NEW difference between the Human Brain and the Neanderthal Brain
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- Опубліковано 1 лип 2024
- A brand new paper detailed a key difference between Homo sapiens and our closest known (extinct) relative: Homo neanderthalensis! This provides an additional clue to the question of why our own species is the only remaining hominin.
Source:
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/s...
Intro: The Mind Electric by Miracle Musical
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Outro: Point Pleasant by Brock Berrigan
www.brockberrigan.com/
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Something I just realized... I always skip every UA-camrs' intros. Except yours. I like your intro enough to listen to it every time!
The experiments on mice sounds like the plot of Pinky and The Brain 11:57
Totally down for a new research focused series!
Love this style of vid. Straight up facts, no dealing with nonsense or intellectual dishonesty in between.
Though I will never get tired of watching the busting videos!
Agreed. I think that education of facts helps more than busting bullshit. Although the busting can be fun, this is more productive.
" Love this style of vid. Straight up facts, no dealing with nonsense or intellectual dishonesty in between."
Well, it is not AiG
I rarely understand much of what GG says but I love to hear her say it & if I maybe pick up a nugget of info that my brain retains then that's good right?
The more you watch, the more you'll understand.
@@markgoodall1388 Oh I have watched tons, there must be at least some knowledge osmosis going on
I was a zoologist who studied reptiles and amphibians. When you study fossils and evolution you tend to be highly specialized. That's what's neat about her studies. She's studying a specific part of evolutionary history. Im learning just like you buddy.
@@pierredelecto7069 It's all cool, her presentation & personality are great to watch & I am sure I have picked up a few bits here & there
I'm glad I'm not the only one!!😉✌️🤍⚛️
The auto-generated transcript is a thing of beauty, Denis Evans.
Yes, they need to fix that and change it to Denny's ovens.
I know Denis. He's kind of a caveman.
@@moehoward01 Have you met his granddaughters, Mel, Anna and Sian?
Well explained, great video! I would love to see more of these. These articles are really difficult to understand without a background in biology, but you gave enough background that I as a software engineer could follow along just fine.
Another software engineer concurs!
No other background other than reading for personal interest and a GREAT teacher in grade 10 biology (almost 50 years ago. He even introduced me to David Suzuki).
(Having a hard time clicking on reply, because I still can't believe I'm over 40!)
Wow, loved it. So happy you're here to read and explain this in language most can understand. Amazing to think one finite mutation led to modern humans.
I agree and this was really well done. Thank you for producing this!
most - but guessing one kent h. will be very confused 🤣
@@c00lsteve Kent is permanently confused. He thinks women keep throwing themselves to the ground, for example.
Hate that guy so much
On the other hand, there is more neanderthal dna walking around today than 50000 years ago.
More gold. You rock. Fascinating subject. I think you do a great job of making this material accessible to us less educated folks. Keep it up.
A. SINGLE. AMINO. ACID! That's bonkers! Thanks for doing these breakdowns, I love learning about cutting edge discoveries and developments, and I'm 1000% sure I'm not alone in that. :-)
Definitely do more of these. 👍
Superb video E! Great to see you in your element and not losing parts of your frontal lobe dealing with the creationists; although we love that content too 💛
As much as I love seeing her battle creatoid dragons, the straight stuff is always refreshing. I don't feel like I'm losing a brain cell for every two I gain like with the creationist response videos.
If this study's results are true, it just goes to show how big a difference a slight competitive advantage can make.
Reminds me of Olympic races where hundredths of a second are the difference between gold and silver.
You are getting more professional and wiser with each video! You are a refreshing part of the yt scientific community, along with Aron Ra.
Keep up the good work and good luck with the studies!!
It seems like all the hominids mated and blended together until we all just became one species.
@Astrologyman101 - Yes!
Wait... you're totally right! Feel less alone now as a sapiens !
There was some amount of blending, but it wasn't an even split in terms of what unique genes are represented in our modern genome. Only a few percent of our DNA came through interbreeding.
