You stated, "to protect something, you want to protect the space around it". That makes perfect sense. So the only reason i can think of for grounding light poles is to protects the homes around it, since it will make the light pole more inviting than a nearby house.
Thank you as an electrical engineer from turkey, even I know independent machine earthing rod is dangerous, I have clearly understand clearly what is behind and causes electronic equipment damage with nice graphical representations and figures, thank you Mike Holt.
Mike, when I was a kid, we used to get earthworms and night crawlers by attaching the neutral and hot wire to two screwdrivers and pushing them into the ground about 18 to 24" apart and just wait a couple of minutes. All of a sudden, the crawlers and worms would come wriggling to the surface and we would just pick them up. Within a half hour we would have enough for a days fishing. Never once tripped a breaker or blew a fuse. Fuses in those days. No such thing as GFCIs.
Great info about grounding which has never occurred to me. So i understand the ground conductor on equipment is important for safety for equipment with touchable metal when the neutral and ground are bonded at the panel.
I was inspecting a new construction home and ground rods were located at both the meter panel on right of home and ground rods at sub-panel in garage on left of home. Service cable between meter panel and sub-panel had four service cables and floating neutral was provided inside sub-panel with additional ground wire between rods and sub-panel attached to ground bar. I can not find if this is allowed or not.
At myth four... If you have a ground rod in the ground inside a building ( like inside a stock room) will that serve any protection for the building or equipment? (I'm not really sure how it's all hooked up but, i do know that the building has a ground rod on the side of the building next to the meter and a ground rod inside by the electrical panels)
Is it safe to ground your electric panel that has knob and tube wiring and Romex to your copper water line at point of entry to the house indoors. If not why not ?
@@MikeHoltNEC I’m not an electrician I am a homeowner trying to understand my electrical system so that I can discuss it with my electrician thank you for your reply!
I live in snow country, and often people will have frozen pipes. Sometimes companies will offer to connect a welding machine to your pipes to have the current thaw them out. The problem with this is that the current will travel through all the water pipes on the street, into everyone's house where the power is grounded to the water pipes, and through everyone's ground system. In some cases it will find a resistive joint to heat up and start a fire! We were told by the city to call the police if we saw anyone doing this, and if it was in front of my house, I would definitely go out and cause trouble!
Mr. Holt. Do you have a presentation that is directed or geared toward people like myself who are trying to understand how to properly wire a 100% off-grid house, including grounding, of my components and solar array? The electricians have already roughed in all the wiring, but I'm sure they did it as though there would be grid power. I have a battery bank, two inverter/chargers, and about 12kw of solar. Do you have any presentations I could watch that would cover off grid solar wiring of a house?
Installing a TV antenna, on metal rod, attached to tree near a cabin. Should I install a ground rod at bottom of tree to help divert possible lightning strike to ground rather than to home.
Please correct me if I’m wrong, my observation is that confusion comes from two main parts. A) misunderstanding of terminology and B) operating on old information. People sure have a hard time understanding information flow that is constantly updated and improved.
irrigation controllers and landscape lighting...just lost 4 solenoids, 1 contoller, 1 vavle wire and next day realized 10 of 12 highend kichler led well lights were toasted as well. hunter irrigation controller has grounding bolt option. would you ground it to protect house? If so, what about low voktage lighting? do the 24v and 12v transformers protect the house?
Sir, i am here on research. I have read that that mesh grounding reduces touch voltage potential. Is it safe to have more grounding as long as they are meshed or connected to each other?
You may need to re-look at Octane. The octane rating is the resistance to knock. Too low of octane will damage an engine due to spark knock and detonation. Too high of octane doen't hurt anything except your wallet. Actually, higher octane fuel has less energy potential than lower octane and will reduce the power output (a little) if used when you don't need it. Higher octane allows the use of higher cylinder pressures without the damaging effects of detonation and allowing a higher power output.
I've literally had this conversation with several people. From my coworker to a cdl gas truck driver. When I mention the math of heptane/octane gas compression ratios to them they have no idea what Im talking about and agree to disagree.
When welding, I know from experience that if you connect the work lead to anything other than your work, or the table it is clamped to, the arc will not happen. So it is definitely not a ground lead! Question: I have always wondered why doesn't the table become energized during a weld?
it does, have you ever been shocked by welding? you became the work lead. electricity goes out to whip lead, flows through metal( which melts it, "welding") and it returns back to the source in which it came from. the generator "welder machine" if you get between that path you get shocked or the electricity used your body as a wire to get back to its source. thats why welders try to get the work lead as close to the whip lead.
@MikeholtNEC - Hey mike I am from South Africa and I am in the process of helping out a struggling farmer. He only has a very old 3KW generator as power source. there is no utility connected. The generator was feeding into the main db of the house which has a RCD. I noticed that the generator was floating neutral(The earth wire was cut short and only the Neutral and L1 were connected on the alternator terminals. This generator is very old and has no protection circuitry.. Also there is no ground rod connected. although the generator's neutral is shorting out with the Chassis of the generator. So only the L and N is feeding into the house.. what do you recommend the connection should be? I would rather want to connect the cable ground wire to the chassis of the generator and bond the neutral and earth at the generator and then feed this output into the house along with this ground and utilise this ground circuit all throughout the house? So the way I see it is there is no ground fault path at the moment and its dangerous..
Electricity doesn't try to go to ground. It merely uses the ground as a path or one of the paths to get back to the other side of the source to complete the circuit if multiple paths are available.
So you were talking about step potential in the earth if lightning hits elsewhere, if you had a large antenna on your roof and you had it grounded to a local rod (in the backyard) but your utility ground is on the other corner of the house. If lightning actually hits your antenna would it be safer to have had it connected to its own ground (in the backyard) or running through the 12AWG grounding conductor to the breaker box?
I'm really confused by what you said in the beginning about hooking up 120V directly to a ground rod and it not tripping the breaker. (I get the ohms law calc, thats not my confusion) how is it then possible that you can hook 120v up directly to a ground rod and not trip a breaker but a piece of equipment thats plugged in a branch circuit of 120v, and lets say the metal casing potentially touches the a hot wire and sends a surge of current to ground which will then trip the breaker. Can you please explain whats happening in these situations making them different?
