місяців тому

      It sounds cool. Enjoy it's tolerance , because here tolerance is free.

    • @arjyachatterjee6874
      @arjyachatterjee6874 10 місяців тому

      Lol caste discrimination was started by Christian missionaries only in the same way they created fake racial segregations between Hutus and Tutsis which led to Rwanda genocide.

    • @B.S.Prasanna
      @B.S.Prasanna 10 місяців тому

      @@arjyachatterjee6874 😂 Andh Bhakt.

    • @arjyachatterjee6874
      @arjyachatterjee6874 10 місяців тому

      @@B.S.Prasanna Ricebag. 😂😂

    • @B.S.Prasanna
      @B.S.Prasanna 10 місяців тому

      @@arjyachatterjee6874 Read my blog and know the history, you ignorant!

  • @jasSlaDeSON
    @jasSlaDeSON 4 місяці тому

    The best way to know caste discrimination in Christianity is at the time of arranged marriages. Go on, see the type of proposals you get. Caste will be mentioned

  • @blue_chamaeleon
    @blue_chamaeleon 11 місяців тому +4

    Those are being converted, neither could being Christians nor Hindus, except for Converted tag only. Rather being converted to any particular religion, just choose to remain casteless and religionless. I m surprised that why people do not choose to be a religiousless life rather than adopting other religions. Why do they not understand that God is supreme but not religions ?

  • @TripalSuryavanshi
    @TripalSuryavanshi 2 місяці тому +1

    I love Buddhism.they not following casteism

    • @AbhijitPrabhanidhi
      @AbhijitPrabhanidhi 21 день тому

      Please visit Sri Lanka for that, you will see how much casteist they are. 😂

  • @premraj2817
    @premraj2817 11 місяців тому +3

    Sir can u define caste discrimination!

    • @enclaveofdoom
      @enclaveofdoom 11 місяців тому +1

      discrimination based on caste lol, what else would it be?

  • @josephmarak9493
    @josephmarak9493 9 місяців тому

    Caste segregation is not compatible in Christianity.Either one must accepts Christianity or Caste secregation

  • @shyamsundar7272
    @shyamsundar7272 11 місяців тому +5

    Our God Jesus Christ is with us. He is more than our caste. It's nothing before our God. He knows what to do for it. Don't worry.

  • @RahulGeorgePlus
    @RahulGeorgePlus 11 місяців тому +6

    Very good expose

  • @JC-xv6ym
    @JC-xv6ym 11 місяців тому +7

    I am a roman #Catholic from Kerala... Please dont divide us.. I have read the full bible and i never found any caste in it... Don't try to fool my people... I will marry any Christian 🙂 if I have a good job... And what ever tags you had keep it there, Christ never taught division

    • @NicolastheThird-h6m
      @NicolastheThird-h6m 11 місяців тому +3

      The catholics in Kerala looks down upon the penthacoasts as too religious and "muslim like". Thats a discrimination too. I have seen it first hand

  • @unitedminds5633
    @unitedminds5633 11 місяців тому +2

    Not fair!

  • @omprasad1944
    @omprasad1944 11 місяців тому +1

    Not against hindu bashing please🙏🙏😊😊

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому +3

      The logic of andhbhakt

    • @birendersingh6899
      @birendersingh6899 11 місяців тому +1

      ​@@jen4ra-vs5og nah the logic of ricebag bhakt 😂

  • @jesussaviour60
    @jesussaviour60 11 місяців тому +6

    True, even among the clergies, the discrimination is more prevalent.

  • @keralanaturelover196
    @keralanaturelover196 10 місяців тому

    Caste is your identity not religion

  • @manseerkhanm4023
    @manseerkhanm4023 11 місяців тому

    Dalith christian convert to muslim 😊

    • @birendersingh6899
      @birendersingh6899 11 місяців тому +1

      Haha so you are the low caste under ashraf and aljaf higher caste muslim 😂

  • @happysoul8147
    @happysoul8147 11 місяців тому +1

    Christianity has racial segregation... Still they do......
    Casteism in India is highly political even if you change religion nothing would change.

    • @xr55
      @xr55 11 місяців тому +1

      There's no racial segregation in Christianity. It's nowhere written in the Bible. Jesus wasn't white.

    • @arjyachatterjee6874
      @arjyachatterjee6874 10 місяців тому

      ​@@xr55 What about biblical story of Ham ?

  • @deepand1798
    @deepand1798 10 місяців тому

    Embrace Buddhism, which is against caste system and one can become a buddhist monk irrespective of caste.

  • @EmilyNIcholas-c4x
    @EmilyNIcholas-c4x 11 місяців тому +2

    For the first time in 30 yrs , I’m heartened to see quality journalism from the Hindu . Thank you !

