Q&A 133: What's Causing the Expansion of the Universe? And More...
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- Опубліковано 15 чер 2024
- In this week's QA, I talk about what's driving the expansion of the Universe, how big the observable Universe is to the actual Universe, and what will happen to dogs in gravity.
00:00 Start
00:26 What's driving the expansion of the Universe?
04:01 How big is the observable Universe compared to the actual Universe?
07:25 Do people watch videos or listen to my podcasts?
10:37 Will dogs enjoy lunar gravity?
12:59 Why aren't we looking deeper in the Kuiper Belt?
15:54 What would be some good ways to explore lava tubes?
19:36 What happened to the Overwhelmingly Large Telescope?
22:48 Would space LIGO be more sensitive?
27:56 What's the most like Great Filter?
31:07 Why do we talk about distance in form of time?
35:14 Any future collaborations with Isaac Arthur?
35:58 How long will the Mars helicopter survive?
40:07 When will NASA incorporate Starship into its plans?
42:15 How dangerous is the Kessler Syndrome?
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You are free to use my work for any purpose you like, just mention me as the source and link back to this video. - Наука та технологія
As strange as it sounds I often fall asleep listening to your amazing videos. I suffer fairly bad with depression so struggle on a nightly basis but your narrative in these videos truly helps me. Thank you from the UK
Same here, we're not alone. I really appreciate how his enthusiasm for all things space related does a spectacular job of transporting the mind into the cosmos and able to escape for a moment. Just keep swimming. Be well and do good.
Your channel is amazing!
Miss the guide to space!!!!
It’s calming to have someone who’s not an academic to synthesize scientific breakthroughs/news. Interviews are great in their own right but they’re not as good as your guide to space!
Keep up all The great work!
Yup, I understand. I mentioned that I don't think I'm doing the subject justice. I want to do a hybrid where it's part interview and part synopsis from me.
You sell yourself short. Exploration is the point of this journey. Learning along with you is part of that adventure. It's ok to be wrong... especially when you learn from it.
Fraser, I think you underestimate the need for that kind of interface between hard science and popular understanding you are providing! Thats great and you should keep doing that. At least for humankind:)
Aww, thanks. :-)
The new format is cool. But I'd feel better about things if Fraser started with "Question show time! Your questions. My answers."... I mean, I feel like I need that in my life.
i like the channel the way it is now, with the interviews and the Q&A. Always expecting your content! Saludos from Argentina.
I miss the forest backgrounds and the occasional birds making noises. And your guide to space videos were awesome!
It's winter give the man a break, you know how cold it is in Canada?
Love the focus on interviews to get more hard science! But tbh, if you made 60 second "trailers" for each, would be much more likely to engage. Need to know it's worth watching all the way through. Thanks for all you do!!!
I'm glad I stumbled onto this awesome channel 💪🏾
Your guide to space videos brought me up to level, though. I miss them, personally. But you gotta do what's right for you!
In fact, your Guide to Space videos introduced me to PBS Spacetime, John Michael Goodier, and all those like, 5 years ago. That's when UA-cam became my #1 channel.
Thank you Fraser for another great vid.
Love your channel Fraser! Hope all’s good.
What's causing the expansion of the universe? Lockdown comfort eating.
Indub -but - ibly! Its the expansion of soft fleshy tinnue.
I watch and I listen.
Buuuuuut! Your guide to space videos were amazing! I loved them! And looking through your views, some of them seem to get 30K+ views, and rarely below 10K views. In comparison, your recent ones seem to rarely get 10K views. I'm sure to the people like me - loyal viewers (and patrons!) who can't wait for each and every one of your videos - it doesn't really matter. I love your content, regardless of the form, and you're doing a great job. But, on the other hand, I want to see your channel grow and get the viewership it deserves. It's your business, really, but I'd consider bringing back some of the old scripted content - not only was it good, but it brought in more views.
Anyway, keep up the great work!
Cheers :)
I appreciate that, but I'm not actually a UA-camr, so growing my channel isn't my top priority. I'm looking for a way to support the stories that we're covering on Universe Today so people can learn more deeply on interesting subjects. It's really clear to me that we need to connect more directly to the people actually doing the research. So don't worry, I'm going to figure out something better, but I need to take a step back first and rethink it.
