I just did some extra math just out of curiosity. Based on the figures in this video, time passes on Mercury at a rate of 99.9999993333333% compared to Earth. While insignificant over human lifetimes, I wanted to see the difference that would make over the life of the entire Solar System. Turns out, assuming that Mercury and Earth formed at the same time 4.54 billion years ago, over that entire time, Mercury has only experienced *about 30 years less time* than Earth. It's pretty baffling that it is such a hilariously miniscule effect here, yet our instruments are precise enough to need to account for it, and that there are places in the universe with the same effect but literally billions of times stronger. Our universe is wild.
Mathematics passed me by when I dropped out of high school early, so I'll have to take your word for it. However, that hasn't stopped me from enjoying the weirdness of the physical universe. And, although, the presenter here _did_ correctly state that time dilation is an effect for external observers only, and not for any one observer directly experiencing the phenomena, I still felt that his terminology drifted in and out of accuracy. The issue was bought into sharp relief for me only recently, when I realised that although we adjust the times on clocks circling the Earth in GPS satellites, we do this solely so that _the time they show appears to run at the same rate as us, from our perspective here on Earth._ We don't adjust them so that they ARE in sync with us, we adjust them so that if you were to look at one through a telescope it would appear to be in sync with us. Which is daft, because no-one watches GPS satellites all day, much less can read the individual clocks that they carry. But nevertheless, we would all be hopelessly lost (around 11kms +/- per 24 hrs) without those adjustments. Also not mentioned in the video is the fact that calculations for both special _and_ general relativity must be factored in to properly adjust the onboard clocks. The point in my horribly phrased reply is that _TIME ALWAYS MOVES AT THE RATE OF ONE SECOND, PER SECOND, NO MATTER WHAT YOU ARE, OR WHERE YOU ARE IN THE UNIVERSE._ Time dilation occurs because of our view of other observers clocks, never our own. Anyway, best of luck!
im not too sure your calculations are correct, but what i am sure about is that Mercury will not last longer then earth. being the closest to the sun, and as the sun becomes a red giant, mercury will evaporate like a drop of water on a summers day.
Even though I love science, I always had a difficult time with Physics. First because math doesn't come easy for me, but mostly because I had the same Physics teacher throughout high school whom I didn't like very much (the feeling was mutual). This channel is bringing back that sparkle for me. Thank you Alex!
It sucks how a bad teacher can ruin a subject. Some people think they are bad at math but likely they are just learning it in a terrible un relatable way
Exactly! I was never proficient in math. That is until I had an Algebra teacher named Mr Ansari. He taught me how to learn to enjoy the fundamentals of this topic. After 50 years I still remember the lessons from his instruction.
@@DenisZenASMR reminds me of me and my secondary classmates. we thought we hated maths, but turns out we just didn't have a good maths teacher. once we got a good one in grade 8, all of our grades got better and we participated a lot more during maths lessons.
Math is formula and rules. It’s understanding the reasoning behind those that becomes difficult. You don’t need math though to feed your interests in astronomy and physics. It helps but just feeding that interest can be done without a fine understanding!😊
I'm not understanding (though, I am not a math person): if 60secs. w/no gravity is equivalent to 59.99999996secs. w/Earth's gravity, how would it take 190yrs. for us to notice (if possible) only 4secs. of time passing in this no-gravity place? That's only a less than a sec. of a diff'.
@@fanamatakecick97 I think, technically, we did invent it; insofar as we’ve invented the symbols (numbers and letters) and systems (functions and equations) used to be able to make sense of the observable universe.
as someone who truly struggled in mathematics my entire education (my adhd brain always favored music and art) I truly appreciated how you explained General Relativity so that I could understand it and Ive become interested in seeing more. Im someone who unfortunately had a lot of trauma and trouble learning and memorizing equations and functions, but Im trying to pull through because I am truly interested in this science that shapes our evolving future. I’ve always loved your videos, so thank you for being so delicate with this topic! XO
I second everything you said. ADHD brain and math super disagree with each other. Einstein's theories and the universe in general are just so damn fascinating though
You explained my entire life in this comment.😂 I also have adhd and have a lot of trauma around education. He did explain this beautifully and now my adhd Brain is obsessed with watching his videos!
A lot of times people who are 'bad at math' have received very poor instruction under high pressure environments (grades) and hence become fearful of math. It's great to see you're still trying despite your fears though, and I wish you all the best!
What really baffles me about this is that then for photons and/or any other particle that has no mas/moves at the speed if light, time is completely irrelevant in the sense that their whole existence goes by in an instant. These are particles that might as well exists since the beginning of the universe but time starts ticking for them only when they interact with any form of mass and/or particle, like the mass of earth or any object in it, wich also helps to explain why we see distant galaxies as they were back when their light was first emitted depending on their distance from us measured in light years
so...if we set up a mirror somewhere in our procession around the galactic center, then send a laser out to it at various angles we might be able to detect the effect of our time shifted mass (dark matter)??
You'd like conformal cyclic cosmology, where after everything decays to photons there is no concept of time and distance so the universe acts like a big bang singularity (an infinitely bigger one that becomes infinite^2)
I guess the effects of the extreme radiation and lack of an atmosphere would more than counteract the time dilation effect on aging, at least biologically speaking :D
This is what I dont understand, does this mean if I live near a massive object, lets say on a planet thats 100000 times bigger than earth I age more slowly ?
@@rayman09tr no, you on the massive planet would perceive time in normal speed and age normally. For people on earth watching you through a telescope, you would age slower. When you watch the earth through a telescope, you would see it in time lapse.
If you fell into a black hole, as you approached the event horizon and your clock stopped would you see the infinite future of the universe play out in fast forward? But we know black holes don't last forever so would you instead see the universe play out in fast forward up until the black hole evaporated and you'd be dissolved by hawking radiation?
As you approach the black hole you don’t notice anything strange on your clock it only appears to be running slower for the observer outside the black hole
@@ps4-bow494 but tidal forces exist in the black hole. Time dilation is greater at the singularity than at the event horizon, and evaporation occurs at the edge of the event horizon. So the black hole is evaporating at its edge while you're near the center. I believe when you go into a black hole it takes you to the other side and you simply come out as Hawking radiation. You of course are not traveling in simple 3D space but are maybe traveling along a 3 dimensional sphere of time (6 dimensions), otherwise how could matter that could never escape the gravity ever evaporate out? There must be a way to travel distances through other dimensions and the only way to get to one point without crossing your original path is through a 3 dimensional object. Since you cannot go back up the black hole, you fall down it all the way, and likewise are circumnavigating in the same direction a 3 dimensional bubble of time in the 6th dimension of spacetime. This way it makes sense that you travel in one direction but end up where you started rather than at the end. Maybe a black hole is what happens when spacetime is curved so much it curves back on itself like a sphere. If all objects move in only one direction of the 4th dimension, then if time was wrapped around on itself in 6 dimensions you could travel along 1 line in the 4th dimension and reach the place you started. Maybe doing this somehow breaks you down into virtual particles.
Bold of you assume I'm not watching this video yesterday Anyway, great video, I really love topic like this and your explanation is easy enough to understand
Man, I sometimes feel like we’re gonna discover a big answer about how time and space work and It’ll have an unimaginable effect on our lives. But I fear I won’t be alive to see that discovery.