  • @germdios
    @germdios 11 місяців тому

    Bishops being shepherds, do not shake their finger against this crime. Its just the faith of the ordinary believers make to run our lives

  • @j.abrahamjosekirubalini5775
    @j.abrahamjosekirubalini5775 11 місяців тому

    A very good video. Caste is one factor which has permeated all religions of India. Probably, caste is the vein that runs throughought India, irrespective of economic strata and creed. Caste cannot be eradicated, but can be used as a tool of empowerment by acknowledging that 'caste' is an certificate issued at birth itself, and by employing 'reservation' as a factor, the marginalsed majority within church could be empwered. The church leaders are always in a denial mode of this dark truth, and employ 'Hope' & 'Salvation' as tools to maintain the status quo, and refuse a caste-based enumeration.'Caste' may need to exist in the church because, in the event of a christian decides to convert back into some other religion, it will be easier to do, without losing the identity obtained at birth.
    'Name' plays a subtle role in pin pointing the caste of a person. May be, if names are replaced by a number, like Aadhaar, caste may get relegated to an insignificant level. The challenge would be, two numbers would be marrying and a number would be born😅😅😅😅, and a number would expire / die, and the number shall have to be retained in history for all the good deeds and dark deeds.😊😊😊😊.

  • @Medicineforliving
    @Medicineforliving 11 місяців тому

    Useful and i encourage this content and do more research on this Caste based Christianity... especially DALITS

  • @kangleipak_pride
    @kangleipak_pride 11 місяців тому

    ***Jesus invented caste***
    ***krishna preached love wnd asked arjuna not to go for war***
    ***Caste came to converted Christians from Judaism as its precursor of Christian and not Hinduism of their ancestors***

  • @jagdishramanathan2091
    @jagdishramanathan2091 11 місяців тому +2

    in europe it is worse .only it is hidden .

  • @HGoyas
    @HGoyas 11 місяців тому +7

    India is another Planet 🤦🏻‍♂️

    • @birinaL
      @birinaL 11 місяців тому +3

      😊100 percent correct analysis

    • @changedmyname26
      @changedmyname26 11 місяців тому

      And not a good one.

    • @prabhakar0076
      @prabhakar0076 11 місяців тому +7

      Everything gets INDIANISED Here even Religions 😂. Temples for Jesus. Ganesha/Lotus flowers in MASJIDS

    • @HGoyas
      @HGoyas 11 місяців тому

      @@prabhakar0076 🤣

    • @HGoyas
      @HGoyas 11 місяців тому

      @@changedmyname26 can't be that bad 😳

  • @haritharan7891
    @haritharan7891 11 місяців тому

    You failed to address hindu religious worst practices of the caste system ...However The Hindu , daily, continuously has brought the caste atrocities to the public conscience for the government's redressal....Hindu Dalits cannot do the final rights at caste Hindus burial ground... Sanatan is nothing but the purity of lingering the caste pride on Hindu society... Caste related mentally ill health fellows converted to Christianity where they practice mentally ill health acts....

  • @dongewala
    @dongewala 3 місяці тому

    Even today Britain follows caste nased on birth.

  • @rambabs6753
    @rambabs6753 11 місяців тому

    Christians are those who have been born again by God, by His Word, and by His Spirit. Whatever race the Father, the cause of rebirth, is for the Christian. The other one is definitely, definitely, definitely not a Christian. The reason is that he does not believe in being born again by God, but clings to the old identity that he was born in the flesh.
    According to the scriptures (Rom. 8:14 to19) they will not have a share in eternal life (heaven) which is the share of the Sonship. Because they deny that they are born of God. The first and foremost thing that prevents evangelism today is the selfish pride of 'caste'.

  • @dongewala
    @dongewala 3 місяці тому

    Caste word is not hindi. Its Europe. They have caste system. Stop spitting on your own face repeated ly.

  • @seventhuser904
    @seventhuser904 11 місяців тому

    There are caste based discrimination in Islam too.

  • @dhanjeepandey4252
    @dhanjeepandey4252 11 місяців тому +1

    Great....❤❤❤❤❤....

    • @jen4ra-vs5og
      @jen4ra-vs5og 11 місяців тому

      What great about it dhanjee care to explain

  • @manuwoodcuttingsolutions4185
    @manuwoodcuttingsolutions4185 11 місяців тому

    Being a Christian myself....Today I came to know that there are caste discrimination in Christianity 😂😂... from where do you bring such a false informations!!!

  • @PriyaGupta-nt3jk
    @PriyaGupta-nt3jk 8 місяців тому

    When you make chowmein, pasta in India we add garam masala. I bet even when chinese will prepare shahi paneer they will add soya sauce. Something have become so embedded in the society, so it was with caste😢 muslims and christians have caste division

  • @abhaikandulna1486
    @abhaikandulna1486 11 місяців тому +1

    There is no caste discrimination in Christianity, bunch of lies. Caste system is just an indian thing.