@@frasercain
Mr. O-P ,
You know and I know that the cosmological "Big-Rip" is extremely dead and that the Chandra Observatory killed it .
The model that best applies now is the "gas-bag" model , wherein the universe expands like an inflated balloon that has been popped in the vacuum of space .
The gas initially rushes away at an accelerating rate , but as the gas-pressure drops , the rate of increase does also . Eventually , the rate of velocity increase approximates zero , and Universal-Inflation is no more .
This model is merely an analogy or a learning tool ; our science actually has no idea what space itself is composed of , or how that "substrate" behaves under varying conditions .
For a more in-depth examination of this subject , go to UA-cam parent company Google and type in... When a photon is cosmologicaly redshifted, where does .
Go down two-inches to "Installed" , do that and then proceed to my unit 16 .
Question: Hi Fraser, thanks for all the knowledge you impart. How has the skill set for astronauts changed since the early days of space exploration and how do you think the skill set will change over the next few decades as we see a new era of manned space flight to the moon, Mars and asteroid belt?
I get your point on interview, but I also love your old program format... is there a way to combine both? Almost like how you edit the live q and a
That's what we're trying to figure out. I've seen a couple of examples that do a good job of blending the two.
For the question at around 7:28 about people on podcast vs on UA-cam. For me it all boils down to the fact that I can turn subtitles on at UA-cam, and they are extremely helpful to me, not being a native english speaker x)
Maybe so, but we can't all go right to the source. Even if it's not perfect, it's a pretty good representation or approximation of our best knowledge. You shouldn't have stopped making videos. The role of the educator - the synthesizer - the communicator and translator....is important. Also...I liked them. The role of the entertainer is also not to be undervalued here. Keep making videos man.
Question: what kind of telescopes do you own or use? I have an 8" SCT but am looking to get a small refractor like the (ST80?) one behind you for some wider field views. I do love my Celestron 15x70 binoculars though!
P.s. --Looking forward to your next live astronomy webcast
Random: I miss the videos of you standing in the forest. Just got a chuckle thinking about the times people would think it's a green screen and you would deadpan-ly just reach out and touch a leaf =)
Should have put a power outlet on Perseverance for the drone to plug into to recharge :) Oh well, maybe on the next one?
String theory suggests two branes (analogous to giant sheets) collided or touched in a higher dimesion and the product of that collision is our universe. Personally, I think its related to topology of spacetime.
Fraser, have you talked about the paper published a couple of months ago bolstering the case for MOND as a solution to dark matter? It's a relatively small survey of galaxies and MOND still has hurdles to overcome but the study provides a compelling case for a violation of the equivalence principle via an external field effect. The paper is "Testing the Strong Equivalence Principle..." by Kyu-Hyun Chae et al. Also, I'd love to see an interview with Mr MOND Stacy McGaugh.
Question: We have EM waves, gravitational waves, neutrinos, cosmic rays.... Is there any other possible "window into the universe" which we know it should be there, but aren't able to detect yet?
Hey Fraser, when a probe/satellite takes pictures of a planet, how does it know what features it should focus on? Is the process managed by an AI or do we just program coordinates as best as we can before it arrives? Thanks and love the show!
Hi! Is it more likely to be hit by a astroid at the equator or at the pole? Or doesn't latitude matter at all?
would an ion thruster copter work on the moon? Considering there's no atmosphere for normal chopper, but the gravity is so low so don't need much thrust to take off.
Fraser, another question for you. If we knew a CME was headed for Earth, is there anything the average person could do at home to protect their electronics? Thank you.
Hey Fraser, what do you think of the hypothesis that life isn't rare, we are just among the first in the galaxy? This would seem to have low probability, but what about the idea that there was something in the galaxy that would destroy life up until about 3.7 billion years ago? What if the Milky Way was a Quasar before then and our system was being bathed in massive amounts of life annihilating radiation? Then being the first isn't that improbable.
Just a correction on you 'Great filter' piece, the filter doesn't mean we are 'alone' as such, if by alone you mean other life in the universe. You stated their could be other single cell or multicell life forms about, and they could exist right 'now' (I know that's a relative term that wouldn't be agreed upon by an external observer), so not alone in the universe, but if you mean alone as in life from different spatial origins coming together to occupy the same-ish space at the same time, it probably is being filtered and you need more attempts to pass through (time being the tester and resolver of probability, especially given how relatively young the universe is).