Think of the ground rod as a big resistance in the circuit and the ground rod is not hooked the the ground fault path, thats why it wont trip a breaker because of the resistance of the metal rod. Its just for demonstration that you can send current the earth and it wont magically disappear. No longer think of it as a ground rod and just a metal rod being used for a demonstration.
Im from the UK, so hopefully youll understand my use of terminology. By ground I mean the same as Mike in his example. By earth I mean equipment grounding intended to return current to source/neutral. I think you say you understand the first part - that 120 Volts going to ground via say 25 Ohms is 4.8 Amps; too low to blow a fuse with a higher rating, even a 5 Amp one. But, where there is a short circuit, the 120 Volts bypasses the equipment via the earth wire back to the source at a very low resistance. This creates an instantaneous very high current, eg 120 Amps at 1 Ohm. This blows any fuse rated lower than this. Im not an electrician, but I hope this helps.😁
Mike, can you link me to a video that explains what an equipment grounding conductor (an effective ground fault current path) is and how it has to be setup (instead of just grounding a device to earth)? Is it basically a neutral wire that carries current back to the source? Also, I want to know how the fault gets cleared (breaker opened) from the EGC? If someone touches one of the hot wires, X voltage drop from that causes the breaker to trip? Thanks!
Isolated grounding (CNC machines) provides a same point of ground reference (zero V) so two or more computers can communicate more efficiently. If each computer has its own ground reference, the information can get corrupted (the threshold is around 3V) and has to be resent, until verified by the receiving end.
Do you have an 'studies' that support this comment, or is your comment based on 'what you think or were told?' Electrica Power and Research Insititute study states the opposit!
Josi, please watch Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Isolated grounding is not an earth connection at the CNC machine, this results in 'not' an isolated ground, since you now that the CNC machine connected to 'two' separate grounding connections in the earth; one from the circuit equipment grounding conductor that is grounded at the service, and then the auxiliary ground that your propose. This is the 'worst' case condition, especially when lighting strikes nearby.
The point that I am trying to make is that we should always make an effort to understand the needs and motivations of each group (owners, engineers, manufacturers, electricians, inspectors, etc.), divulge that information, and tap into the accumulated experience of all to find more efficient solutions that will meet consensus. Only the CNC manufacturer can tell us exactly what facts lay behind the need to ground their enclosures, once that is known, we can then proceed with the improvement process; all else is simple speculation.
Manufactures do not know best, see EPRI report on this topic: ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/854351/ Email me your email address and I'll get you the 'study.'
Hi I live in the Middle East. Our electric shock protection system is different from that in the United States .. We use a ground leakage device that shuts off the electric current immediately when a small leakage occurs
how it works in cell towers? i work for the biggest en latín América, and they use oversized cables and double grounded equipment, inside the rack room they put a ring inside the wall. with your explanation , all that over sized cable and gounding rods its useless. thnx for taking the time to explain this myths
IF, on the table at timestamp 7:36 , the "%R" at "3.00ft" was 82% instead of 75% (which it seems it should be closer to, anyway), then the mathematical curve would be a VERY accurate exponential representation of the resistance gradient of the earth. All other coordinates fall PRECISELY in place!
on the current doesnt take the path of least resistance. I beg to differ in one situation. Maybe you can correct it for me. But how come when testing for a blown fuse. you can simply put your multimeter on the ohm range setting and put your 2 leads on each side of the fuse and read .001(depending on the range setting on the meter) and it will read through the fuse element and not the circuit the it is in series with. Unless its blown then it will read the circuit. there for it chooses to read the path with the least resistance.
+Jer Bear For learning purposes u most first drop all myths or notions that u assume to be true but are not, u are correct in that electrons take the path of least resistance, but does not mean they are always going to ground. we just assume they are. like they mentioned in the grounding rod discussion electrons will try to go back to the source instead of ground.As for checking the fuse that is a prime example of backwards thinking- a fuse should have 0 ohms resistance across it until it opens and will have so yes your meter reads between it instead of the series circuit and whatever load it is connected to and the fuse may also be the only path for the meter voltage to take. A grounding rod may have 25 ohms or greater resistance across it so it does not take all of the current or voltage to ground so it CANNOT and will not protect anything and may cause harm. The grounded or ground fault conductor however is a near 0 ohm (like a fuse) perfect conductor that WILL PROTECT anything or anyone EVERY TIME WHEN WIRED CORRECTLY! It amazes me how many people work with electricity every day that are really clueless as to how it works. I don't mean that toward u at all,for asking a question shows a desire to learn and an open mind. I have no electrical training but work with electricity every day in an industrial setting with a lot of 3 phase up to 600 volts. I saw quickly my company was not going to train me and the old techs only nugget was "Watch what your doin and don't get yerself killed the last thing we need is more of those damn monthly safety meetings" so I had to teach myself but it is really better this way because I too believed these myths and many more but thanks too Mike and others we can change some of the old ways. THANK U MIKE HOLT!
Current takes all available paths to get back to it's source. The amount of current in each path will be in proportion to the conductivity of each path.
I think they're could be wrong about the welder problem. The welder has electronics and a transformer so the 'ground' weld terminal or (-) connection on the welder output could be independent from the incoming a.c. supply so current may only want to return to the welder output source terminal.
Well, if this is 100% correct all the time, it's sure difficult to explain the fantastically capable grounding mechanisms at the bottom of my electric field fence called weeds. They are extremely good at eliminating the potential for shock. In the event that the metal exterior of a light pole should become energized, would I prefer that it be attached to a ground rod rather than just to me if I happen to touch it? I would. Or at least have a good crop of wet weeds at the base...
Well if you have 120/207/240 Volts systems on the ship you should be able to use these without any problem like on the land. If you're not sure, check with the ship owner or the company which installed the electrical system. It's probably somewhere written next to a main fusebox. But if it's a US ship, it's probably at least NEC compliant and has a TN system and if that's the case you should comply to NEC regulations. If you want to charge ship batteries with mainland power you normally use an isolation transformer which besides corrosion also prevents electrocution when installed properly. But you should check with the vendor, marine regulations, local harbor regulations and ship regulations and when in doubt try to get them on one line. If 4 people say 4 different things, don't choose the one you like best. Figure out who is right and who is not by asking questions or involve other people who have more knowledge about the specific subjects.