  • @bharathvasi3406
    @bharathvasi3406 8 місяців тому

    In andhra all famous pastors belongs to upper caste only

    • @jaihind-i5f
      @jaihind-i5f 8 місяців тому

      I have read that there is a caste system in Christianity.

  • @cvoha785
    @cvoha785 8 місяців тому

    కలిపురుషుని ప్రభావంతో ఇక్కడ వారే ప్రపంచంలో వివిధ ప్రాంతాలకు వెళ్లి మన గ్రంధాల్లో పాత్రలను కొద్దిగా మార్చి (బ్రహ్మ - అబ్రహం, మహేష్ ని మోషేగా, సరస్వతిని సరా) బైబిల్ లో అన్ని పాత్రలు మన గ్రంధాల నుంచి కాపీ కొట్టినవే- నన్ను నmmi ఎన్ని పాపాలు చేసినా ఓకే వాడికి స్వర్గం, నన్ను నమ్మని వాడు ఎంత మంచి వాడైనా నరకం, అనే చెత్త లాజిక్ తో ప్రపంచం మీద తెగబడ్డారు, ఎంతోమంది ప్రాణాలు తీశారు, ఎన్నో జాతులు నాశనం చేశారు.

  • @bimalasirpali4198
    @bimalasirpali4198 11 місяців тому

    Why government don't talk about this issue ? A pathetic practice.....

  • @parthibank2736
    @parthibank2736 11 місяців тому +1

    Reality
    Thank you

  • @Agnostic7773
    @Agnostic7773 11 місяців тому

    higher caste converted people have more demand

  • @ThomasBelieves
    @ThomasBelieves 11 місяців тому +1

    As a Christian this is disgraceful. When the missionaries came they didnt push the issue too much (the idea being they they were therevto ask them to be Christian not European) then they heard about the untouchables and yeah...basiclky said the only Christians who could follow that AT ALL were missionaries evangelizing high caste hindus because otherwise they wouldnt even listen to them. Caste discrimination is LITTERALLY anti-Christian and a pagan superstition.

  • @chintapallikrishnasudhakar7876
    @chintapallikrishnasudhakar7876 11 місяців тому

    To my knowledge there is no castism. God of Christians no cost endure castism. It may tne problem creates by devil

  • @depakbhandari
    @depakbhandari 11 місяців тому +1

    informative

  • @db-ui8bw
    @db-ui8bw 11 місяців тому

    Don't bring the filth and stench of caste into Christianity. If someone cannot leave their caste then it is better they remain in their former religion only.

  • @m.b.nagaraj7666
    @m.b.nagaraj7666 11 місяців тому +5

    In TN Christianity is not a Religion Money Making Formula

  • @cvoha785
    @cvoha785 8 місяців тому

    నన్ను చంపండి అని రొమ్ము విరిచి ఇష్టం గ, దైర్యం గ నిలబడ్డాడా? భయం బాధ తో చచ్చాడా?.. యేసు పుట్టినరోజే ఫేక్.. బైబిల్ మొత్తం కాపీ కొట్టి రాసిన బూతు కల్పిత బుక్, ఫస్ట్ పేజీ సృష్టి క్రమం లోనే అది ఫెయిల్.. అందుకే తెలివి ఉన్న చాల మంది విదేశీయులు దాన్ని వదిలి సనాతనం లోకి వస్తున్నారు.. UNO క్రీస్తు పూర్వం బలవంతంగా పెట్ట బడింది అని పీకేశారు.. కొంచం బ్రెయిన్ వాడి తర్కం తో చదువు బ్రో.. దోపిడీ అనేదే క్రైస్తవ సిద్ధాంతం.. పాస్టర్ ల సైకాలజీ జాగ్రత్తగా చుస్తే నీకే అర్థం అవుతుంది..

  • @Zardy_OG
    @Zardy_OG 11 місяців тому

    don't spread false information

  • @Himanshu.1254
    @Himanshu.1254 11 місяців тому

    Caste descrimination ☹️☹️

  • @ivygeorge5342
    @ivygeorge5342 11 місяців тому +2

    Become a buddist

    • @agsitaraman3270
      @agsitaraman3270 11 місяців тому +2

      Respect Buddha .but has Buddhism solved all problems .see srilanka.problem is because of Buddhist monks