Can SMBHs ejected by merging galaxies drag away with it some of the galactic material such as gas, dust and clusters of stars? Can we not test for this by looking at dwarf galaxies with unusually large SMBHs at their cores?
Hi Fraser, my question is regarding the 1st stars in the universe (Population III). If the universe was 3000K at 380,000 yrs after the big bang, how did the background space cool enough to form cold molecular hydrogen nebulas from which stars are born and how did dark matter function at such high temperatures?
As to the Great Filter question, it was the prompt that humanity is right in the middle of our own Great Filter to survive:
1) Nuclear Winter
2) Ecological system collapse (Remember, "Limits To Growth" report)
3) Climate Change
That's why we've been living in the Anthropocene since 1945.
You could have artificial smells in the dogs helmet. Trade cards with your friends, so when the pup goes to smell the suit, an artificial smell hits them. (Dogs go by smell)
I keep coming back to the idea of equal and opposite effects. With that in mind... could the warping of space by mass cause an opposite effect in space time not with in the gravity wells of local groups of galaxies... that spreads space time. Another way to look at it might be that space time falls into gravity wells, and ends up bubbling back up into the space time outside of Galaxy wells. .
Please send the Nobel Prise to me in a brown paper bag.... 😀
is casaba howitzer a workable method to deflect asteroids?
Question: Hey Fraser, how long do you think the gas giants of our solar system would last? What happens to these gases over the time span of billions of years and how do they change/evolve over time, and will they outlast the sun?
Since the universe is expanding, is it possible to trace back the center of the universe? is it where the big bang happened?
I can't find the podcast on stitcher???
The answer is obvious. We are in Euclidean space inside an elliptic plane. It's just light is red-shifted by elliptic gravity.
13:59 They ARE planets, regardless of what people want to call them. But scientists, and people in general, like nice neat tidy numbers, and no scientist wants to have to say that we don't actually know how many planets there are, perhaps hundreds, after 'we thought' we knew there were only 9. So they concocted a definition explicitly to exclude Pluto, as if that somehow changes what Pluto is. It doesn't. It's still a round object that orbits around the sun. But at least the arbitrary number is more to their liking.
What observation tells us the universal expansion is accelerating? It seems to me the same observations could be made of it started faster and is slowing down but not zero or negative.
Have you looked at Robin Hanson's new "grabby aliens" model addressing the Fermi paradox, the rarity of advanced life in the universe, and where and when to expect the nearest advanced alien life to be? If so what are your thoughts?
He has a series of blog posts on Overcoming Bias dealing with it if you want to look deeper. Also a recent published paper.
Scott Aaronson has a recent blog post which may explain it a little better than Hanson himself, actually (on Scott Aaronson dot com)
Hi Fraser, could planet nine be a black hole? like a small one.
about the greatest filter: logically we're almost there if we put it on an astronomical timescale. So the odds that the greatest filter comes at the very end is almost zero. the biggest ones are behind us, earth had like many major almost killer events and evolving to multicellular took so ridiculously long time it has the most probability to be the most tough filter.
4:28 for most of us we have 2 observable universe because we have 2 eyes
If we can only “see” into the past. Do we know if the universe is still expanding in our PRESENT day?
I'm pretty sure Perseverance Helicopter is totally autonomous. Maybe they tell it when to launch. But think it will learn to fly on its own. That was part of the science. Did I get that wrong?
The great filter is FTL. Let me explain, we work out FTL, then a message appears in space; "Thanks guys, we knew you'd work it out for us. Simulation Finished". Then just as they are beginning to celebrate getting us to work it out for them, a message appears in their sky...."
if the CMB happened 13.8 billion years ago, does this mean it happened 13.8 billion light years away? what about the cmb that happened right here? can we ever see this?
Assuming a Hubble constant of 71 km/sec/Mpc, any volume of flat space in our universe will double in size every 3.168 billion years. A spherical volume that is initially 1 megaparsec in radius will grow by about 1003 cubic light years during the next second. A cubic meter of space will grow by 1.635e+87 Planck volumes (or 6.903e-18 cubic meters) during the next second.