What I’ve always found most fascinating is the idea that you could watch right before your eyes the entire future of the galaxy. All the spinning and consumption and explosions of all millions and billions of stars and everything if you made it all the way to the horizon. Time would slow down so much and everything around you would speed up so fast and progressively that eventually everything would turn black and non existent. You would watch the entire time of billions and billions of years unfold right before you. Faster and faster and faster the closer you got to the super black hole until eventually everything goes black.
I don't think you'd be in much condition to appreciate the melancholy beauty of watching the universe end, on account of the indescribable pain of having your body torn apart by tidal forces. In a small black hole, it'd be over quickly. For a supermassive hole, it would be much slower and less pleasant.
You wouldn't be able to do this. Spacetime warps too much and eventually there is a horizon to where you cannot see the light from outside anymore. You'd look back and see your own head a million times. Plus the light entering the black hole also experiences time dilation, so it will look normal. Remember time is dilated for every single thing in the black hole so you wouldn't be able to see the effects of it from inside. Just like we don’t see massive stars moving super slow around the universe, because time is sped up near us.
Amazing video. Deffenitly found it easy to follow the concepts you were presenting. I personally would love to see you make more videos incorporating various topics with physics. Long time fan thanks so much for teaching me so much!
I subscribed to your channel a long time ago and i enjoy each show so much, could you please do a show on how we are able to measure the distance to far away stars ect and perhaps the time dilation involved when we look up to the stars. Keep up the great work 👏
AFAIK the classical way is parallax (triangulation via the motion of Earth around the Sun) and then also "standard candles" (objects whose real magnitude is known, notably type A supernovas). Not any expert so I second your suggestion.
@@LuisAldamiz Thank you Luis, i am no expert also, it's why i enjoy Astrum's content, he makes it so easy to understand such complex subjects, because of your reply i can now look up "standard candles" it has always been a wonder to me how we can figure out such vast distances from our pale blue dot 😀
Dig all your videos including this one, just keep doing them mate. They are pieces of art that will one day be held in museums. They are relaxing and nourishing, just perfectly done. Thank you
If space becomes meaningless and time stops and also becomes meaningless right at the singularity of a black hole, to me it seems like this was the initial state of the universe before it inflated to an astronomical size. Black holes are probably seeds of creation, if you will. All it takes is gravity at the quantum scale to produce a universe.
He said : if we were to travel to an o mect 4 light years away from us , while we are travelling at the speed of light , we would get there instantly ?? The phrase 4 light years itself means the object is so far that even light needs 4 years to travel that distance . So if we are travelling at that speed we would need 4 years not instantly .
@@rumblebuble837 That's only with the assumption that distance is a constant, but just like time, distance may be considered relative to speed too (aka speed bends spacetime). When we observe a photon travelling at lightspeed from the sun, to us - due to how we view distance and time, it takes the photon 8 minutes. But from the point of view of the photon, barely any time passes at all due to its great speed and the inherent time dilation that follows. Yet it still has to cover the given distance so this presents a paradox where the photon traveling at its light speed needs to cover more ground than what is physically possible in that short span of time - and that paradox is only solved when we consider that distance shrinks relative to speed just like time. In other words, it is what one could consider to be "warping spacetime" through speed itself. The warping of spacetime is however only relative to the object that is warping it. To everyone else it simply occurs as a delayed travel time and longer distance.
@@rumblebuble837 no, because it's 4 years based on our measurements. But if you have no mass, then time moves at an infinite rate. The photon does not experience time.
Your take on explaining the equation whilst leaving the parts of it intact on the screen and just altering the parameters made me understand them better than ever! Thanks, more educational videos and less "could there be aliens" stuff please! 💕
That's exactly why I love this chanel so much. I can not hear this alien stuff anymore. Yeah, maybe, but who cares until we find actual evidence. So many astronomy- and science-chanels turned into "I want to believe"- chanels just because people want to hear it and it sells better then real science.
I really like your way to present the formula and use it for this interesting topic. Easy to understand great representation. Good luck with your future works.
I find it a deeper thought experiment to imagine not being the observer of the person near a massive gravitational source, but rather a person observing the universe while orbiting the massive gravitational source.
I can feel time speeding up as I get older, and the gamma ray experiment + the red shift of objects from distant sources proves that it is really happening.
What always bothered me about time and the speed of light is this: if space is empty and devoid of anything, how can there be any speed at all? Someone traveling away from Earth at half the speed of light wouldn't know it, they would feel no inertia and it would appear as though the galaxy was moving from their perspective. This is like how we don't feel any motion here on Earth as we rotate, orbit, and as our sun orbits the galaxy, and that galaxy moves in space, etc. It's all relative to the observer. So how can there even be such a concept as 'speed' in space, much less the speed limit of light?
The idea of speed itself is something invented by us humans, it’s just the concept of something traveling relative to the point of takeoff. For example if you traveled a 100km away from your location to your destination at a 100km/hour, it would take you exactly an hour. This is just the same in space. The reason why the speed of light is the absolute speed limit, is because it’s simply impossible for you to accelerate towards such a speed relative to the point where you took of, it would require more energy than the energy that is physically available in the entire universe. But that doesn’t mean that something else can’t travel the speed of light from your perspective. Let’s say you and someone else traveled towards each-other at half the speed of light. From your perspective it would seem that they’re approaching you at the speed of light. Even because of the expansion of the universe, some stars appear to be moving away from us faster than the speed of light.
Space is not empty and devoid of anything though. Speed is relative, but there are plenty of points in space to measure it from. If space was empty and devoid of anything then speed would be meaningless, but you would still feel inertia when accelerating, decelerating or changing direction.
When you accelerate, the shape of the universe appears to change around you (such that everything that appears to be moving becomes contracted), and the time at which events occur appears to change. However, drastic results like this only appear in a thought experiment, where you neglect the time it takes for light to reach you. Once you account for the time for light to reach you, the changes seem much less substantial as you speed up. To explain this simply, the light reaching any point in space at a given time is, and must be the same for all observers. A moving observer might have the light red or blue-shifted, and they might recieve more light from the front than the back, but the light they can measure at a given point and time would be the same from any velocity or relativistic perspective. To answer your question, all observers would measure all other moving objects as having less time pass, there is no absolute speed which dominates as the fastest passage of time. It is only your relative spped to other objects which brings on these effects. Gravity certainly complicates this, creating a constant acceleration on everything.
Wow I was washing my dishes so I didn’t watch the video and just listened to it. This topic has always been hard to understand but by just listening I was able to envision everything you said with clear understanding. I subbed immediately after the video and gave it a like.
What about Mars? Would that distance affect our relationship with people living there someday? Love this video. Something the think on all day! Also made me think of the movie Interstellar. How much of that movie is correct? Thanks.
Wonderful explanation thanks. Of course being a stargate fan only the formula was new to me. Still, as unbelievable as it all is it takes us out of our rigid assumption of life and takes us to a place where no man and woman has gone before!
Event horizon is a physical barrier created by warped space. Where time is relatively viewed. I guess possibly the time horizon could be the speed of light. Break that barrier and youve gone faster than time exists (visibly) I do not claim to be smart. This is the hollywood thought process at work.