A friend of mine just bought the "A-iPower SUA12000E 12,000-Watt Gasoline Powered Generator". I was looking through the owners manual for him and it stated verbatim in the actual manual that the national electric code requires an earth ground connection and to connect a #10 awg grounding electrode from the lug on the generator to a driven ground rod to be protected against electrical shock. I looked at that like , WTH. When i try calling the company they never answer and never return my voicemails. That sort of answered my question on what kind of company i was dealing with. My friend who has zero electrical knowledge thinks im wrong because like Mike said "Its in the manual"
Great video but to let you know in the World of Telecommunication electricity does take the least patch of resistance and it sucks. You cant bond it because of interference but the outer sheath is and causing hell when it gets wet.
Electricity does not take the path of least resistance - it takes ALL paths available to return, in amounts proportional to the impedance/resistance offered. Kirchhoff's current law.
Bonding is always good. The problem is other installations tying Protective Earths from multiple sockets or sometimes even multiple buildings together (like metalic gas/water pipes, CATV, shielded phonelines) There are two basic rules to prevent communcation problems from being affected by bonding: - design your communications paralel to the electrical network to prevent ground loops from acting as unintented antenna's. - get rid of ground loops by using ground isolators in communication lines between different devices. The problem is most devices do not have ground isolators build in and cause ground loops. UTP cables are the only exception. Shielded UTP however is usually shielded at both ends, causing ground loops as well most CATV, audio and video systems. In my opninion communication inputs and basicly any other system other than the electrical distribution should have ground isolators to prevent the protective earth from acting as an uninteded conductor.
Equipment grounding - massive equipment - we install anchor bolts - the bolts are connected to the re bar, with angle iron frame - there fore the equipment is grounded thru the anchor bolts ! To un ground the equipment you must not have anchor bolts ! Elaborate on this please. I am an un limited master electrician ship & shore - plus BSEE. Not a smart alec, but wish to understand. Now on computers the larger the ground conductor is not all ways the best.
This is surprising information, but I'd like to know where to turn to get some problems solved in an old building with wiring problems. This stuff is over my head. We have grounding problems in an old church. Much of the cable wiring is just hot and neutral with no ground and it seems they 'grounded to the box' which I'm suspicious of. In one circuit a receptacle tester says the hot and neutral wires are reversed. (Black and white wires are attached correctly). The same receptacle being tested with a non contact voltage tester shows power in the small plug, no power in the neutral plug and power in the ground plug. I've seen handyman videos on youtube with electricians commenting that what the guy is showing is dangerous. So is your average electrician also misinformed? The last thing we want is someone getting hurt or a fire or whatever.
im no pro but sounds like you have some bonded neutrals and grounds in the panel or some grounds landed on the neutral bus. the neutrals and grounds should not be bonded in a sub panel inside, only bonded in a main panel outside. also lets say you have a hot, neutral and ground going to a receptacle, and the neutral wire comes off and touches the receptacle box. if the neutral is bonded in the panel the electrons just use the ground wire to get back to its source. that's one way you can have a hot, hot wire a dead neutral and hot ground wire in a receptacle . electricity don't give a crap about wire color, it just wants to get back home to where it came from which is the transformer outside.
Ground does go shortest path. My engineer learned on two 300 hp motors and throw him. My other engineer learned on two machines and felt the ground go though him but not anything happened.
I fell into my ground level hot tub with a lighted extension cord. Luckily I didn't even get a shock! I was about 3' from the cord. Never tripped the breaker either and the light stayed on the cord. People think I'm lying when I tell them that. I know I would have been electrocuted if I was closer!
Most modern day electrician have a poor understanding of electricity or at least how to explain it to the customer. So they offer parables and dumb down the understanding to the general public. Auto mechanics are eve worse at the theory, they don't know a short from an open or even how a switch and capacitor work.
Not true at all. Just drive down the street and you'll see 'some' static wires, but generally this occurs for 'very high' voltage distribution ungrounded systems.
Excellent video! Not only does this happen with electrical grounding, it happens with biblical teaching as well. Many "good faith" teachings being promoted as safety and truth... and most lead to death. They need to quit it. Too many people are buying this bunk and their end is eternal destruction Matt 7:13
If electrical systems are no clearing faults by popping breakers then thats a problem w/ the design, not a problem w/ the idea that ground faults in earthing systems are designed to clear faults by popping breakers.
That depends on the system. TN Systems (most English Speaking Countries) are designed with in mind that your Neutral is supposed to be connect to the Protective Earth (PE) so in case of an isolation fault enough current will flow trough the PE to make the circuit breaker go off. TT Systems (most European Countries and Japan) are designed with Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI's) in mind so in case of an isolation fault the current will be lower than with a TN System but enough to let the GFCI trip. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages. BUT YOU SHOULD NEVER MIX THEM UP!
Robin Heijblom Doesn't really matter. Any system that takes advantage of a fault return can pop a breaker of some sort. That's a matter of design of said system. The point is youre supposed to take into account the ground impedance if you use an earthing ground.
vidfreak56 That's true, that's why Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters/Breakers need to be installed on every circuit where ungrounded appliances can be plugged in or TT System is used. Only circuits for dedicated appliances can be installed without a GFCI/GFCB when the impedance between neutral and Protective Earth is low enough to trip a normal circuit breaker. But this practice is also slowly decreasing because a lot of times people think they can use that single purpose socket also for other things and start hooking up extension cords. Since GFCI's can be manufactured cheaper every year the costs are not really an issue anymore. In the past GFCI's and GFCB's were very expensive. Nowaday's GFCI's are not that expensive anymore. Usually it's the home/business-owners that spend their money on building a pool or installing a dormer rather than upgrade their electrical installation to code. That's why even in Europe there are still a lot of places where circuits are not protected by GFCI's and accidents are waiting to happen.
I had the concept of voltage gradients in the earth explained to me along time ago but I could never remember well enough to explain it to anyone else.
Lightning dose not care about electrical system. Lightning will go to a ground rod and dirt before it will travel 100 feet back to electrical main service.
Grounds have to be serviced and tested. You just cant put a ground rod, and think it's going to provide a quality level of resistance for ever. Ground rods put in the ground in the 70s should be tested on a normal basis. Soil characteristics and ph levels change over time. Guess what bridges across the country are crumbling hmm I wonder why.
+harry bottom What standard supports your statement that grounds are to be serviced and tested. What standard requires a bridge to be grounded, and how is it to be grounded; what study shows that bridges are crumbling because they are not grounded properly.