Then it would be pretty interesting if we have modern humans with a TKTL1 gene reverting the apparently very beneficial mutation, and how such individuals compare to other humans.
Generally they become flatearthers.
@@matteopascoli 🤣🤣🤣
As someone who loves psychology and sociology, I'm incredibly curious if there is a link between TKTL1 levels and antisocial personality disorders.
Reviewing current papers is massively helpful, especially when there is so much to look at. Thnk you GG, more please.
That test on mice sounds like an origin story for "pinky and the brain"
I love reviewing the papers with you and then you summarizing, makes it super easy to digest!
This is fascinating!! Thank you for sharing what you've found, along with your thoughts. I just love the way you break everything down 💜
Great Video, Erika!! Love the single focus on a published topic like this!
I love this focus on new research developments and how you break it down. Keep at it! Subscribed!
Wow. That may be the most fascinating presentation so far Erika!
16:04 Yes. Please review more recent papers! This was great!
I love your presentation, great breakdown
I've complimented your intro and end credits before, but I'm gonna again. I really love em both. This time I actually got goosebumps during the end credits. Thanks for the perfect selection of music to add to your already top-notch content!
This is the first time I have seen your channel. I really enjoyed this video!
As a complete layperson, your videos are always super interesting and approachable! Diving into more recent science is a great idea, and I'm excited for more of these videos
Fantastic video, and I say this as a professor of neuroscience! Really great job explaining this paper. I might make a video of my own to add a couple of things, but you did an excellent job breaking it down and making it easy to understand.
Excellent timing. The differing function of human and neanderthal brains is something I've been looking for info on recently. Just out of curiosity I'm not trained in the field.
always love this output....soooo love the intro every time too
Excellent video! I feel like I was getting an insight into a leading edge of scientific inquiry. Thanks
11:35 So you're telling me they made the Rats of NIMH in real life? I'm torn between squeeing and running for the hills.
Just move your house to "The lee of the stone"
how about squeeing for the hills?
@@azhdarchidae66 Bravo, love it! roflmao
When in doubt, do both.
EDIT: wait, azhdarchidae66 beat me to it. Ah well.
Just happened to stumble upon this video as my first exposure to your channel.
I've never subscribed to a channel on the basis of just a single video. Well, now I have. I even did it only about half way in! Thank you!
Thank you for another interesting video.
Yes! More recent papers please! :)❤
Interesting, and possibly quite important. Nice explanation. Thanks.
Very timely for this video: Paleogeneticist Svante Pääbo was just awarded the Nobel prize in medicine & physiology! Congratulations!
you are the best, doing your enzymes and proteins with precision info.
One detail I was waiting for was whether a timeline for this change in the amino acid has been established. Approximately when did this change occur? In "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind", by Yuval Harari, it is mentioned that there was a significant change seen in homo sapiens around 70 thousand years ago. Could this change in the amino acid have been the cause of that change?
I was wondering the same thing. Does the emergence of this allele dovetail with the explosion of artistic expression and ritual?
One way to address this would be to look at the genomes that have been sequenced from fossil H sapiens specimens. You might be able to find the aTKTL1 version in older H sapiens specimens, which might nail down the timing of the change to hTKTL1. But we can't use things like estimates of mutation rate since this is a single amino acid change which could happen at any time.
This isn't even the chane of one amino acid. It's the change of one nucleotide in a codon, from either adenine-adenine-adenine to adenine-guanine-adenine OR adenine-adenine-guanine to adenine-guanine-guanine. That's all that is needed to change one amino acid and thus effect the change in frontal lobe development.
TKTL1: such stuff as dreams are made on.
Nerds are taking over the world? We already did. A long time ago.
I love your intro so much!
Mind blowing! Thank you for sharing!
It's always amazing to realize that a truly vital change such as the one from lysine to arginine probably resulted from a single mutation. Thus, we are all now descendants of just one person who long ago passed this seemingly insignificant change on to his or her children.