Wow, I've never heard that number. The volume of the Universe doubles every 3.2 billion years. Once Roman completes its survey, we'll know how that changes due to dark energy.
@@frasercain I didn't include the math. Here it is.
Initial radius:
r₁ = 1 Mpc = 3.08567758e+22 meters
Initial volume:
V₁ = (4π/3) r₁³ = 1.23066612e+68 m³
Initial recession speed, surface wrt center:
v₁ = 71000 m/s
Final volume:
V₂ = 2V₁ = 2.46133224e+68 m³
Final radius:
r₂ = ∛[3V₂/(4π)] = 3.88771014e+22 meters
r₂ = ∛2 r₁ = 1.25992105 Mpc
Final recession speed, surface wrt center:
v₂ = 89454.3945 m/sec
Average recession speed:
v = (v₂+V₁)/2 = 80227.1973 m/sec
Distance of expansion to double the volume:
d = r₂−r₁ = 0.25992105 Mpc
d = 8.02032556555059e+21 m
Time required for volume to double:
t = d/v = 9.99701577e+16 sec
t = 3.16786e+9 years
@@frasercain More quickly,
v₁ = 71000 m/s
v = v₁ (∛2+1)/2 = 80227.197275 m/s = 0.082049331 Mpc/billion years
d = (∛2−1) Mpc = 0.259921049895 Mpc
t = d/v = 3.16786 billion years
Do we have the speed of light?
If we know how old the universe is and we know how fast it's expanding, What are the issues in knowing the actual size of the universe.
One is enough? But the size of the universe is unknown throughout, including the beginning.
@@gurzngvp One would be enough if that was the question. I wasn't assuming there was only one answer and really wanted to know the list of known issues.
Maybe I should have added "If the big bang theory is correct" where the size is know.
You're getting an observable universe, and you're getting an observable universe...
Cosmic Oprah :-)
What's the universe expanding into???🙏🙏🙏
It's not expanding into anything. Either the Universe is infinite, or it wraps on itself like a 3D game of Asteroids.
I am curious what is it like for astronauts in the weightless environment of the ISS to chew and swallow. Is the sensation of it very different from what we experience? I understand that out esophagus and intestines have a to push food along but I am curious how different is that without gravity to assist?
IDK but I've never seen astronauts talk about it so I'd guess it's no big deal. And they look like they're just eating normally.
@@bozo5632 You may very well be right. I feel like the sensation of it would be different even if the mechanics are just the same. Regardless, it seems like a good question for the show.
I guess its like eating while laying down.
Under what conditions could Earth capture a Near Earth Asteroid and make it a second Moon of Earth (and keep it for at least a few thousand years)? And how likely is this to happen?
You might reckon you don’t know much as you learn more but you bridge and make accessible concepts that need to have a “bridge” to get to! Can you ask an understudy to have a go at your Guides To Space?!
i suppose the big bang is like an explosion, from the point of view of fragmentation
That’s a good point maybe the gravity gets weaker anyway the car thing is ok but except that it’s speeding up that’s crazy who knows what any of this means 🤷♀️
We could have civilizations broadcast their observable universe to extend the horizon. But I guess it wouldn't be very valuable to see more of the same stars. I would worry about tearing the space suit after falling on the moon rather than directly hurting myself.
How come the universe didn't immediately collapse into a black hole?
An hour after the BB? 2 weeks after? 380.001 years after? Or anytime after the first million years or so?
Even after a million years of BB, the density of our universe must have been so high that it would collapse immediately to a black hole.
And "even matter distribution" is of course a non-starter for explanation, as you can only have even matter distribution for about a nanosecond, before things start to shift around and you no longer have perfect matter distribution - hence things should start some serious fusion and gravity fun after just a little time has passed.
What's the obvious explanation I'm missing?
Let me ask you a question: how can the scientists know there is an expansion of the universe and not an expanding retracting, a pulsing movement?
From observations, obviously ... scientists have observed type 1a supernovaes in different galaxies at different distances and they found that their light was redshifted. This was because they were moving relative to us. So we can conclude the universe is expanding. WHY it is happening is still a mystery to be solved...
Could SpaceX be contracted to use their Starlink experience and make LISA bigger/faster/cheaper?