MikeHoltNEC In the military we use Pamphlet TR-96-2 which covers earth grounding. We are required to ground highly sensitive equipment in different environments using different methods. Should we forego grounding our Radars? Should we drive ground rods in a desert environment until we reach a water table or certain resistance? I'm asking these question because I'm not a expert just a maintainer who wants to know am I wasting my time while deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq... The point of using bridges as an example, is that all systems need preventive maintenance to ensure they work as intended.
+harry bottom If the military has a standard, then it must be complied with, since they are not required to comply with the NEC. Reaching the water table doesn't reduce the ground resistance, and I don't understand the connection to the bridge.
if a rod is in the ground, and the hot wire short's... it will trip the main breaker... Lighting... Million to one... I do believe equipment should go back to the main panel ground. Not two different ground grounds...That why you link all your sub panel to main panel... and bond the secondary panels so if if a hot wire touches a sub panel, you don't become the ground..... (breaker trips on the circuit) Electricity is still seeking least resistance. That why plastic is wrap around wire... you can't get shocked. Leather gloves... can't conduct electricity... I can trip a breaker on a ground bare wire that hook to ground rod and it trip in a second. This guys smart but more research need to be done.
A breaker trips because whatever it shorts to is connected to the Neutral in the SE, and travels to the source. It can short to EGC...or you can even short it to the Ground Rod...but it's the connection to the Neutral that causes the breaker to trip. Holt's example is showing what happens if you rely only on the ground path from the house ground rod to the utility ground rod at the transformer. The point being made is the ground path ALONE is not sufficient to trip the breaker. A low impedance path is needed from the point of fault all the way back to the source. This path is provided by the EGC to the SE. And then it hops to the Neutral in the SE to get back to transformer and trip the breaker. Remove the neutral at the panel...short the hot conductor to ground...straight to the ground rod if you wish...and you will not trip the breaker. One caveat: Some installation might have a very low ground impedance. This is rare, but possible. In these rare instances, you might trip the breaker with a lost neutral.
In my humble opinion, it sounds like you might be getting too tangled up in the bureaucratic process (cost/feasibility/liability/sustainability). I’ve never accepted anything over 5 ohms to Earth and never will. AFCI, GFCI & HRG are great if they work correctly, but like every other piece of equipment they are subject to mass production errors & failure at anytime with no warning. Leaving the user with a false sense of protection.
Octane ratings are irrelevant! 87 versus 93 octane, using higher octane doesn't damage an engine, using not enough does, knocking and pre ignition, higher octane is for knock and preignition elimination , oy vey, this guy could be clueless? My car specs a min of 91, due to higher compression, not less
Thank you for this valuable information. I have a question about how to ground a fiberglass lighting pole. The inside of the column contains a metal pipe one meter high. The pipe is welded to a metal square base. The metal base is fixed into a concrete base bolts. My question is does the metal base of the column need to be grounded? Is a grounding rod sufficient for grounding the pole? Or it must be grounded by a circuit grounding wire?
This man speaks too fast through the new concepts they should be stated without this excitement, although I understand his passion in fighting the misconceptions that are ingrained in the industry.
His passion is what draws attention and if stated without it as you suggest would make it uninteresting, im too used to the dead boring talk on a a subject by many teachers at school. Especially with things involving science
I am leaving this channel, I don't know what the heck he is talking about. I wanted to find out about earthing. Be back when I get my electrician license.
He says twice that the earth is a good conductor. It is a conductor, but not a good one in nearly all soils. (If it were, the power company would use it as a return path and save a lot of money). Just because he is passionate, and loud, don't mean he is right. I do agree with most of what he says. Ohm's law is most of this topic. A mountain from a mole-hill. Loud and assertive makes him a living.. go figure. Chill out and live longer Sir.
You stated, "to protect something, you want to protect the space around it". That makes perfect sense. So the only reason i can think of for grounding light poles is to protects the homes around it, since it will make the light pole more inviting than a nearby house.
You're an idiot. Did you even watch the video? It was a 27 minute explaination of how that is completely wrong. Try again.
Thank you as an electrical engineer from turkey, even I know independent machine earthing rod is dangerous, I have clearly understand clearly what is behind and causes electronic equipment damage with nice graphical representations and figures, thank you Mike Holt.
You are most welcome
I've wondered about some of these issues for over 40 years. Finally, I found these very simple (funny) explanations. Thanks!
Mike, when I was a kid, we used to get earthworms and night crawlers by attaching the neutral and hot wire to two screwdrivers and pushing them into the ground about 18 to 24" apart and just wait a couple of minutes. All of a sudden, the crawlers and worms would come wriggling to the surface and we would just pick them up. Within a half hour we would have enough for a days fishing. Never once tripped a breaker or blew a fuse. Fuses in those days. No such thing as GFCIs.
Yepk, I have heard that story many times.
Thank you! Your videos have clarified a lot of electrical code problems I have dealt with in laboratories for years.
You are most welcome.
Great info about grounding which has never occurred to me. So i understand the ground conductor on equipment is important for safety for equipment with touchable metal when the neutral and ground are bonded at the panel.
This channel is such a treasure trove of information. Thanks Mike.
I was inspecting a new construction home and ground rods were located at both the meter panel on right of home and ground rods at sub-panel in garage on left of home. Service cable between meter panel and sub-panel had four service cables and floating neutral was provided inside sub-panel with additional ground wire between rods and sub-panel attached to ground bar. I can not find if this is allowed or not.
At myth four... If you have a ground rod in the ground inside a building ( like inside a stock room) will that serve any protection for the building or equipment?
(I'm not really sure how it's all hooked up but, i do know that the building has a ground rod on the side of the building next to the meter and a ground rod inside by the electrical panels)
Is it safe to ground your electric panel that has knob and tube wiring and Romex to your copper water line at point of entry to the house indoors. If not why not ?
If your an electrician, please post your question on MikeHolt.Ai
@@MikeHoltNEC I’m not an electrician I am a homeowner trying to understand my electrical system so that I can discuss it with my electrician thank you for your reply!
The issue 98% of the time is not a grounding issue... its a bonding issue.
Grounding should always be a single point system.
Will a light pole that is struck by lighting hold a charge longer if not grounded via an auxiliary electrode?
Nope. Lighting travels at the speed of light (186,000 mph), and it doesn't need a ground at the bottom of the metal pole to get to earth...