3:22
Referencing brain size as compared to brain composition is very interesting. Should we not also consider the amount of neurons in the brain which, would also be quite difficult to ascertain from extinct creatures.
Great review. Fascinating what AA can change.
At 12:33
"the human version can be implanted in a completely different species, and have a massive impact"
Pinky! Are you pondering what I am pondering?
I think so Brain, but have you seen Planet of the Apes?
What an amazing mutation, and well used in this video.
Oh hey I read this paper a few days ago. Didn’t even realise it just came out. Also read the one with the digital recreation of Neanderthal brain (using endocasts and computer algorithms) and it’s a nice pairing of papers to get a general overview of Neanderthal brains. Cool stuff.
fascinating as always
The theme song is such an awesome vocal range exercise. ⬇️⬆️🤯
Thanks, fascinating material, thank you for covering this paper for those of us interested but not as well educated as you are! I've long felt that the difference was probably more subtle than most people assume. Neanderthals definitely had culture, we know they cared for elderly and disabled individuals and ceremonially buried their dead, but you only need a small advantage to out compete other species in an environment where resources are scarce, this might have been H. Sapiens small advantage, not in brain size but in brain organization.
I am so grateful for your videos, keep up the good work!
Great video Erika!
I'm loving this channel, one heck of a brain on you Gutsick Gibbon
Whoa, I'm going to need to listen to this one twice. 🤯
I can't fully grasp the meaning of the paper since I'm but a humble psych grad, but if I understand something is that I want studies done on if/how that protein affects mental health issues, especially ASPDs.
This is so fascinating holy cow
Why aren't we hearing this all over the news: "Missing link" finally found!
Amazing intro for real
Neandertals would be exilant drivers and musicians. It is sad to see them gone.
I've always wondered about neanderthal neutral density and how it affected how they thought. Glad to see I wasn't alone.
I think this would be a great idea for a video series...where you explain research papers in layman's terms. Great science communication...maybe even a series of classic papers. I think a format like that could be quite successful....maybe have an individual that worked on the research paper being explained....wonder why nobody has done this yet?
Unfortunately I'm not a UA-camr and time is limited in my life...or I would try this myself. Talking about the papers by Dobhzansky, Fisher, Shubin, Wallace, Thomas and Julian Huxley, Sean B
Carroll, Päboo, Reich or the many group collaborations....there's so much interesting material seldom discussed...even in science communication books by Dawkins or Jones (for example) who rather explain these research papers by analogy or in a short cut storyline connected to a main subject....
There are books that present the research papers in detail....most tombs only for the hardcore minority (Darwinian nerds like me)....
Your intro is so enjoyable that I never fast forward through it.
You are a great science communicator. I really appreciate your efforts here. Thank you. I was wondering if this new understanding was traceable in terms of time. Can they figure out when this change took place?
Your lecture was wonderful. I would like to mention that at least 45 years ago, Professor Richard Klein PhD was speculating that the brains of H sapiens and H neanderthalensis were wired differently but not how. He based his arguments on the creative explosion of tool forms associated with H sapiens. Of course, we now know that population density and communication was far greater for H sapiens, which led to ideas being exchanged more easily. He also mentioned that ritual like burial positions of Neandertals and flowers were due to workers' recreations of remains and to pollen carried into the graves by burrowing rodents. I just thought I'd mention that. Once again, I think your lectures are some of the best I have ever heard. Thanks for your work, Paulette
Cool very interesting, you explained it well, even I could understand 👍
Hey! Thanks for being awesome, I really enjoy watching all of your videos, you're a part of the cause of my own studying of our ancient ancestors. Recently acquired Kindred by Rebecca Wragg Sykes, and the First Steps by Jeremy Silva! Are there any books in the same league that you would recommend?
I am an astronomer and the sciences I studied were mostly mathematics and physics. However, I really enjoy your presentations and am learning a lot about biology, albeit it slowly. When you assume all of your audience was taught about various things in middle school and high school, I don't think you realize that in the 50s and 60s there was no biology taught in middle school and that in high school (10th grade) was pretty much dissecting worms, grasshoppers and frogs. DNA, proteins, amino acids, etc. were not a thing. So, I have to do a lot of searching in wiki to upgrade my vocab. :)
Hey Erika, love your content.
