David Attenborough Discovers Charles Darwin's Favourite Plant | Kingdom of Plants | Nature Bites

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  • Опубліковано 28 кві 2022
  • David Attenborough journeys into Kew Garden's archives to find the flower that most fascinated evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin himselff!
    Orchidaceae, commonly called the orchid family, is a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering plants
    Kingdom of Plants 3D is a natural history documentary series written and presented by David Attenborough, which explores the world of plants. It was filmed over the course of a year at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
    Welcome to Nature Bites the OFFICIAL Nature Hub Channel. Bringing you closer to the remarkable animals that inhabit our natural world.
    Subscribe for your nature fix here! - / @naturebites
    #DavidAttenborough #KingdomOfPlants #GreenPlanet
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КОМЕНТАРІ • 233

  • @comfortablynumb9342
    @comfortablynumb9342 2 роки тому +79

    I lived in Costa Rica for 9 years and never got tired of seeing all the different orchids. The variety is truly amazing.

    • @introtwerp
      @introtwerp 2 роки тому

      In the wild?

    • @biokosmos
      @biokosmos 2 роки тому +2

      you lucky! in which zone?

    • @introtwerp
      @introtwerp 2 роки тому

      @@biokosmos probably10 plus

    • @comfortablynumb9342
      @comfortablynumb9342 2 роки тому

      @@biokosmos I lived in the south near the border with Panama at a beach called Pavones then in the mountains near San Vito, also by the southern border.

    • @comfortablynumb9342
      @comfortablynumb9342 2 роки тому +1

      @@introtwerp I lived in houses but I had wild animals come in lots of times. Bugs, bats, tarantulas, other spiders, iguanas, toads, geckos, lizards, frogs, snakes, hummingbirds, crabs, an opossum and other animals all came in over the years in different houses. Once we had army ants come clean the house but we had to leave for the day and a night. None of it bothered me, I wish I still lived there. I'll take wild animals over city people anytime.

  • @philsargent9332
    @philsargent9332 2 роки тому +110

    Love this show you never stop learning along side david he treats you like a student and teacher😮

    • @charlesnickell7257
      @charlesnickell7257 2 роки тому +3

      I agree 💯 percent and I love watching and listening to him

    • @patriciamcaulay5176
      @patriciamcaulay5176 2 роки тому +3

      and a voice I could listen to for hours, fascinating guy! ❤

    • @Rooster_RvS
      @Rooster_RvS 2 роки тому +2

      Sir David, he's earned the respect....

    • @ayhay4686
      @ayhay4686 Рік тому +1

      Hes like an ancient philosopher walking around explaining subjects while us like pupils following him around.

  • @danielpalmer643
    @danielpalmer643 2 роки тому +46

    I love watching David Attenborough! All of his videos should be entitled, "Wise old man on adventure again." At 95 years old, it would take anyone else about 112 years to watch his complete works.He's the best thing television ever produced. May his accomplishment live forever!

    • @sailaab
      @sailaab Рік тому +3

      Can address him slightly more respectfully with a prefix or a suffix like Sir, さん, ji wikipedia.org/wiki/-ji or something similar.

    • @danielpalmer643
      @danielpalmer643 Рік тому +2

      @@sailaab I'm an American and we wouldn't address Horatio Nelson as 'Sir'.

    • @tude17
      @tude17 Рік тому

      @@sailaab Americans have a lack of respect, for anyone that is not from the USA themselves, for half of there own population...funny, especially in this scenario, considering the vast majority of their forebears originated from the UK 🤦🏻‍♂️🤷🏻‍♂️😂 the rest were enslaved Africans, (see, no respect there, let's just enslave an entire race), and the rest were the natives they were able to assimilate.