@@queenscarletc.9701 Event horizon isn't a physical barrier, it is a place where escape velocity becomes bigger than the speed of light, and many other things happen, but it is not physical in the sense that something is there. If you look from a far and some poor astronaut/cosmonaut falls directly into the black hole, you will see that he is slowing down, and when he will reach the event horizon, he will "freeze", that is, you'll see such a picture, so to say, until the redshift becomes so big that you will not be able to see him, but from his perspective, he will go into the black hole no knowing when he passed the event horizon. Of course, the gravitational tidal effect will kill anyone much sooner, but we are talking, just for the sake of explanation.
@@ozymandiasnullifidian5590 Sorry, not barrier like a wall. Kinda the reverse of a wall. But it is a physical warping of space that foesnt allow pretty much all of reality escape. Even time. I guess maybe an event horizon also breaks a time horizon as it pulls it so low its slower than frozen. Again. I do not claim to be smart. I just like throwing around wild ideas with nothing to back it up. This is youtube after all
@@ozymandiasnullifidian5590 im sure i understand just as much as you do on this topic, so i dont need an explaination as to why i may be wrong. I know im wrong in actuality. No one here is right. These are all just fun theories based on all our different educational statuses.
@@queenscarletc.9701 Well, if you know math and scientific methodology you really can understand things. All the rest are nice analogies for the layman. And I don't use the word theory in that sense. The word theory should be used as in science scientific theory, the best explanation of the objective reality we have. Many don't know scientific methodology and terminology and are in the habit to say "oh, that is just a theory". The theory is the best we have. Those probably mean, "oh, it's just a hypothesis", but are not aware of the difference between those two, theory and hypothesis.
I most certainly WILL NOT subscribe to the Astrum channel today! I don’t need to. I’ve already been subscribed for years! Astrum is one of my favorite channels and Alex is one of my all time favorite narrators! I swear I can hear the smile in Alex’s voice every time he makes a video. Great job as always! Keep it up.
well, based on other observations, its pretty clear that a person inside a blackhole wouldnt have a change in perception of time, just the same as someone on mercury wouldnt, but to an outside observer, time would just stop at 0. but this is further complicated by the fact that light cant escape either, meaning that an outside observer wouldnt see anything anyway. so its a moot point really
There's no reason to believe that there could be a person, or any matter at all, inside a black hole. Which renders the whole debate of the physics of that region moot.
Mistake: we don’t observe Mercury’s days by seeing how long it takes it to go around the Sun. That would measure 1 year. 1 day on Mercury = 1 full rotation of Mercury.
That wasn't the point of why we measure the rotation around the sun. The reason we consider the rotation time around the sun, is because this represents Mercury's speed of travel through the universe relative to Earth's speed. Once we have this figured out, we can apply the time dilation to how a 24 hour scenario would work out depending on whether we observe Earth's rotation from Earth itself, or if we observe it from Mercury. Even if Mercury doesn't have a rotation that equals 24 hours to complete a "day cycle", its relevance is just to be a point of reference to how long a 24 hour timeframe would work out on both planets. I guess the video could have worded it a little better to avoid this confusion.
If you are on the terminator, you have chances. There is a nice novel where the whole city is placed on the terminator, but it has to move slowly, days on Mercury are long...
I still find it messed up that time passes differently for us and satellites, but we always share the same "now"... we just never agree on the amount of time that has passed to get to the now from some previous moment..... same for mercury, or pluto for that matter... I know some of the math for very far distances suggests that we wouldn't agree on the now in some circumstances, but that certainly seems to be at odds with the experience of what "now" means.
Now is experienced at the speed of causality. Everyone's now is relative to them. A star 50 million light years away could have just exploded but we won't know for 50 million years. That shows that now is relative. IN our now the star is alive while in its now it is dead.
What exactly does seeing “14 seconds more of earth history” mean? Are you 14 seconds in the future on Mercury? Or does time just happen a tad faster, amounting to 14 seconds over a lifetime theoretically?
Your lifespan is 100 years exactly. If you are on Earth you are experiencing Earth time and will experience exactly 100 years of Earth history. If you instead live on Mercury you are now experiencing Mercury time. If you then watch Earth for your entire life you will now see 100 years and 14 seconds of Earth's history. Earth and everything on it are traveling every so slightly faster through time than you are on Mercury. If you go orbit a black hole for 100 years hundreds or thousands of years could pass on Earth. So you can time travel but only to the future of something moving through time faster than you are. If you spent half your life orbiting the black hole and then returned to Earth you would come back hundreds or thousands of years after you left from Earth's perspective. You however would have only aged 50 years. You always experience time as 1 second per second. However you can observe someone or something else traveling through time slower or faster than you are, assuming they are far enough away that you are in different strength gravity fields. Or you are traveling through space at different speeds.
This really points out to me how insignificant time dilation really is with current technology and hence within our own solar system. Against a human lifetime, who really cares? It's statistically within a margin of error. For technology and accuracy of calculations, sure it's important to take into account. But man it's hardly worth spending much time thinking about it...
Time dilation when caused by speed is defined by special relativity not general relativity, in the case of the 2 atomic clocks in your example. Although the altitude of the plane would have had a small affect due to general relativity.
I was hoping you'd run the final equation at some distance from the super massive blackhole. I was immediately curious at how much slower time would pass at a "safe" distance from the black hole.
He said it: time slows more the closer you get to it and stops at the event horizon. All motion slows down in its gravitational field until there is no motion. That's why the theory breaks down beyond that point, it leads to infinities or singularities. Maths can only get you so far.
I would love to know what you would see from a planet orbiting a black hole if you looked back at earth. You gave an example of -14 seconds from Mercury but what difference would it be from that close to a black hole.
I have been looking and looking for an explanation about how much gravity on Earth affects time for us and never found it until now! Thank you for the underwhelming facts :D LOL awesome video, liked and subscribed
If time stops at the surface of a black hole, wouldnt everything be at the surface forever, from an outside perspective? If so, I would not want to touch it's edge with my tongue, I have no interest in freezing there forever ;-)
I had a similar thought the other day: When an object falling into a black and it increasingly slow down to an obsever far away, so that it will freeze completly and stay visible forever at the event horizon, why is a black hole then black and not bright as f***? Does stuff really fall into a black hole or does it stay in the event horizon forever? Even tho I learned something in this video, I am confused never the less about black holes.
@@freerideziege6047 As you approach a black hole you get slower. At a certain point you freeze and then redshift to nothing. That's what an outside observer would see.
Gravitational time dilation can be derived from the gravitational potential, which can be expressed in terms of escape velocity, or energy per unit of mass (J/kg). From escape velocity v, the time dilation factor becomes: sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)
Incredible theory of general relativity. I wonder how Einstein was able to devise such equations. Thank to you for calculating some equations in the video for our understanding. Thanks a lot ! If there's something more about this, PLEASE send another video regarding this info. Thanks once again...
If you're interested in this sort of thing, I can recommend a book called 'Why does E=mc2' by Brian Cox & Jeff Forshaw. It's short and readable for a non-mathematician, but it explains from basic principles how the theory of relativity holds together.
Just curious, did we figure out the time of a day on Mercury by timing it's revolutions around the sun or timing how long it took to do a full revolution? Because I thought that measuring how long it took to go around the sun would be it's year
@@ScottServais-poet if its tidally locked then the same side is always facing the sun and therefore it has no day/night cycle. Similarly, the moon is tidally locked to earth and we always see the same side... Tidal locking means there is no day/night cycle.... Because day and night are defined by the repetition of geographically circling illumination based on the planet's rotation *from the perspective of the body it is actually orbitting*. No?