I really love that intro song!
Fascinating vid, with lovely explanations.
Just because I know this: Neanderthals got their name from the Neandertal valley, which was named after Joachim Neander after he changed his name from Neumann. Joachim used to hang out in the valley writing hymns, and one of his hymns was sung at a British Royal ceremony a couple years back. The "tal" word changed spelling a few more years back, and also appears in the American "dollar".
Great video.
The base for the dying out of Neanderthals and Denisovans is, that they are real different species. As the majority of current humans are a blend of modern humans, Neandertals, Denisovans and likely some others, one could look at Neanderthals and Denisovans did not die out, but were re assimilated into the common species.
I had to stop watching this the first time to go find the song. What an interesting band.
Amazing. So, is the amino acid substitution the result of just a single nucleotide substitution?
Could it be that we are now on the verge of explaining the very mutations that lead to human cognition?
There is bound to be more involved, but this seems like it could be a key, or even the most important factor.
So many questions and ideas for further study come up.
- Would such a single substitution in a neanderthal genome also lead to similar effects?
- Are the authors set to be the next winners of the Nobel prize in medicine?
Can't help but think that "the god of the gaps" may now be reduced to a single letter, to one bit of information.
I was always taught that humans had more neurons in their frontal lobes then neanderthals did. But then again since I'm Black I have no Neanderthal DNA in me at least when I took my DNA test I had none. Maybe my kids do because they're half Black and half Japanese.
Half human half Neanderthal. I think your children will suddenly get super powers.
Neanderthal DNA is such a small part of the genome, it makes little difference. Keep in mind that the genome is a continuum, not as diverse as some species (because of crises that limited the our population (and thus genetic diversity) in the distant past). The way to think about it is that you are not defined by a gene here or there, it's the totality, plus your environment and development that determines who and what you are. You are different from me, doubtless have a different collection of traits. Having a tiny smidgen of Denisovan or Neanderthal DNA doesn't make much difference, except to add more variety. Some traits are beneficial, others are not. This study is interesting, but TBH, if a Neanderthal trait that reduced reproductive success was in the genome, it would soon become extinct, because it wouldn't be reproduced as much as other traits. So not having Neanderthal (or Denisovan) DNA doesn't seem like either a disadvantage or an advantage. Like eye gold shape, hair color or skin color, it's just a difference, neither good or bad, just different.
@@Kenshin6321 Neanderthals were human. They were sentient, had culture, cared for the elderly and disabled and likely had music. They were genetically close enough to be able to reproduce successfully with our ancestors. That's very close. It only takes a small difference in traits to make the difference in being successful in the game, the Neanderthals did add to our genetic diversity, so in a sense they did live on. People need to stop thinking of other humans as "less than", that's our biggest problem, that we look at them as other when really, they are our close kin.
The mutation leading to greater numbers of neurons, even different from early H. Sapiens, pretty much explains the explosion of the human race a few thousand years ago. It doesn't , however, explain the extinction of all other human species.
Maybe our greater number of neurons led to our increasing technological super-powers (fire, spear, bow-and-arrow, guns, and -- uh-oh -- nukes) and we started annihilating everything in sight -- let's hope not eventually ourselves.
Thanks Erika!
wow amazing video thank you
Wow Erika! Amazing paper and superb video covering it. Now I’m itching to find out where and when this minute mutation occurred, and how it spread through the modern human population. Did it originate in Africa and spread out across the globe? Did it originate elsewhere and back-feed into Africa? If this single point mutation can be thought of as a distinguishing feature of H. sapiens sapiens, what sub-species nomenclature should be used for anatomically modern humans with the archaic form of TKTL1? So many questions, such possibility to enrich the story of our origins!
Getting into the details of what makes us uniquely us, is fascinating.
Amazing how such a small change can have such dramatic impact.