I think that the most likely candidate for a future great filter is the error of multi-culturalism, which is the idea that a species comprised of several subspecies, some of which are able to create and to sustain a civilization based on advanced technology (while other subspecies are not so capable), can be well-ordered and diverse at the same time. This inevitably leads to trouble, and, if it is carried on for too long, brings an advanced civilization crashing to the ground. And, possibly, causes the extinction of the subspecies that would have been able, had it endured, to climb off the homeworld and colonize space.
1:24 it's wild that the expansion rate of the universe was slowing down up until a few billion years ago. Like there was a day where the universe decided to keep exploding
Just to clarify guys. Did ALL the Universe or just the Observable Universe come into being 13 and change billion years ago?
Light meter: The amount of distance or time traveled by light in one meter.
Sorry... when fraiser was talking about the center of the universe he said "you're standing one light... meter away from me". Thought it was funny.
What if the universe isn't getting bigger, but instead the scale of structure is getting smaller and smaller.
27:25. L3 is on the other side of the sun. L2 is farther from the sun than Earth by 1.5 million kilometers, where you park a lot of space telescopes.
Definitions:
GM₀ = the gravitational parameter of the sun
GM₁ = the gravitational parameter of Earth
x₀ = the position of Sun relative to the barycenter (intrinsically negative)
x₁ = the position of Earth relative to the barycenter (intrinsically positive)
s = the separation between Sun and Earth
r = the separation between Sun and the Lagrange point.
d = the separation between Earth and the Lagrange point.
L₁ is the Lagrange point between the sun and Earth.
L₂ is the Lagrange point behind Earth from the sun.
L₃ is the Lagrange point on the other side of Earth's orbit.
d is what we want to find for Lagrange points L₁ and L₂.
s = x₁ − x₀
x₀ = −(GM₁/GM₀) x₁
x₁ = s / (1 + GM₁/GM₀)
φ = GM₀/(GM₀+GM₁)
x₁ = φs
Since the sun, Earth, and the Lagrange point are on the same line,
For L₁:
r = s − d
For L₂:
r = s + d
The acceleration by the sun's gravity at the Lagrange point is
g₀ = −GM₀/r²
For L₁:
g₀ = −GM₀/(s−d)²
For L₂:
g₀ = −GM₀/(s+d)²
The acceleration by Earth's gravity at the Lagrange point is
For L₁:
g₁ = +GM₁/d²
For L₂:
g₁ = −GM₁/d²
The period of the orbit of the sun and Earth around their mutual barycenter is
P = 2π√[s³/(GM₀+GM₁)]
The angular speed of the rotating coordinate system is
ω = 2π/P
ω = √[(GM₀+GM₁)/s³]
The apparent centrifugal acceleration at the Lagrange point is
For L₁:
f = ω² (φs−d)
For L₂:
f = ω² (φs+d)
Since L₂ does not move in the constantly rotating coordinate system when the relative orbits are circular,
f + g₀ + g₁ = 0
For L₁:
ω²(φs−d) − GM₀/(s−d)² + GM₁/d² = 0
ω²d⁵ − (2+φ)ω²sd⁴ + (1+2φ)ω²s²d³ + (GM₀−GM₁−ω²φs³)d² + 2GM₁sd − GM₁s² = 0
For L₂:
ω²(φs+d) − GM₀/(s+d)² − GM₁/d² = 0
ω²d⁵ + (2+φ)ω²sd⁴ + (1+2φ)ω²s²d³ + (ω²φs³−GM₀−GM₁)d² − 2GM₁sd − GM₁s² = 0
For example, if
s = 1.4959789e11 meters
GM₀ = 1.32712440018e20 m³ sec⁻²
GM₁ = 3.986004418e14 m³ sec⁻²
then
ω = 1.99098628e-7 rad/sec
φ = 0.9999969965194
d(L₁) = −1.491551207e9 meters
d(L₂) = +1.501531967e9 meters
I stuck on the minus sign because the distance to L₁ is in the negative x direction from the center of Earth.