@@Linguae_Music you are correct. I misspoke as the moon does have a day exactly the same amount of time as it's revolution around the earth. But since it isn't rotating around the sun it does get a day night cycle. Mercury doesn't work for this, though I don't know if technically a day length is assigned to it or not.
Not theoretically. Actually. Extremely miniscule. But actually yes. But also you could cancel it out if there were an equal number of days being at your closest to the sun. (Ignoring a billion and one variables of course haha) so also, no, because it doesnt matter. Unless you stayed exclusively on the dark side of the earth and another person stayed exclusively on the day side.
Such a beautiful topic. I’m proud of those of us that are peering into the wonders of our natural world, at a time when so many others are gearing up to show who has the bigger guns.
Hmm. So many questions. if I shared a 500th-floor penthouse with an extremely obese roommate, would my time pass fractionally slower than those living closer to the ground? And if we could somehow transport a Rolex watch to the far-flung reaches of our possibly infinite universe which is expanding at speeds greater than light, would this void the warranty?
I propose that a time dilation gradient is what causes the effect we call gravity. As an object travels thru space towards a massive dense object relative time rate decreases and to not break the law of conservation of energy it must increase velocity to maintain the same energy. The reverse is true as well. Velocity decreases as an object moves away from a source of time dilation therefore time rate goes up the velocity must decrease. Oh yea, this effect is cumulative if more than one source of time dilation is present, therefore we have what's called a center of mass.
It would be cool if you also made a short video for time on exoplanets. For example, KELT-9 B and other hot jupiters are not only very massive, but also orbit very, very close to their stars. What would be the time difference there?
Excellent introduction to the concept. Perhaps you could revisit the topic, analyzing what happens in the film Interstellar from a scientific standpoint.
I actually figured this one out when I was going through a programming class living in a small hotel room a year or so ago when someone online asked something about black holes and time dilation. I realized time is simply motion or literally any physical action down to and the speed is governed by the permeability of space, which is warped to higher densities around higher mass objects. Essentially everything in the universe that moves in any way down to subatomic particles experiences drag variability depending on the density of something to do with higher space warping.
This almost sounds like a path we can't see the end of yet having something to do with stopping entropy. I wonder if it's dark matter that creates entropy.
But then- no that in itself wouldn't make any sense. Cause of the speed of an object slowing time, which means somehow increases in motion - ahh but then why does density do that? Maybe a repelling force that has to do with speed? And that sufficient speed is equal to a drag created high density area like in water or a sonic boom??
So we're missing something similar to a drag creating medium, that can be shielded off by motion.. Should put one of those clocks on the outside of the plane to see if this hypothesis is correct.
essentially: nights are on average longer than days. because at night, you are slightly further away from the sun than during day. in theory, you could even mesure the difference, or even experience it (if your senses are good enough... which they are probably not, because the difference is miniscule). EDIT: and yes, I know that there is a galaxy out there, which would alter the numbers too)
I remember the first time I saw interstellar and the scene with gargantuan. Blew my mind. I was surprised you didn’t reference it as that’s likely the first time the mainstream has been exposed to the phenomenon of time dilatation. Fascinating. Great video.
0:32 "This is because time does not move as constantly as you might think." -- This is SO respectful, thank you Alex! To often, yahoos on youtube will say "here's something you didn't know" -- as if they could know what each viewer may know! I always say we're traveling at the "speed of cause." When traveling through time time dimension, that's the "one second per second" we're used to, and when traveling through space it's the speed of light, etc.
I just did some extra math just out of curiosity. Based on the figures in this video, time passes on Mercury at a rate of 99.9999993333333% compared to Earth. While insignificant over human lifetimes, I wanted to see the difference that would make over the life of the entire Solar System. Turns out, assuming that Mercury and Earth formed at the same time 4.54 billion years ago, over that entire time, Mercury has only experienced *about 30 years less time* than Earth. It's pretty baffling that it is such a hilariously miniscule effect here, yet our instruments are precise enough to need to account for it, and that there are places in the universe with the same effect but literally billions of times stronger. Our universe is wild.
Mathematics passed me by when I dropped out of high school early, so I'll have to take your word for it. However, that hasn't stopped me from enjoying the weirdness of the physical universe. And, although, the presenter here _did_ correctly state that time dilation is an effect for external observers only, and not for any one observer directly experiencing the phenomena, I still felt that his terminology drifted in and out of accuracy. The issue was bought into sharp relief for me only recently, when I realised that although we adjust the times on clocks circling the Earth in GPS satellites, we do this solely so that _the time they show appears to run at the same rate as us, from our perspective here on Earth._ We don't adjust them so that they ARE in sync with us, we adjust them so that if you were to look at one through a telescope it would appear to be in sync with us. Which is daft, because no-one watches GPS satellites all day, much less can read the individual clocks that they carry. But nevertheless, we would all be hopelessly lost (around 11kms +/- per 24 hrs) without those adjustments. Also not mentioned in the video is the fact that calculations for both special _and_ general relativity must be factored in to properly adjust the onboard clocks. The point in my horribly phrased reply is that _TIME ALWAYS MOVES AT THE RATE OF ONE SECOND, PER SECOND, NO MATTER WHAT YOU ARE, OR WHERE YOU ARE IN THE UNIVERSE._ Time dilation occurs because of our view of other observers clocks, never our own. Anyway, best of luck!
Great everyone.
its a 4D clock.
@Lattaz do gnats experience a day or a lifetime?
im not too sure your calculations are correct, but what i am sure about is that Mercury will not last longer then earth.
being the closest to the sun, and as the sun becomes a red giant, mercury will evaporate like a drop of water on a summers day.
Even though I love science, I always had a difficult time with Physics. First because math doesn't come easy for me, but mostly because I had the same Physics teacher throughout high school whom I didn't like very much (the feeling was mutual). This channel is bringing back that sparkle for me. Thank you Alex!
It sucks how a bad teacher can ruin a subject. Some people think they are bad at math but likely they are just learning it in a terrible un relatable way
Exactly! I was never proficient in math. That is until I had an Algebra teacher named Mr Ansari. He taught me how to learn to enjoy the fundamentals of this topic. After 50 years I still remember the lessons from his instruction.
@@DenisZenASMR reminds me of me and my secondary classmates. we thought we hated maths, but turns out we just didn't have a good maths teacher. once we got a good one in grade 8, all of our grades got better and we participated a lot more during maths lessons.
math sucks!! But physics is easy!
Math is formula and rules. It’s understanding the reasoning behind those that becomes difficult. You don’t need math though to feed your interests in astronomy and physics. It helps but just feeding that interest can be done without a fine understanding!😊
This is not only fascinating, you also made me want to learn more about a mathmatical equation. Something I usually don't do if not being forced to.
I'm not understanding (though, I am not a math person): if 60secs. w/no gravity is equivalent to 59.99999996secs. w/Earth's gravity, how would it take 190yrs. for us to notice (if possible) only 4secs. of time passing in this no-gravity place?
That's only a less than a sec. of a diff'.
Math is under appreciated
@@fanamatakecick97 needs even more appreciated when you think about if math was discovered or invented.