I wonder how creationists react to this sort of finding.
Loved this 💕💕💕
After half a dozen watches, this news is still mind blowing.
"Why are there no other hominids around and there is only us?"
We ****ed 'em outta existence!
Excellent!
Awesome t-shirt, Erika! Where did you find it?
This is fascinating. One of the unsolved mysteries of human evolution is the explosion of language and early culture that seems to have come a significant time after the actual emergence of (seemingly) anatomically modern humans. This may offer an explnation--the earliest Sapiens were human, but lacked this mutation, limiting their cognitive development compared with later generations.
It would be a great example of evolution at work--a single point mutation confers such a survival advantage that the species explodes into dominance and out-competes all rival species into extinction.
Mind. Blown. Holy crap. At what point in time did archaic humans acquire this change? Can the molecular clock shed light on this?
Would be nice to get more genomes from ancient hominins so we can figure out when in human evolution this mutation emerged and became widespread. Is it an apomorphy of our current species, or might other hominins closely related to us (e.g. the proposed Homo bodoensis) have had it as well?
Very fascinating! I wonder if we can see what the long term effects of supplements of this protein could have on neurological development. thanks for the vid!
I have the same question. I have spinal cord damage and I wonder if I should take amino acids?
@@waitaminute2015 it's a fascinating idea and I would love to see more therapies for for related conditions!
@@RathclavI'm going to bring this video to my Dr
at the risk of lowering the tone, this does make my sci-fi warped brain think of uplift scenarios
Another fascinating episode, GG :D
I'd love to figure out if their is a correlation of Neanderthal-ancestry in humans and this derived protein; is it the kind of Neanderthal mutation that homosapien's can't live with/never inherent or is it inheritable but evolutionary pressures will eject it from the gene pool soon enough, or (doubtful) if perhaps it is associated with a disability or condition in humans. Similarly, then I'd be interested to know if Neanderthals with human genes (a lot fewer of those) ever inherited our superior frontal-cortex protein, or if it was selected against in some way (like above). And the real mystery.... what did this gene look like in Denisovans. Also you know the correlation of IQ and certain mental illnesses including high IQ statistically making one more prone to chronic depression, and how many mental illnesses including chronic depression are associated with some Neanderthal genes- I wonder if there was a mutual trade off happening in our interbreeding. We appear to have an interesting overlap between some of the most intelligence prone populations and those also prone towards having high neanderthal inheritance.
Perhaps with a more complete picture we'll find that this plays into our own Psycho-diversity :)
One of the issues we run into anchoring this to actual intelligences is that we must make a lot of assumptions about that anchorage without a known mutation in humans to be able to demonstrate the condition in humans; not that I think this "trips the research up" but, for example, the Flynn Effect keeps marching, and yet we are unable to identify genetic or protein changes associated with it. I vaguely remember reading a paper that essentially did the same kind of research on another, similar gene that related to jaw-muscle-growth, and infant brain growth in which there is/was a human disease equivalent from the same genetic mechanism that could be used for comparison. On the other hand, I remember when I read the mid2000s paper claiming Neanderthals lacked a gene needed for speech, and yet now we know those findings were faulty, and that it is typically displaced in Neanderthals, not missing (I wonder what happened to that research team; I mean their research was true, but incomplete, so all the conclusions the team inferred were wrong, but that's not the research itself).
Even the reason for the Flynn Effect is unclear. At some point it looked like it could be just recovering from a diseased or deficit state (widespread malnourishment, lead poisoning, etc), then it looked like its out testing (debunked); The Flynn Effect could be entirely psycho-social with no biological markers yet involved. I've got some experience with cognitive science, dev psych, and education theory, and if the Flynn Effect stays strong we are looking at a "lateral evolution," an intelligence singularity, mirroring Moore's Law.
One day Id love to see a Gutsick Gibbon's discussions on our evolution veer into prognosticate/speculate on the post-human possibilities.