You can use these equations for other astrodynamic systems, provided that the orbits are circular and unperturbed and the speeds are non-relativistic. Simply replace the gravitational parameter for your larger body (GM₀) for that of the sun in this example, and replace the gravitational parameter for your smaller body (GM₁) for that of Earth, and change the value of s to whatever the separation between your two bodies happens to be. If the orbits are elliptical, or if there are third bodies involved, or if the orbital speeds are greater than 0.1c, then a more complicated procedure will have to be used.
If you're looking for the distance of the L₃ point from the sun, solve this equation for r.
−ω²r − ω²s(1−φ) + GM₁/(s+r)² + GM₀/r² = 0
ω²r⁵ + (3−φ)ω²sr⁴ + (3−2φ)ω²s²r³ + [(1−φ)ω²s³−GM₁−GM₀]r² − 2GM₀sr − GM₀s² = 0
"OK fine. It is infinite" is not how a proper scientist work! They go "We do not know. And I will try to find... Ooo.. what is that!? I need to research that!". Or in other words, a scientist is never satisfied, but you can distract them.
Squirrel!
@@frasercain Precisely! And who would not be interested in researching the intricacies of Squirrel life? ;)
Nothing is “causing” it. I look at expansion similar to 4 fundamental forces, it just is. It’s the only true way space can be infinite. If we could slow down time, the cosmos would be like a piston, bang and then expansion leads to nothing which causes the next bang, cycle repeats infinitely.
Remember when The Big Crunch was a thing? (Am I old?)
Old? Nope!
You are ancient my friend.
It's wasn't a thing, it was main stream. (gods I am old too),I wander 50 years from now dark matter and energy wouldn't be a thing too.
So, about 30 years from 10 meter to 39 meter telescope. Maybe in another 30 years we will see 100 meters. Make sure to exercise and eat healthy! :-)
Regarding LISA and gravitational waves: Why wouldn't they add just 1 more satellite so that they can pinpoint exactly what direction waves are coming from? Seems to me by only having 3 points, they are limiting themselves to the same thing they already have on earth, direction finding in 2 dimensions but not in 3.
Will work in tandem with LIGO.
@@slysynthetic OK... that is interesting. So kind of like the interferometer of gravitational waves? I wouldn't have thougth that possible with one geostationary (so to speak) in space and the other a moving target on the earth. I get how they can do that on earth where they are not moving relative to one another. Very neat!
💜💜💜💜
What is your goal?
@@illustriouschin elaborate?
@@illustriouschin I just cant believe I've only just gotten a notification for this channel🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧
@Podkova True dat. Skynet is real.
Is dark matter really old neutrino black holes from before the universe? Might explain why they are spherical instead of disc shaped like galaxies.
how can neutrinos create a black hole?
@@doncarlodivargas5497 They old.
Fraser, you think we're alone because you're afraid of the great filter? Is that a logical argument?
First😁
How long do global civilizations last? 100 000 years is minuscule in the time of the universe. Our civilization may not overlap with alien civilizations in the universe. Hundreds of intelligent civilizations may be in the far past. It may be 1 000 000 years before the next alien civilization appears. If ancient civilizations send out small probes, how do we detect them?.,.
if everything in the whole universe is created in one moment, why is it all protons, neutrons, photons and stuff, atoms, are of same small size? why am I not hit by a big photon or have a really large atom in my face my doctor must remove with surgery?
The size of particles are determined by the laws of physics in the universe
Why is it that a banana shaped Elvis Presley didn't come into existence?
@@RPKGameVids - how should he breate?
@@maxam2083 - absolutly all matter in the universe at the same moment? so, if someone matter was created later or sooner etc, it could be of another size?
HE created The Big, and HE also do The Bang, and in billions later human discover The Big Bang.
Heavy question answered with light explanation
Do you think the Big Bang could be a White Hole from the bubble universe
What happens to the internal heat of Venus.
Its either eating too much or growing..sorta like a human
Yo, you heard about dark matter being debunked? (kinda)?
do you mean Modified Newtonian Dynamics?
So you think James Webb is a huge mistake?
Whilel I do like your q&a videos it's very sad to hear you're going to be doing less of those 12 to 15 minutes videos on topics. At least do telescope videos please!
Not everyone has the attention span to watch a one-hour interview. I think your channel needs those 10 to 15 minute videos to keep people engaged, entertained and especially to capture new viewers
The observable universe is loosing mas every day
Really ! You believe the moon landing ?
Yes