@@Hu1ud
Definitely not invented
@@fanamatakecick97
I think, technically, we did invent it; insofar as we’ve invented the symbols (numbers and letters) and systems (functions and equations) used to be able to make sense of the observable universe.
as someone who truly struggled in mathematics my entire education (my adhd brain always favored music and art) I truly appreciated how you explained General Relativity so that I could understand it and Ive become interested in seeing more. Im someone who unfortunately had a lot of trauma and trouble learning and memorizing equations and functions, but Im trying to pull through because I am truly interested in this science that shapes our evolving future. I’ve always loved your videos, so thank you for being so delicate with this topic! XO
I second everything you said. ADHD brain and math super disagree with each other. Einstein's theories and the universe in general are just so damn fascinating though
You explained my entire life in this comment.😂 I also have adhd and have a lot of trauma around education. He did explain this beautifully and now my adhd Brain is obsessed with watching his videos!
A lot of times people who are 'bad at math' have received very poor instruction under high pressure environments (grades) and hence become fearful of math. It's great to see you're still trying despite your fears though, and I wish you all the best!
What, everyone now has ADHD?
@@alexbublick436 That's generally the reaction people give when a disease gets more awareness, yes
Somehow I don't think I would live long enough on Mercury to benefit from the effect! Thank you for another terrific video, Alex!
Time only changes for people observing you... so you age the same rate no matter how fast you go or how much gravity you are experiencing.
@@cgaccount3669 No one observes me, I'm so lonely.
I'm going to live forever. This is awful.
You will still biologically age at the same rate.
@@CalmLemon05 They say that smoking ages you faster and you will most certainly be smoking on Mercury.
@@boltaurelius376 🤯
This not only helped me better undestand relativity, but also think about playing with big scary formulas lol thank you Alex!
This was interesting and easy to digest. Thank you. Hope there’s more.
What really baffles me about this is that then for photons and/or any other particle that has no mas/moves at the speed if light, time is completely irrelevant in the sense that their whole existence goes by in an instant. These are particles that might as well exists since the beginning of the universe but time starts ticking for them only when they interact with any form of mass and/or particle, like the mass of earth or any object in it, wich also helps to explain why we see distant galaxies as they were back when their light was first emitted depending on their distance from us measured in light years
Does dopper effect cause any change in information of past?
so...if we set up a mirror somewhere in our procession around the galactic center, then send a laser out to it at various angles we might be able to detect the effect of our time shifted mass (dark matter)??
Photons are literally images trapped in time
@@generalgrievous5452
a photon is like a perpetual motion machine.
You'd like conformal cyclic cosmology, where after everything decays to photons there is no concept of time and distance so the universe acts like a big bang singularity (an infinitely bigger one that becomes infinite^2)
I guess the effects of the extreme radiation and lack of an atmosphere would more than counteract the time dilation effect on aging, at least biologically speaking :D
those are features, actually
In a controlled environment spaceship it won’t
This is what I dont understand, does this mean if I live near a massive object, lets say on a planet thats 100000 times bigger than earth I age more slowly ?
@@rayman09tr no, you on the massive planet would perceive time in normal speed and age normally.
For people on earth watching you through a telescope, you would age slower.
When you watch the earth through a telescope, you would see it in time lapse.
@@ProjectPhysX so time travel is impossible
If you fell into a black hole, as you approached the event horizon and your clock stopped would you see the infinite future of the universe play out in fast forward? But we know black holes don't last forever so would you instead see the universe play out in fast forward up until the black hole evaporated and you'd be dissolved by hawking radiation?
As you approach the black hole you don’t notice anything strange on your clock it only appears to be running slower for the observer outside the black hole
I’m assuming you would probably blink and it’d either be the end of the universe or the black hole.
@@ps4-bow494 but tidal forces exist in the black hole. Time dilation is greater at the singularity than at the event horizon, and evaporation occurs at the edge of the event horizon. So the black hole is evaporating at its edge while you're near the center. I believe when you go into a black hole it takes you to the other side and you simply come out as Hawking radiation. You of course are not traveling in simple 3D space but are maybe traveling along a 3 dimensional sphere of time (6 dimensions), otherwise how could matter that could never escape the gravity ever evaporate out? There must be a way to travel distances through other dimensions and the only way to get to one point without crossing your original path is through a 3 dimensional object.
Since you cannot go back up the black hole, you fall down it all the way, and likewise are circumnavigating in the same direction a 3 dimensional bubble of time in the 6th dimension of spacetime. This way it makes sense that you travel in one direction but end up where you started rather than at the end.
Maybe a black hole is what happens when spacetime is curved so much it curves back on itself like a sphere. If all objects move in only one direction of the 4th dimension, then if time was wrapped around on itself in 6 dimensions you could travel along 1 line in the 4th dimension and reach the place you started. Maybe doing this somehow breaks you down into virtual particles.
Having read Hawking's book on time, and seen this excellent video, I may be a teeny bit closer to understanding time. Thank you for the teaching.
Dude, that was one of your best! You found really concrete ways to explain some pretty abstract stuff.
You definitely have a way of presenting what could otherwise be easily complicated and confusing topics in a concise and digestible way. 👏👏👏
Bold of you assume I'm not watching this video yesterday
Anyway, great video, I really love topic like this and your explanation is easy enough to understand
😂
There must be a far stronger gravitational force at my place of work than there is at my house during weekends.....
I love the quality of your videos. Please continue
Man, I sometimes feel like we’re gonna discover a big answer about how time and space work and It’ll have an unimaginable effect on our lives. But I fear I won’t be alive to see that discovery.
I feel these are answers that AI sheds light on within 10-15 years. Hopefully not at our expense!
What I’ve always found most fascinating is the idea that you could watch right before your eyes the entire future of the galaxy. All the spinning and consumption and explosions of all millions and billions of stars and everything if you made it all the way to the horizon. Time would slow down so much and everything around you would speed up so fast and progressively that eventually everything would turn black and non existent. You would watch the entire time of billions and billions of years unfold right before you. Faster and faster and faster the closer you got to the super black hole until eventually everything goes black.
I don't think you'd be in much condition to appreciate the melancholy beauty of watching the universe end, on account of the indescribable pain of having your body torn apart by tidal forces. In a small black hole, it'd be over quickly. For a supermassive hole, it would be much slower and less pleasant.
You wouldn't be able to do this. Spacetime warps too much and eventually there is a horizon to where you cannot see the light from outside anymore. You'd look back and see your own head a million times.
Plus the light entering the black hole also experiences time dilation, so it will look normal. Remember time is dilated for every single thing in the black hole so you wouldn't be able to see the effects of it from inside.
Just like we don’t see massive stars moving super slow around the universe, because time is sped up near us.
Yea I would like to hear more about time dilation and the theories about what happens inside of black holes. You have my like as always
Your intro was well done. I’ll definitely be watching more. Thanks.
Just started learning physics for the first time in Uni, and this video is amazing!
Excellent video as usual, Alex.
Amazing video. Deffenitly found it easy to follow the concepts you were presenting. I personally would love to see you make more videos incorporating various topics with physics. Long time fan thanks so much for teaching me so much!
Good stuff. I've watched PBS Spacetime on this, but honestly your explanation is way more understandable for my hopelessly humanitarian brain.