I mean, that kind of prognostication is sketchy, we know, but its still interesting to take seeing how technologies like fermentation and cooking over hundreds of thousands of years lead to/permitted/enabled our jaws to shrink, and our infantilized heads to grow bigger brains, or how the benefit of our abstract thinking eventually out-weighed the tradeoff losses to the speed of counting and active memory, and apply that thinking to our technological age, under some assumptions about what technologies will define us for the next few hundred thousand years:D
Writing has certainly had an astonishing effect, decreasing our individual memories, without understanding that the knowledge has been externalized but saved and accessible, it appears is if it's a loss for literate humans, but of course I think recorded history would disagree (ie we literate people know it's a great benefit, not a loss).
GG (if you read this, and have the time) I'd like to know, if you were dictating the structure of a Paleo-Anthropology educational video-game, what would you want the game mechanics to emphasis by repetition? Critical thinking about bones/finds? comparing conflicting data from multiple sources/methods of testing? Application of post facto Occam's Razor in drawing conclusions? I'm trying to apply the ed. philosophy of teaching critical thinking skills, not just facts to memorize, to educational entertainment.
"Prehistoric" is just a puzzle-solving who done it w you play out the last days, weeks or months of the people who's bones make the "find," once the "find" is found. Its a hobby, one of a few science centered "educational gaming" designs I tool around with, but thus far without the input of a specialist in that field who also teaches.
Even if I never make any of them, its a frequent suppositional thinking exercise I like to apply to any educational material (how would I teach this with a video-game?).
The discovery of Sahaelanthropus magunae [Magnum Boy] a few days ago challenges the modern chimp/bonobo as a model for the CHLCA [Chimpanzee-Homo common ancestor]. The crania has a pronounced supra-orbital torus [more expressed than tchadensis] but no saggital crest indicating a gorilla like common ancestor or a ancestor without modern anatomical model.
So cool!
I remember reading about essentially the same conclusion somewhere around the early Nineties, I think, I was much more interested in IT than in anthropology then. There was a study comparing the devellopments and experiences of electronic data processing (or more profanely: computer design) to neuroscience, applying this to what was known about h. sapiens' and h. neanderthalensis' brains by that time by means of endocasts.
They concluded, if you were talking about computers, Neanderthals had more memory space to operate with, while our data bus architecture has way more capacity, resulting in overall more data processed in the same time. (I could only understand the IT part of it at that time, the neuroscientific part being gibberish to me). Denisovansc were still out of the equation back then, of course, as was DNA analysis.
Yet, to my layman's ears, sounds to me as if they came to the same result.
We had exactly zip about protein synthesis is Junior high. It would have been pretty primitive if I had take a biochem class in college as well. The codons was still being figured when I was in Junior high.
The Greyman says he rarely understands much of what GG says the same may go for Aron Ra and Richard Dawkins, don't worry about it, if you remember 10% of what you have heard and only understand half of that you still know 100 % more than any Young Earth Creationist.
Thank you.
Very interesting - I may have missed it, but I was wondering whether 'when' this mutation happened was discussed. You mentioned a few times that it was not present in archaic homo sapiens, so I was curious of the estimated time that that one amino acid changed. Thanks.
I caught this too and I went back twice to read the part of the paper she's reading and listen to what she said. I'm pretty sure she got it wrong, in saying that archaic homo sapiens (circa 300K years ago she said, at one point) didn't have this mutation. I trust her so it's a dilemma, but the paper (or part of it) she presents which is very clear ONLY makes a distinction between "homo sapiens" and all other species. If early Homo Sapiens had the original version of the gene rather than ours, they would have said so because that would have been Huge news on it's own...it would have shown that perhaps cognition early in our species was possibly entirely different despite looking the same externally. It would have been huge news on it's own. It's not even mentioned. I can't imagine her making this mistake, but I can say that usually paleoanthropologists discuss "archaic Homo" and mean Homo that is prior to Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. The term "archaic Homo Sapiens" is used less often. I can't imagine her doing this but could she have confused them because the paper does say that Archaic Homo has the typical ape-type, archaic version of the gene.