I live in snow country, and often people will have frozen pipes. Sometimes companies will offer to connect a welding machine to your pipes to have the current thaw them out. The problem with this is that the current will travel through all the water pipes on the street, into everyone's house where the power is grounded to the water pipes, and through everyone's ground system. In some cases it will find a resistive joint to heat up and start a fire! We were told by the city to call the police if we saw anyone doing this, and if it was in front of my house, I would definitely go out and cause trouble!
Mr. Holt. Do you have a presentation that is directed or geared toward people like myself who are trying to understand how to properly wire a 100% off-grid house, including grounding, of my components and solar array? The electricians have already roughed in all the wiring, but I'm sure they did it as though there would be grid power. I have a battery bank, two inverter/chargers, and about 12kw of solar. Do you have any presentations I could watch that would cover off grid solar wiring of a house?
Please call me 352.455.0794 after 9 am Mountain Time.
Installing a TV antenna, on metal rod, attached to tree near a cabin. Should I install a ground rod at bottom of tree to help divert possible lightning strike to ground rather than to home.
***** thanks
Please correct me if I’m wrong, my observation is that confusion comes from two main parts. A) misunderstanding of terminology and B) operating on old information.
People sure have a hard time understanding information flow that is constantly updated and improved.
Or they are just a dinosour...
irrigation controllers and landscape lighting...just lost 4 solenoids, 1 contoller, 1 vavle wire and next day realized 10 of 12 highend kichler led well lights were toasted as well. hunter irrigation controller has grounding bolt option. would you ground it to protect house? If so, what about low voktage lighting? do the 24v and 12v transformers protect the house?
Sir, i am here on research. I have read that that mesh grounding reduces touch voltage potential. Is it safe to have more grounding as long as they are meshed or connected to each other?
Watch - studio.ua-cam.com/users/videompgAVE4UwFw/comments?Fcomments
See IEEE Standard 80.
When is it ok to ground a generator? you mentioned there are special cases to use the grounding nut on a generator. Thank you
Please visit MikeHolt.com/Generators
You may need to re-look at Octane. The octane rating is the resistance to knock. Too low of octane will damage an engine due to spark knock and detonation. Too high of octane doen't hurt anything except your wallet. Actually, higher octane fuel has less energy potential than lower octane and will reduce the power output (a little) if used when you don't need it. Higher octane allows the use of higher cylinder pressures without the damaging effects of detonation and allowing a higher power output.
LOL. We had a long conversation about that over lunch during that recording. Thanks for the feedback.
I've literally had this conversation with several people. From my coworker to a cdl gas truck driver. When I mention the math of heptane/octane gas compression ratios to them they have no idea what Im talking about and agree to disagree.
Higher octane fuel burns more 'slowly'...
When welding, I know from experience that if you connect the work lead to anything other than your work, or the table it is clamped to, the arc will not happen. So it is definitely not a ground lead! Question: I have always wondered why doesn't the table become energized during a weld?
it does, have you ever been shocked by welding? you became the work lead. electricity goes out to whip lead, flows through metal( which melts it, "welding") and it returns back to the source in which it came from. the generator "welder machine" if you get between that path you get shocked or the electricity used your body as a wire to get back to its source. thats why welders try to get the work lead as close to the whip lead.
@MikeholtNEC - Hey mike I am from South Africa and I am in the process of helping out a struggling farmer. He only has a very old 3KW generator as power source. there is no utility connected. The generator was feeding into the main db of the house which has a RCD. I noticed that the generator was floating neutral(The earth wire was cut short and only the Neutral and L1 were connected on the alternator terminals. This generator is very old and has no protection circuitry.. Also there is no ground rod connected. although the generator's neutral is shorting out with the Chassis of the generator. So only the L and N is feeding into the house.. what do you recommend the connection should be? I would rather want to connect the cable ground wire to the chassis of the generator and bond the neutral and earth at the generator and then feed this output into the house along with this ground and utilise this ground circuit all throughout the house? So the way I see it is there is no ground fault path at the moment and its dangerous..
I'm sorry but I can't provide advice for wiring systems in South Africa. Post your question on MikeHolt.Ai.
Electricity doesn't try to go to ground. It merely uses the ground as a path or one of the paths to get back to the other side of the source to complete the circuit if multiple paths are available.
No. It. Doesn't. Watch the video. Wtf
So you were talking about step potential in the earth if lightning hits elsewhere, if you had a large antenna on your roof and you had it grounded to a local rod (in the backyard) but your utility ground is on the other corner of the house. If lightning actually hits your antenna would it be safer to have had it connected to its own ground (in the backyard) or running through the 12AWG grounding conductor to the breaker box?
No, watch this video for the entire story. ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw/v-deo.html
I'm really confused by what you said in the beginning about hooking up 120V directly to a ground rod and it not tripping the breaker. (I get the ohms law calc, thats not my confusion)
how is it then possible that you can hook 120v up directly to a ground rod and not trip a breaker but a piece of equipment thats plugged in a branch circuit of 120v, and lets say the metal casing potentially touches the a hot wire and sends a surge of current to ground which will then trip the breaker. Can you please explain whats happening in these situations making them different?
thank you.
Think of the ground rod as a big resistance in the circuit and the ground rod is not hooked the the ground fault path, thats why it wont trip a breaker because of the resistance of the metal rod. Its just for demonstration that you can send current the earth and it wont magically disappear. No longer think of it as a ground rod and just a metal rod being used for a demonstration.
Im from the UK, so hopefully youll understand my use of terminology.
By ground I mean the same as Mike in his example. By earth I mean equipment grounding intended to return current to source/neutral.
I think you say you understand the first part - that 120 Volts going to ground via say 25 Ohms is 4.8 Amps; too low to blow a fuse with a higher rating, even a 5 Amp one.
But, where there is a short circuit, the 120 Volts bypasses the equipment via the earth wire back to the source at a very low resistance. This creates an instantaneous very high current, eg 120 Amps at 1 Ohm. This blows any fuse rated lower than this.
Im not an electrician, but I hope this helps.😁
Watch the video again. This is explained.
This is amazing!! Thanks for sharing! So if the instructions say to disconnect the grounding conductor is that illegal equipment per the NEC?