I subscribed to your channel a long time ago and i enjoy each show so much, could you please do a show on how we are able to measure the distance to far away stars ect and perhaps the time dilation involved when we look up to the stars. Keep up the great work 👏
AFAIK the classical way is parallax (triangulation via the motion of Earth around the Sun) and then also "standard candles" (objects whose real magnitude is known, notably type A supernovas). Not any expert so I second your suggestion.
@@LuisAldamiz Thank you Luis, i am no expert also, it's why i enjoy Astrum's content, he makes it so easy to understand such complex subjects, because of your reply i can now look up "standard candles" it has always been a wonder to me how we can figure out such vast distances from our pale blue dot 😀
Another awesome video! Great work as always.
I would stop aging on Mercury as I would be dead... my ignorance aside, fascinating video.
Dig all your videos including this one, just keep doing them mate. They are pieces of art that will one day be held in museums. They are relaxing and nourishing, just perfectly done. Thank you
Question: how much the Lorenzt ratio for neutrinos ? How much would they experience time as they travel nearly but not quit the speed of light.
At 99% the speed of light, time dilation is 85.89% (Lorentz factor of 7.0888). At 99.9%, time dilation is 95.53% (Lorentz factor of 22.3663)
@@sunrazor2622 Wowsers that's a lot indeed.
I'm not going to do all the math, but I can say that the most current estimate of a Neutrino's mass is at most 1.1 electronvolts (eV). Very tiny.
@@t.c.bramblett617 rest mass or invariant mass?
If space becomes meaningless and time stops and also becomes meaningless right at the singularity of a black hole, to me it seems like this was the initial state of the universe before it inflated to an astronomical size. Black holes are probably seeds of creation, if you will. All it takes is gravity at the quantum scale to produce a universe.
I'm a scientist--and I think you did really good! I'd love to see more like this--your channel is beautifully done and is a great service.
He said : if we were to travel to an o mect 4 light years away from us , while we are travelling at the speed of light , we would get there instantly ?? The phrase 4 light years itself means the object is so far that even light needs 4 years to travel that distance . So if we are travelling at that speed we would need 4 years not instantly .
@@rumblebuble837 That's only with the assumption that distance is a constant, but just like time, distance may be considered relative to speed too (aka speed bends spacetime). When we observe a photon travelling at lightspeed from the sun, to us - due to how we view distance and time, it takes the photon 8 minutes. But from the point of view of the photon, barely any time passes at all due to its great speed and the inherent time dilation that follows. Yet it still has to cover the given distance so this presents a paradox where the photon traveling at its light speed needs to cover more ground than what is physically possible in that short span of time - and that paradox is only solved when we consider that distance shrinks relative to speed just like time. In other words, it is what one could consider to be "warping spacetime" through speed itself. The warping of spacetime is however only relative to the object that is warping it. To everyone else it simply occurs as a delayed travel time and longer distance.
@@rumblebuble837 no, because it's 4 years based on our measurements. But if you have no mass, then time moves at an infinite rate. The photon does not experience time.
@@Real_MisterSir and for this reason you cannot view the end of the universe outside a black hole. To you it will carry on like normal.
You have an amazing talent for simplified explanations. More on this please. MORE MORE MORE :)
Your take on explaining the equation whilst leaving the parts of it intact on the screen and just altering the parameters made me understand them better than ever! Thanks, more educational videos and less "could there be aliens" stuff please! 💕
That's exactly why I love this chanel so much. I can not hear this alien stuff anymore. Yeah, maybe, but who cares until we find actual evidence. So many astronomy- and science-chanels turned into "I want to believe"- chanels just because people want to hear it and it sells better then real science.
I really like your way to present the formula and use it for this interesting topic. Easy to understand great representation. Good luck with your future works.
I find it a deeper thought experiment to imagine not being the observer of the person near a massive gravitational source, but rather a person observing the universe while orbiting the massive gravitational source.
I’m not saying that your videos make me fall asleep. But I enjoy learning about space stuff with your voice before retiring.
I'm really intrigued in how time is affected by different variables so I'd love to see more videos made about it
I ❤️ this channel. The guys voice is relaxing.
I can feel time speeding up as I get older, and the gamma ray experiment + the red shift of objects from distant sources proves that it is really happening.
Your videos are phenomenal, you should be extremely proud of the quality you produce. Bravo, & Thank you!
What always bothered me about time and the speed of light is this: if space is empty and devoid of anything, how can there be any speed at all? Someone traveling away from Earth at half the speed of light wouldn't know it, they would feel no inertia and it would appear as though the galaxy was moving from their perspective. This is like how we don't feel any motion here on Earth as we rotate, orbit, and as our sun orbits the galaxy, and that galaxy moves in space, etc. It's all relative to the observer. So how can there even be such a concept as 'speed' in space, much less the speed limit of light?
The idea of speed itself is something invented by us humans, it’s just the concept of something traveling relative to the point of takeoff.
For example if you traveled a 100km away from your location to your destination at a 100km/hour, it would take you exactly an hour.
This is just the same in space.
The reason why the speed of light is the absolute speed limit, is because it’s simply impossible for you to accelerate towards such a speed relative to the point where you took of, it would require more energy than the energy that is physically available in the entire universe.
But that doesn’t mean that something else can’t travel the speed of light from your perspective.
Let’s say you and someone else traveled towards each-other at half the speed of light.
From your perspective it would seem that they’re approaching you at the speed of light.
Even because of the expansion of the universe, some stars appear to be moving away from us faster than the speed of light.
Space is not empty and devoid of anything though. Speed is relative, but there are plenty of points in space to measure it from. If space was empty and devoid of anything then speed would be meaningless, but you would still feel inertia when accelerating, decelerating or changing direction.
When you accelerate, the shape of the universe appears to change around you (such that everything that appears to be moving becomes contracted), and the time at which events occur appears to change. However, drastic results like this only appear in a thought experiment, where you neglect the time it takes for light to reach you.
Once you account for the time for light to reach you, the changes seem much less substantial as you speed up. To explain this simply, the light reaching any point in space at a given time is, and must be the same for all observers. A moving observer might have the light red or blue-shifted, and they might recieve more light from the front than the back, but the light they can measure at a given point and time would be the same from any velocity or relativistic perspective.
To answer your question, all observers would measure all other moving objects as having less time pass, there is no absolute speed which dominates as the fastest passage of time. It is only your relative spped to other objects which brings on these effects. Gravity certainly complicates this, creating a constant acceleration on everything.
@@rubenmanssens Incorrect.
Correct, speed is only relative to an observer. But relative to any particular observer, nothing travels faster than the speed of light in vacuum.
Wow I was washing my dishes so I didn’t watch the video and just listened to it. This topic has always been hard to understand but by just listening I was able to envision everything you said with clear understanding. I subbed immediately after the video and gave it a like.
What about Mars? Would that distance affect our relationship with people living there someday? Love this video. Something the think on all day! Also made me think of the movie Interstellar. How much of that movie is correct? Thanks.
Would people on mars have a 24 houre schedule
Wonderful explanation thanks. Of course being a stargate fan only the formula was new to me. Still, as unbelievable as it all is it takes us out of our rigid assumption of life and takes us to a place where no man and woman has gone before!
My favorite subject! Beauty video!!! Thank you for referencing the proof cases.