    • @bubbaclark4355
      @bubbaclark4355 11 місяців тому

      I agree 💯%

  • @lukehayes1424
    @lukehayes1424 2 роки тому +19

    I started growing exotic orchids a few years ago and they really are amazing in every way. Charles Dawin theorized by looking at the lip of a certain orchid (which i now grow) that the pollinator must have an extremely long proboscis. Years later it a moth with an extremely long proboscis was discovered which pollinated the orchid. The orchid also only puts off its lovely scent at night since it only needs to attract moths which are only active only at night.

  • @AlexFoster2291
    @AlexFoster2291 2 роки тому +20

    Not only are orchids an amazing result of animals and plants evolving together, but an orchids seeds do not contain an endosperm, the early source of nutrition for a plant sprout. Thus, an orchid's seeds cannot sprout on their own, and must receive nutrients from a host fungus species. So, it takes the work of three kingdoms of life to create orchids.

    • @WaterspoutsOfTheDeep
      @WaterspoutsOfTheDeep 5 місяців тому

      What evolution? Bro it's 2023 not 1923 evolution is not a real world process it doesn't exist lol. Mindless matter and mutation can't produce code. Mind is the paradigm of creation in reality, not magic. Evolutionary theory is a mythology of magic, rationality from irrationality. Mind>magic

    • @tomasnovotny8526
      @tomasnovotny8526 5 місяців тому

      Can you please explain your comment? Im curious

    • @WaterspoutsOfTheDeep
      @WaterspoutsOfTheDeep 5 місяців тому

      @@tomasnovotny8526 Sure. Evolution doesn't work, it has countless foundational critical issues, and biologists have been trying to wholly replace the model for awhile now. There was a big conference on it back in 2016. I'll help you out further.
      Renowned biologist Denis Noble has given the explicit statement and given evidence for it "neo Darwinism doesn't need to be supplemented or extended, it needs to be replaced because it's completely inadequate. Why because scientists are beginning to see levels of complexity way beyond just the complexity of DNA, like epigenetic complexity."
      Genomes don't improve over time they degrade. Virus data like John Sanford on H1N1 the spanish flu shows this. Human genome from encode has shown every generation humans have 100 mutations. The only nobel laureate in the field Hermann J. Muller said just 1 mutation per generation in humans means there is no evolution explanation humanity is progressing in the opposite direction 1 per generation is deadly, yet we find out the number is 100. The human genome is degrading not progressing to a better state. This shouldn't be a shock, as information theory states information degrades, and information is the basis of life.
      All the beneficial mutations in biology like the famous citrate metabolism in ecoli or antibiotic resistance are not from gain or improvement in genetic information, but reductive evolution. A degrading or loss of information crippling a function in the organism that produces a beneficial effect while still being a loss of genetic function. As the famous Lenski experiment showed.
      There is no evolutionary pressure to create building blocks of mechanisms that don't yet exist. Evolution does not have foresight.
      Mindless matter and mutation can't manifest code. That's rationality from irrationality. That's a reality breaking concept. If you can get such a deus ex machina mechanism that does that it invalidates all human achievement and personhood because then the universe did it all. This is why the multiverse theory is so absurd. This is why all of naturalism is absurd because it's predicated on such a deus ex machina mechanism that does not exist.
      Darwin's Origin never explains the origin of species -- and this is stated by David Berlinski no less.
      How does chance determine when to stop at the "desired" outcome? The concept of evolution is nonsense.
      It's not even falsifiable(all results explainable and not reproducible) so really shouldn't even be called a scientific theory. It fits the criteria for being defined as mythology ironically.
      Could also point out y chromosome adam and mitochondrial eve data shows humans had two ancestors and did not evolve. Shocker the dating is roughly 6000-7500 years just like the biblical genealogy dating going back to Eden, and the dating is quite accurate in a general sense as it's just averaging mutations per generation then counting back to when they stop appearing.
      The list goes on and on and on. We could go into the Cambrian explosion evidence of countless biological structures such as virtually every eye design and body plan allowed by physics showing up in a geological instant no evolution, we could show random number generator studies for probability of words/language manifesting, or a study on evolutionary probability of extinction of over 5000 mammal species related to size increases showing mammals can't evolutionary evolve over 3kg. Darwinian evolution is a mythology of magic(rationality from irrationality), it's pseudo science and also invokes time of the gaps and god of the gaps along with all the other issues no less.