Correct, and please watch this video ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw/v-deo.html
Mike, can you link me to a video that explains what an equipment grounding conductor (an effective ground fault current path) is and how it has to be setup (instead of just grounding a device to earth)? Is it basically a neutral wire that carries current back to the source? Also, I want to know how the fault gets cleared (breaker opened) from the EGC? If someone touches one of the hot wires, X voltage drop from that causes the breaker to trip? Thanks!
Sure, visit MikeHolt.TV, Click on Bonding, then the first video link. Or
studio.ua-cam.com/users/videompgAVE4UwFw/comments
Thank you so much for doing these videos. I was trained as an electrician and quit because of the stupidities I was forced to do.
Isolated grounding (CNC machines) provides a same point of ground reference (zero V) so two or more computers can communicate more efficiently. If each computer has its own ground reference, the information can get corrupted (the threshold is around 3V) and has to be resent, until verified by the receiving end.
Do you have an 'studies' that support this comment, or is your comment based on 'what you think or were told?' Electrica Power and Research Insititute study states the opposit!
Josi, please watch Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Isolated grounding is not an earth connection at the CNC machine, this results in 'not' an isolated ground, since you now that the CNC machine connected to 'two' separate grounding connections in the earth; one from the circuit equipment grounding conductor that is grounded at the service, and then the auxiliary ground that your propose. This is the 'worst' case condition, especially when lighting strikes nearby.
The point that I am trying to make is that we should always make an effort to understand the needs and motivations of each group (owners, engineers, manufacturers, electricians, inspectors, etc.), divulge that information, and tap into the accumulated experience of all to find more efficient solutions that will meet consensus. Only the CNC manufacturer can tell us exactly what facts lay behind the need to ground their enclosures, once that is known, we can then proceed with the improvement process; all else is simple speculation.
Manufactures do not know best, see EPRI report on this topic: ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/854351/
Email me your email address and I'll get you the 'study.'
Sir Absolutely right discussion points for Earthing and bonding, it is very helpful for us
If installing some equipment, and the manufacturer instructions conflict with the NEC, which one do you follow?
CK Kelley
Not this guy. Just don’t listen to this bogus presentation meant to overwhelm and confuse. *NOTHING is confusing.*
@@ThoughtsOnNews - What ?!?!?!?! This is the most simplified and accurate explanation ive ever heard on this subject. Speak for yourself weirdo.
Thank you mister Holt. That was awesome.
Hi
I live in the Middle East. Our electric shock protection system is different from that in the United States .. We use a ground leakage device that shuts off the electric current immediately when a small leakage occurs
how it works in cell towers? i work for the biggest en latín América, and they use oversized cables and double grounded equipment, inside the rack room they put a ring inside the wall.
with your explanation , all that over sized cable and gounding rods its useless.
thnx for taking the time to explain this myths
Regarding phone tower...
Those huge cables are for
Catch lighting...
Mike talk about that too.
I worked a couple years in a
Phone company too.
Thermwood CNC routers still require an auxilary ground rod and grounding conductor to the chasis of their controllers or their warranty is voided.
Wow! Learned something new! And, very, very valuable. THANKS
You are most welcome.
What a great video! Thank you kindly for your thorough explanations🥰
Please watch MikeHolt.com/Fundamentals!
What about towers?
IF, on the table at timestamp 7:36 , the "%R" at "3.00ft" was 82% instead of 75% (which it seems it should be closer to, anyway), then the mathematical curve would be a VERY accurate exponential representation of the resistance gradient of the earth. All other coordinates fall PRECISELY in place!
Help me understand this more, please send me information to Mike@MikeHolt.com.
this is awesome, Mike I took the test in Washington, I didn't make the past but I'll try again, thanks for the great pointers.
You ever get it?
WOW !!! I am really surprised... You just change my mind about grounding. THANK YOU SO MUCH.
Best explanation of grounding ever!
on the current doesnt take the path of least resistance. I beg to differ in one situation. Maybe you can correct it for me. But how come when testing for a blown fuse. you can simply put your multimeter on the ohm range setting and put your 2 leads on each side of the fuse and read .001(depending on the range setting on the meter) and it will read through the fuse element and not the circuit the it is in series with. Unless its blown then it will read the circuit. there for it chooses to read the path with the least resistance.
+Jer Bear I say this only for learning purposes.
+Jer Bear For learning purposes u most first drop all myths or notions that u assume to be true but are not, u are correct in that electrons take the path of least resistance, but does not mean they are always going to ground. we just assume they are. like they mentioned in the grounding rod discussion electrons will try to go back to the source instead of ground.As for checking the fuse that is a prime example of backwards thinking- a fuse should have 0 ohms resistance across it until it opens and will have so yes your meter reads between it instead of the series circuit and whatever load it is connected to and the fuse may also be the only path for the meter voltage to take. A grounding rod may have 25 ohms or greater resistance across it so it does not take all of the current or voltage to ground so it CANNOT and will not protect anything and may cause harm. The grounded or ground fault conductor however is a near 0 ohm (like a fuse) perfect conductor that WILL PROTECT anything or anyone EVERY TIME WHEN WIRED CORRECTLY! It amazes me how many people work with electricity every day that are really clueless as to how it works. I don't mean that toward u at all,for asking a question shows a desire to learn and an open mind. I have no electrical training but work with electricity every day in an industrial setting with a lot of 3 phase up to 600 volts. I saw quickly my company was not going to train me and the old techs only nugget was "Watch what your doin and don't get yerself killed the last thing we need is more of those damn monthly safety meetings" so I had to teach myself but it is really better this way because I too believed these myths and many more but thanks too Mike and others we can change some of the old ways. THANK U MIKE HOLT!
Current takes all available paths to get back to it's source. The amount of current in each path will be in proportion to the conductivity of each path.
Great information.
I think they're could be wrong about the welder problem.
The welder has electronics and a transformer so the 'ground' weld terminal or (-) connection on the welder output could be independent from the incoming a.c. supply so current may only want to return to the welder output source terminal.
You are correct, all current is returning to the 'source' of that circuit.
Well, if this is 100% correct all the time, it's sure difficult to explain the fantastically capable grounding mechanisms at the bottom of my electric field fence called weeds. They are extremely good at eliminating the potential for shock. In the event that the metal exterior of a light pole should become energized, would I prefer that it be attached to a ground rod rather than just to me if I happen to touch it? I would. Or at least have a good crop of wet weeds at the base...