Question: Is this time horizon the same as an event horizon? Or could you cross the time horizon and come back?
Event horizon is a physical barrier created by warped space. Where time is relatively viewed.
I guess possibly the time horizon could be the speed of light. Break that barrier and youve gone faster than time exists (visibly)
I do not claim to be smart. This is the hollywood thought process at work.
@@queenscarletc.9701 Event horizon isn't a physical barrier, it is a place where escape velocity becomes bigger than the speed of light, and many other things happen, but it is not physical in the sense that something is there. If you look from a far and some poor astronaut/cosmonaut falls directly into the black hole, you will see that he is slowing down, and when he will reach the event horizon, he will "freeze", that is, you'll see such a picture, so to say, until the redshift becomes so big that you will not be able to see him, but from his perspective, he will go into the black hole no knowing when he passed the event horizon. Of course, the gravitational tidal effect will kill anyone much sooner, but we are talking, just for the sake of explanation.
@@ozymandiasnullifidian5590
Sorry, not barrier like a wall. Kinda the reverse of a wall. But it is a physical warping of space that foesnt allow pretty much all of reality escape. Even time.
I guess maybe an event horizon also breaks a time horizon as it pulls it so low its slower than frozen.
Again. I do not claim to be smart. I just like throwing around wild ideas with nothing to back it up. This is youtube after all
@@ozymandiasnullifidian5590 im sure i understand just as much as you do on this topic, so i dont need an explaination as to why i may be wrong.
I know im wrong in actuality. No one here is right. These are all just fun theories based on all our different educational statuses.
@@queenscarletc.9701 Well, if you know math and scientific methodology you really can understand things. All the rest are nice analogies for the layman. And I don't use the word theory in that sense. The word theory should be used as in science scientific theory, the best explanation of the objective reality we have. Many don't know scientific methodology and terminology and are in the habit to say "oh, that is just a theory". The theory is the best we have. Those probably mean, "oh, it's just a hypothesis", but are not aware of the difference between those two, theory and hypothesis.
Excellent topic, Alex!!
I most certainly WILL NOT subscribe to the Astrum channel today! I don’t need to. I’ve already been subscribed for years! Astrum is one of my favorite channels and Alex is one of my all time favorite narrators! I swear I can hear the smile in Alex’s voice every time he makes a video. Great job as always! Keep it up.
Great video! I love your channel Thanks!
well, based on other observations, its pretty clear that a person inside a blackhole wouldnt have a change in perception of time, just the same as someone on mercury wouldnt, but to an outside observer, time would just stop at 0. but this is further complicated by the fact that light cant escape either, meaning that an outside observer wouldnt see anything anyway. so its a moot point really
There's no reason to believe that there could be a person, or any matter at all, inside a black hole. Which renders the whole debate of the physics of that region moot.
Deconstructing equations is great. Keep doing it
Mistake: we don’t observe Mercury’s days by seeing how long it takes it to go around the Sun. That would measure 1 year. 1 day on Mercury = 1 full rotation of Mercury.
That wasn't the point of why we measure the rotation around the sun. The reason we consider the rotation time around the sun, is because this represents Mercury's speed of travel through the universe relative to Earth's speed. Once we have this figured out, we can apply the time dilation to how a 24 hour scenario would work out depending on whether we observe Earth's rotation from Earth itself, or if we observe it from Mercury. Even if Mercury doesn't have a rotation that equals 24 hours to complete a "day cycle", its relevance is just to be a point of reference to how long a 24 hour timeframe would work out on both planets. I guess the video could have worded it a little better to avoid this confusion.
Please do more videos about black holes and time slowing down. I’m fascinated with that stuff.
We would age slower because we would be dead on the surface of mercury
If you are on the terminator, you have chances. There is a nice novel where the whole city is placed on the terminator, but it has to move slowly, days on Mercury are long...
1:32 . I watched this video yesterday, watching now, and gonna watch it tomorrow too XD. Great content btw.
I still find it messed up that time passes differently for us and satellites, but we always share the same "now"... we just never agree on the amount of time that has passed to get to the now from some previous moment..... same for mercury, or pluto for that matter... I know some of the math for very far distances suggests that we wouldn't agree on the now in some circumstances, but that certainly seems to be at odds with the experience of what "now" means.
Now is experienced at the speed of causality. Everyone's now is relative to them. A star 50 million light years away could have just exploded but we won't know for 50 million years. That shows that now is relative. IN our now the star is alive while in its now it is dead.
I'm way more of a trig guy never got into physics, however I find it terribly interesting. This was a really cool video. Thank you for sharing.
Every 60 seconds in Africa, a minute passes.
Together, we can stop this.
Thank you.
Already a subscriber and I like your content very much I watch everything that you upload 👍🏻
What exactly does seeing “14 seconds more of earth history” mean? Are you 14 seconds in the future on Mercury? Or does time just happen a tad faster, amounting to 14 seconds over a lifetime theoretically?
Your lifespan is 100 years exactly. If you are on Earth you are experiencing Earth time and will experience exactly 100 years of Earth history. If you instead live on Mercury you are now experiencing Mercury time. If you then watch Earth for your entire life you will now see 100 years and 14 seconds of Earth's history. Earth and everything on it are traveling every so slightly faster through time than you are on Mercury. If you go orbit a black hole for 100 years hundreds or thousands of years could pass on Earth. So you can time travel but only to the future of something moving through time faster than you are. If you spent half your life orbiting the black hole and then returned to Earth you would come back hundreds or thousands of years after you left from Earth's perspective. You however would have only aged 50 years.
You always experience time as 1 second per second. However you can observe someone or something else traveling through time slower or faster than you are, assuming they are far enough away that you are in different strength gravity fields. Or you are traveling through space at different speeds.
@@bensemusx Thanks, that helps! (I understand it now as just being like in Interstellar xD)
14 seconds in the future as time is slowed for you but for earth time is going fast so they will be much older than you
Which means you are looking into their aged version that is their older version
Thanks for this wonderful video.
Really enjoyed it very much.
This really points out to me how insignificant time dilation really is with current technology and hence within our own solar system. Against a human lifetime, who really cares? It's statistically within a margin of error. For technology and accuracy of calculations, sure it's important to take into account. But man it's hardly worth spending much time thinking about it...
better to know than not to know
Also a struggler when this topic arrives. You did really good :)
If within my lifetime there were a way to slow down time for me but not earth, I could see myself wanting to take advantage of that.
Time dilation when caused by speed is defined by special relativity not general relativity, in the case of the 2 atomic clocks in your example.
Although the altitude of the plane would have had a small affect due to general relativity.
I was hoping you'd run the final equation at some distance from the super massive blackhole. I was immediately curious at how much slower time would pass at a "safe" distance from the black hole.
He said it: time slows more the closer you get to it and stops at the event horizon. All motion slows down in its gravitational field until there is no motion. That's why the theory breaks down beyond that point, it leads to infinities or singularities. Maths can only get you so far.
Awesome video! Did a great job of explaining the time difference closer to a larger object. I remember this from the movie Interstellar.
I would love to know what you would see from a planet orbiting a black hole if you looked back at earth. You gave an example of -14 seconds from Mercury but what difference would it be from that close to a black hole.
Problem is, not all black holes are the same mass.
Therefore, different times for different black holes.