  • @jaihind-i5f
    @jaihind-i5f 8 місяців тому

    Yes There is Caste system is Christian ✝️

  • @user-lq7hh5ni9c
    @user-lq7hh5ni9c 11 місяців тому

    Then embrace ISLAM😂

  • @sachinias28
    @sachinias28 11 місяців тому

    Convert to sikhism

    • @birendersingh6899
      @birendersingh6899 11 місяців тому

      😂😂 bhai mere in Sikhism jaats are the higher caste

    • @sachinias28
      @sachinias28 11 місяців тому

      @@birendersingh6899 there is no caste in sikhism

    • @birendersingh6899
      @birendersingh6899 11 місяців тому +1

      @@sachinias28 Bhai mere Sikhism mei there is no caste....but between Sikhs....there is huge caste differences just like Hindus ...I live in Punjab..I know it very well....jats are the higher caste between Sikhs

  • @lourdesamykupusamy4314
    @lourdesamykupusamy4314 11 місяців тому

    Its a shame to hear this,

  • @appollocruze
    @appollocruze 11 місяців тому

    Ketavanga edhula irundhalum ketavanga dhan .

  • @Aumnamahsivaya123
    @Aumnamahsivaya123 11 місяців тому +1

    com back to Sanatan Dharma ❤..Ghar wapas is the way..
    the eternal religion

  • @examking7909
    @examking7909 11 місяців тому

    😂😂😂😂

  • @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar
    @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar 11 місяців тому

    To every people who think to convert or at the starting phase mainly , before you convert once review complete hindu scriptures in detail and then see your life and society , caste system is a english word where british and islamic kingdoms divided us but actualy we are only diversified by the type of work we do . I am not from higher class but still after reading books like yoga vashista , advitaveda , bhagvatam etc. I felt tranquility in every diversity..😊🙏

    • @rhyridam9427
      @rhyridam9427 11 місяців тому

      In Karnataka's only Sanskrit speaking village, a (claiming to be brahman) Hindu priest was asked whether a person who is not brahman (lower caste) can read Vedas. The question was simple, and so was his answer "no". They can't even see the scripture.
      I'm not making it up, I had read this 2-3 years ago in an article.
      What's your say on this?

    • @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar
      @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar 11 місяців тому

      @@rhyridam9427 lol there is nothing like that.. dude need to rethink it is available to everyone and anyone... even vivekananda gave these scriptures to a great siberan(Nikola Tesla).
      Dude listen , bhramans are too much careful... they must have preserved them just like old books are preserved in museum.Not only that lower cast person , ibet he wouldnt even showed that to his son . Ultimately copies are available everywhere as softcopy and hard copy (with explanation) And if that dude hate this guy (bhraman) then we can easy understand why he make this article...🙂👍
      Between please dont call them lower caste people caste is much term tbh. Our indians are divided based on the proffession and occupation of the people . For example
      Shidras : farmers
      Kshitriya: warriors
      Vaishyas : merchantman
      ...
      Dont spread any negativity ✌️
      Love and peace 👍🙏

    • @rhyridam9427
      @rhyridam9427 11 місяців тому

      @@-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar that's what our attitude should be. Even I hate the term lower caste/higher caste division, it's a black dot in the face of humanity.

    • @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar
      @-KodnapalliNagaD.pavankumar 11 місяців тому

      @@rhyridam9427 yup , now days have changed..things are becoming so much better

    • @pavanrajput6876
      @pavanrajput6876 10 місяців тому

      ​@@rhyridam9427caste is not word from indian language

  • @Doom-t5x
    @Doom-t5x 11 місяців тому

    Can any intellectual give evidence where its written caste comes by birth?

  • @Doom-t5x
    @Doom-t5x 11 місяців тому +1

    😂then after converting why still take the benefits of sc st ? Once you start delisting sc st from benefits after changing religion this conversion factory will demolish on its own

  • @kanishq7194
    @kanishq7194 10 місяців тому

    Christianity doesn't have caste , we christians are developed communities and not jahil gawar , if one converted to christianity we welcomed them ❤

  • @IGJosephAnandRaj
    @IGJosephAnandRaj 11 місяців тому +1

    Agreed to the extent that still caste discrimination exists in Christianity and felt very shameful for it. But cannot say that it is growing.
    The caste influence in Christianity could have come from the people who try to imitate and follow some practices of Hinduism in Christianity itself (for eg. fixing good/bad hrs in a day, idolizing things etc.,) all this is because of the sinful nature of mankind itself.
    This can be overcome only when we imitate Christ and live a life of 'servent leader' as He lived and be a living testimony for our fellow neighbours to repent and accept Jesus Christ as our Saviour!

  • @devaconsiouness
    @devaconsiouness 11 місяців тому

    The people of Deluded in their belief in Christianity. Lord krishna appears 5000 years ago , he gave us the gita.He showed us the path to heaven.He says he is the supreme lord .There is no one higher than him.He said the world would not recognize him as the lord of the whole universe because of their delusional beliefs.This means you are easily fooled to convert to other religion and beliefs in other so called gods but you will not go to heaven unless you surrender to him , the lord of the whole world.Jai sri Krishna.