Please watch ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw8/v-deo.html, I think you'll want to revise your comments in this post.
We get the point, ships are ungrounded, should we do as the marine industry does??
Well if you have 120/207/240 Volts systems on the ship you should be able to use these without any problem like on the land. If you're not sure, check with the ship owner or the company which installed the electrical system. It's probably somewhere written next to a main fusebox. But if it's a US ship, it's probably at least NEC compliant and has a TN system and if that's the case you should comply to NEC regulations.
If you want to charge ship batteries with mainland power you normally use an isolation transformer which besides corrosion also prevents electrocution when installed properly.
But you should check with the vendor, marine regulations, local harbor regulations and ship regulations and when in doubt try to get them on one line. If 4 people say 4 different things, don't choose the one you like best. Figure out who is right and who is not by asking questions or involve other people who have more knowledge about the specific subjects.
A friend of mine just bought the "A-iPower SUA12000E 12,000-Watt Gasoline Powered Generator". I was looking through the owners manual for him and it stated verbatim in the actual manual that the national electric code requires an earth ground connection and to connect a #10 awg grounding electrode from the lug on the generator to a driven ground rod to be protected against electrical shock. I looked at that like , WTH. When i try calling the company they never answer and never return my voicemails. That sort of answered my question on what kind of company i was dealing with. My friend who has zero electrical knowledge thinks im wrong because like Mike said "Its in the manual"
Great story and crazy that people have no clue..
Great video but to let you know in the World of Telecommunication electricity does take the least patch of resistance and it sucks. You cant bond it because of interference but the outer sheath is and causing hell when it gets wet.
Electricity does not take the path of least resistance - it takes ALL paths available to return, in amounts proportional to the impedance/resistance offered. Kirchhoff's current law.
Bonding is always good. The problem is other installations tying Protective Earths from multiple sockets or sometimes even multiple buildings together (like metalic gas/water pipes, CATV, shielded phonelines)
There are two basic rules to prevent communcation problems from being affected by bonding:
- design your communications paralel to the electrical network to prevent ground loops from acting as unintented antenna's.
- get rid of ground loops by using ground isolators in communication lines between different devices.
The problem is most devices do not have ground isolators build in and cause ground loops. UTP cables are the only exception. Shielded UTP however is usually shielded at both ends, causing ground loops as well most CATV, audio and video systems.
In my opninion communication inputs and basicly any other system other than the electrical distribution should have ground isolators to prevent the protective earth from acting as an uninteded conductor.
Useful Info ever!!!
Equipment grounding - massive equipment - we install anchor bolts - the bolts are connected to the re bar, with angle iron frame - there fore the equipment is grounded thru the anchor bolts ! To un ground the equipment you must not have anchor bolts ! Elaborate on this please. I am an un limited master electrician ship & shore - plus BSEE. Not a smart alec, but wish to understand. Now on computers the larger the ground conductor is not all ways the best.
Please watch this video - ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw/v-deo.html
I’m sorry but I don’t understand your question. I suggest you watch ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw/v-deo.html.
This is surprising information, but I'd like to know where to turn to get some problems solved in an old building with wiring problems. This stuff is over my head. We have grounding problems in an old church. Much of the cable wiring is just hot and neutral with no ground and it seems they 'grounded to the box' which I'm suspicious of. In one circuit a receptacle tester says the hot and neutral wires are reversed. (Black and white wires are attached correctly). The same receptacle being tested with a non contact voltage tester shows power in the small plug, no power in the neutral plug and power in the ground plug.
I've seen handyman videos on youtube with electricians commenting that what the guy is showing is dangerous. So is your average electrician also misinformed? The last thing we want is someone getting hurt or a fire or whatever.
im no pro but sounds like you have some bonded neutrals and grounds in the panel or some grounds landed on the neutral bus. the neutrals and grounds should not be bonded in a sub panel inside, only bonded in a main panel outside. also lets say you have a hot, neutral and ground going to a receptacle, and the neutral wire comes off and touches the receptacle box. if the neutral is bonded in the panel the electrons just use the ground wire to get back to its source. that's one way you can have a hot, hot wire a dead neutral and hot ground wire in a receptacle . electricity don't give a crap about wire color, it just wants to get back home to where it came from which is the transformer outside.
Ground does go shortest path. My engineer learned on two 300 hp motors and throw him. My other engineer learned on two machines and felt the ground go though him but not anything happened.
Watch MikeHolt.com/Fundamentals, you have it all wrong...
I love this guy :)
His teaching style and energy is amazing!
I fell into my ground level hot tub with a lighted extension cord. Luckily I didn't even get a shock! I was about 3' from the cord. Never tripped the breaker either and the light stayed on the cord. People think I'm lying when I tell them that. I know I would have been electrocuted if I was closer!
I'm sure that is true.
Higher octane is a waste if not required , not using high octane in a car that requires it will cause problem
Bottom line : E= IR. A million volts from a lightning strike cannot be dissipated from standard grounding.
Most modern day electrician have a poor understanding of electricity or at least how to explain it to the customer. So they offer parables and dumb down the understanding to the general public. Auto mechanics are eve worse at the theory, they don't know a short from an open or even how a switch and capacitor work.
Most overhead distribution systems (power poles) have a dedicated lightning protection system (sometimes an extra independently grounded wire).
Not true at all. Just drive down the street and you'll see 'some' static wires, but generally this occurs for 'very high' voltage distribution ungrounded systems.
You've missed the word "Most" at the beginning.
It's not 'most' it's 'some.'
Bond their audio video to lightning rod system. We deal with real voltage.
As a new ham radio guy - grounding is by far the most confusing and hard to understand topic.
Killed a dog owned by a female attorney. 😂
Excellent video! Not only does this happen with electrical grounding, it happens with biblical teaching as well. Many "good faith" teachings being promoted as safety and truth... and most lead to death. They need to quit it. Too many people are buying this bunk and their end is eternal destruction Matt 7:13
That's a good point.
If electrical systems are no clearing faults by popping breakers then thats a problem w/ the design, not a problem w/ the idea that ground faults in earthing systems are designed to clear faults by popping breakers.
That depends on the system.
TN Systems (most English Speaking Countries) are designed with in mind that your Neutral is supposed to be connect to the Protective Earth (PE) so in case of an isolation fault enough current will flow trough the PE to make the circuit breaker go off.