I have been looking and looking for an explanation about how much gravity on Earth affects time for us and never found it until now! Thank you for the underwhelming facts :D LOL awesome video, liked and subscribed
If time stops at the surface of a black hole, wouldnt everything be at the surface forever, from an outside perspective? If so, I would not want to touch it's edge with my tongue, I have no interest in freezing there forever ;-)
I triple dog dare you!!!
The short answer, actually, is yes.
I had a similar thought the other day:
When an object falling into a black and it increasingly slow down to an obsever far away, so that it will freeze completly and stay visible forever at the event horizon, why is a black hole then black and not bright as f***? Does stuff really fall into a black hole or does it stay in the event horizon forever?
Even tho I learned something in this video, I am confused never the less about black holes.
@@freerideziege6047 they will never see you fall in. You will simply fade away. What happens after the event horizon is anybody's guess.
@@freerideziege6047 As you approach a black hole you get slower. At a certain point you freeze and then redshift to nothing. That's what an outside observer would see.
Gravitational time dilation can be derived from the gravitational potential, which can be expressed in terms of escape velocity, or energy per unit of mass (J/kg). From escape velocity v, the time dilation factor becomes: sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)
Incredible theory of general relativity. I wonder how Einstein was able to devise such equations. Thank to you for calculating some equations in the video for our understanding. Thanks a lot ! If there's something more about this, PLEASE send another video regarding this info. Thanks once again...
If you're interested in this sort of thing, I can recommend a book called 'Why does E=mc2' by Brian Cox & Jeff Forshaw. It's short and readable for a non-mathematician, but it explains from basic principles how the theory of relativity holds together.
@@bimblinghill Thanks a lot for your suggestion ! For sure I'll try that book.
Thank you!!!!!! Worth the wait, it’s difficult to describe how much I appreciate and enjoy your content. Well done sir!
Just curious, did we figure out the time of a day on Mercury by timing it's revolutions around the sun or timing how long it took to do a full revolution? Because I thought that measuring how long it took to go around the sun would be it's year
it's the same, mercury is tidally locked so it's Day is the same length as it's year, plus or minus a little
@@ScottServais-poet if its tidally locked then the same side is always facing the sun and therefore it has no day/night cycle.
Similarly, the moon is tidally locked to earth and we always see the same side...
Tidal locking means there is no day/night cycle....
Because day and night are defined by the repetition of geographically circling illumination based on the planet's rotation *from the perspective of the body it is actually orbitting*.
No?
@@Linguae_Music you are correct. I misspoke as the moon does have a day exactly the same amount of time as it's revolution around the earth. But since it isn't rotating around the sun it does get a day night cycle. Mercury doesn't work for this, though I don't know if technically a day length is assigned to it or not.
Thanks, Alex! 🌑
Hello Aunt Vesuvi, that's a nice video
How are you today? I wish you a happy day 🍒🌹
So, theoretically time moves slightly faster for me at night while I’m farther away from the sun than it does during the day? Neat!
Not theoretically. Actually. Extremely miniscule. But actually yes.
But also you could cancel it out if there were an equal number of days being at your closest to the sun. (Ignoring a billion and one variables of course haha) so also, no, because it doesnt matter. Unless you stayed exclusively on the dark side of the earth and another person stayed exclusively on the day side.
Explains why sleep always feels too dang short, and days at work drag on forever! 😂
@Softan J I’ve read that if you were a photon it would feel to you like you traveled across the universe instantly. That blows my mind!
Love your videos 😁. Thank you
Such a beautiful topic. I’m proud of those of us that are peering into the wonders of our natural world, at a time when so many others are gearing up to show who has the bigger guns.
The most amazing video I've ever watched! Thank you!
I want to know more about time and gravity.
Hmm. So many questions. if I shared a 500th-floor penthouse with an extremely obese roommate, would my time pass fractionally slower than those living closer to the ground? And if we could somehow transport a Rolex watch to the far-flung reaches of our possibly infinite universe which is expanding at speeds greater than light, would this void the warranty?
Your time would pass faster than on the ground. Unless your roommate weighs more than the Earth.
Don't understand much but in generalities very interesting and minds blowing. Thank you for your work
I propose that a time dilation gradient is what causes the effect we call gravity. As an object travels thru space towards a massive dense object relative time rate decreases and to not break the law of conservation of energy it must increase velocity to maintain the same energy. The reverse is true as well. Velocity decreases as an object moves away from a source of time dilation therefore time rate goes up the velocity must decrease. Oh yea, this effect is cumulative if more than one source of time dilation is present, therefore we have what's called a center of mass.
Very well explained!!!
I love learning from these videos.
I paused the ad to say, before I watch the video, that time as you observe it wouldn't change. You'd be immortal to those who were observing you.
It would be cool if you also made a short video for time on exoplanets. For example, KELT-9 B and other hot jupiters are not only very massive, but also orbit very, very close to their stars. What would be the time difference there?
You have been given the tools to figure that out on your own now. He's not going to make a video just listing out relative times.
Thanks for giving my existentialism a spark again
Wow! Best explanation so far.
I love it, more of this please, Alex! 🥰
This channel is always great to watch, always eye-opening!
Excellent introduction to the concept. Perhaps you could revisit the topic, analyzing what happens in the film Interstellar from a scientific standpoint.
Astrum and cool worlds upload on the same day? what a special occasion.
Thank you from the bottom of my heart for your maths.
You are good at explaining things I've always thought too complicated to want to learn but have always been interested in.
I actually figured this one out when I was going through a programming class living in a small hotel room a year or so ago when someone online asked something about black holes and time dilation.
I realized time is simply motion or literally any physical action down to and the speed is governed by the permeability of space, which is warped to higher densities around higher mass objects. Essentially everything in the universe that moves in any way down to subatomic particles experiences drag variability depending on the density of something to do with higher space warping.
This almost sounds like a path we can't see the end of yet having something to do with stopping entropy. I wonder if it's dark matter that creates entropy.
But then- no that in itself wouldn't make any sense. Cause of the speed of an object slowing time, which means somehow increases in motion - ahh but then why does density do that? Maybe a repelling force that has to do with speed? And that sufficient speed is equal to a drag created high density area like in water or a sonic boom??
So we're missing something similar to a drag creating medium, that can be shielded off by motion.. Should put one of those clocks on the outside of the plane to see if this hypothesis is correct.
This channel is a great find!
essentially: nights are on average longer than days. because at night, you are slightly further away from the sun than during day. in theory, you could even mesure the difference, or even experience it (if your senses are good enough... which they are probably not, because the difference is miniscule).
EDIT: and yes, I know that there is a galaxy out there, which would alter the numbers too)
Excellent video mate
I remember the first time I saw interstellar and the scene with gargantuan. Blew my mind. I was surprised you didn’t reference it as that’s likely the first time the mainstream has been exposed to the phenomenon of time dilatation. Fascinating. Great video.
0:32 "This is because time does not move as constantly as you might think." -- This is SO respectful, thank you Alex! To often, yahoos on youtube will say "here's something you didn't know" -- as if they could know what each viewer may know!
I always say we're traveling at the "speed of cause." When traveling through time time dimension, that's the "one second per second" we're used to, and when traveling through space it's the speed of light, etc.
"I always say we're traveling at the "speed of cause." " Very true. I think thats why it is represented by the letter "c" like in cause. 👍