TT Systems (most European Countries and Japan) are designed with Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI's) in mind so in case of an isolation fault the current will be lower than with a TN System but enough to let the GFCI trip.
Both systems have advantages and disadvantages. BUT YOU SHOULD NEVER MIX THEM UP!
Robin Heijblom Doesn't really matter. Any system that takes advantage of a fault return can pop a breaker of some sort. That's a matter of design of said system. The point is youre supposed to take into account the ground impedance if you use an earthing ground.
vidfreak56 That's true, that's why Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters/Breakers need to be installed on every circuit where ungrounded appliances can be plugged in or TT System is used. Only circuits for dedicated appliances can be installed without a GFCI/GFCB when the impedance between neutral and Protective Earth is low enough to trip a normal circuit breaker.
But this practice is also slowly decreasing because a lot of times people think they can use that single purpose socket also for other things and start hooking up extension cords. Since GFCI's can be manufactured cheaper every year the costs are not really an issue anymore. In the past GFCI's and GFCB's were very expensive.
Nowaday's GFCI's are not that expensive anymore. Usually it's the home/business-owners that spend their money on building a pool or installing a dormer rather than upgrade their electrical installation to code. That's why even in Europe there are still a lot of places where circuits are not protected by GFCI's and accidents are waiting to happen.
I had the concept of voltage gradients in the earth explained to me along time ago but I could never remember well enough to explain it to anyone else.
Putting a ground rod in for a CNC is like putting an antenna that could pick up transient voltages from a fault or lightning.
Lightning dose not care about electrical system. Lightning will go to a ground rod and dirt before it will travel 100 feet back to electrical main service.
I got a fever. And the only prescription is MORE GROUND RODS.
Exactly!
Grounds have to be serviced and tested. You just cant put a ground rod, and think it's going to provide a quality level of resistance for ever. Ground rods put in the ground in the 70s should be tested on a normal basis. Soil characteristics and ph levels change over time. Guess what bridges across the country are crumbling hmm I wonder why.
+harry bottom What standard supports your statement that grounds are to be serviced and tested. What standard requires a bridge to be grounded, and how is it to be grounded; what study shows that bridges are crumbling because they are not grounded properly.
MikeHoltNEC In the military we use Pamphlet TR-96-2 which covers earth grounding. We are required to ground highly sensitive equipment in different environments using different methods. Should we forego grounding our Radars?
Should we drive ground rods in a desert environment until we reach a water table or certain resistance? I'm asking these question because I'm not a expert just a maintainer who wants to know am I wasting my time while deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq...
The point of using bridges as an example, is that all systems need preventive maintenance to ensure they work as intended.
+harry bottom If the military has a standard, then it must be complied with, since they are not required to comply with the NEC. Reaching the water table doesn't reduce the ground resistance, and I don't understand the connection to the bridge.
Finally! I realize I am late. I have been preaching this to hams for years. But they still drop ground rods everywhere.
if a rod is in the ground, and the hot wire short's... it will trip the main breaker... Lighting... Million to one... I do believe equipment should go back to the main panel ground. Not two different ground grounds...That why you link all your sub panel to main panel... and bond the secondary panels so if if a hot wire touches a sub panel, you don't become the ground..... (breaker trips on the circuit) Electricity is still seeking least resistance. That why plastic is wrap around wire... you can't get shocked. Leather gloves... can't conduct electricity... I can trip a breaker on a ground bare wire that hook to ground rod and it trip in a second. This guys smart but more research need to be done.
Please watch ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw/v-deo.html
A breaker trips because whatever it shorts to is connected to the Neutral in the SE, and travels to the source. It can short to EGC...or you can even short it to the Ground Rod...but it's the connection to the Neutral that causes the breaker to trip. Holt's example is showing what happens if you rely only on the ground path from the house ground rod to the utility ground rod at the transformer. The point being made is the ground path ALONE is not sufficient to trip the breaker. A low impedance path is needed from the point of fault all the way back to the source. This path is provided by the EGC to the SE. And then it hops to the Neutral in the SE to get back to transformer and trip the breaker. Remove the neutral at the panel...short the hot conductor to ground...straight to the ground rod if you wish...and you will not trip the breaker. One caveat: Some installation might have a very low ground impedance. This is rare, but possible. In these rare instances, you might trip the breaker with a lost neutral.
In my humble opinion, it sounds like you might be getting too tangled up in the bureaucratic process (cost/feasibility/liability/sustainability).
I’ve never accepted anything over 5 ohms to Earth and never will.
AFCI, GFCI & HRG are great if they work correctly, but like every other piece of equipment they are subject to mass production errors & failure at anytime with no warning. Leaving the user with a false sense of protection.
So it’s a function of Pi? I get it.
Octane ratings are irrelevant! 87 versus 93 octane, using higher octane doesn't damage an engine, using not enough does, knocking and pre ignition, higher octane is for knock and preignition elimination , oy vey, this guy could be clueless? My car specs a min of 91, due to higher compression, not less
2:53 =D
Fair comment, I'm having it deleted
Thank you for this valuable information. I have a question about how to ground a fiberglass lighting pole. The inside of the column contains a metal pipe one meter high. The pipe is welded to a metal square base. The metal base is fixed into a concrete base bolts. My question is does the metal base of the column need to be grounded? Is a grounding rod sufficient for grounding the pole? Or it must be grounded by a circuit grounding wire?
This man speaks too fast through the new concepts they should be stated without this excitement, although I understand his passion in fighting the misconceptions that are ingrained in the industry.
His passion is what draws attention and if stated without it as you suggest would make it uninteresting, im too used to the dead boring talk on a a subject by many teachers at school. Especially with things involving science
I am leaving this channel, I don't know what the heck he is talking about. I wanted to find out about earthing. Be back when I get my electrician license.
You are watching the wrong video, please watch ua-cam.com/video/mpgAVE4UwFw/v-deo.html
He says twice that the earth is a good conductor. It is a conductor, but not a good one in nearly all soils. (If it were, the power company would use it as a return path and save a lot of money). Just because he is passionate, and loud, don't mean he is right. I do agree with most of what he says. Ohm's law is most of this topic. A mountain from a mole-hill. Loud and assertive makes him a living.. go figure. Chill out and live longer Sir.
Please watch Videos 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 so that you understand the context of what I said in video 6 of 7.
just trust me, don't explain, oy vey!