  • @jadenkhor3523
    @jadenkhor3523 2 роки тому +3

    Can’t tell you how genuinely happy attenborough nature documentaries make me feel

  • @kelliott7864
    @kelliott7864 2 роки тому +30

    I appreciate this flower's tidy method of pollen distribution, unlike conifers and grasses which send massive amounts of pollen into the wind and ultimately into our noses.

    • @StanHowse
      @StanHowse 2 роки тому

      Nuclear attack of tree-sperm.

    • @PsychologicalApparition
      @PsychologicalApparition 2 роки тому

      Creating jizz-congested humans.

    • @AsifAAli
      @AsifAAli 2 роки тому

      Makes me sneeze in the morning like some mad cow... 😥

  • @arislopes1924
    @arislopes1924 2 роки тому +26

    Darwin and I share the same fascination for orchids and epiphytes. I grew up in tropical Central America and I remember going out to the countryside with my parents and looking out for rare orchids growing on the old growth guanacaste trees canopy

  • @CACTASTIC
    @CACTASTIC 2 роки тому +14

    Orchids have the most amazing flowers. My favorites are the mottled leaf Paphiopedilums as they have both interesting leaves and flowers.

  • @bellakatherman1477
    @bellakatherman1477 Рік тому +1

    I love David so much. He is a treasure.

  • @lone8398
    @lone8398 2 роки тому +2

    Love from India... To sir Attenborough

  • @mostlyorchids
    @mostlyorchids 2 роки тому +3

    I have a few of these. They can be difficult to grow but the flowers are so rewarding!

  • @AsifAAli
    @AsifAAli 2 роки тому +3

    Wow. The scent producing technique... pretty brilliant!

  • @twinflowerfioretta
    @twinflowerfioretta 2 роки тому +15

    ....so very interesting and fascinating content, and of course with the absolutely best voice and presenter of Natures complexity and beauty ! Tanks to Sir Attenborough, thanks for upload 💝
    Orchides are my fav. flowers too.

  • @StephenSternGoth
    @StephenSternGoth 2 роки тому +1

    The most definitive talk of the birds and the bees I've ever heard

  • @TheNeeenha
    @TheNeeenha Рік тому +4

    A little piece of me is going to die when he does. Hes been such a joy to watch, learn and just listen to, all my life. Love this man and the wonders he brings to all of us.

  • @DenisCalligraphy
    @DenisCalligraphy 2 роки тому +6

    Anyone who looks closely can see that letter David Attenborough points at and apparently reads at 0:52 actually says: "I wish you to examine also some leaves and (unclear word) pods of a tree.... ", nothing about orchids as he states. Further, it seems the letter shown in the close up is not the book he is pointing to at 0:56 but the letter in the foreground of the clip at that point. Checking again, at 0:49 he is reading that letter in the foreground and at 0:56 he is reading the book behind it. An excellent clip, apart from that strange error.

    • @jyvben1520
      @jyvben1520 2 роки тому +1

      They wanted to make a short video (bite) based on a longer video ...

  • @imranfazal5942
    @imranfazal5942 Рік тому

    Orchids have amazed me more than anything

  • @LowellBryanOfficial
    @LowellBryanOfficial 2 роки тому +3

    I've been fan oforchids but after watched this. It made me amazed more. How great thou art

  • @soheilak6208
    @soheilak6208 2 роки тому +1

    Sir David Attenborough hats off to you from Turkey

  • @memememe-gn9qf
    @memememe-gn9qf 2 роки тому +4

    That was soo cool! Love listening to him

  • @nighiljiju6208
    @nighiljiju6208 2 роки тому +7

    That was amazing 🤩

  • @slb9327
    @slb9327 2 роки тому +2

    This is really wonderful how amazing nature is. Thank you Sir David

  • @eddieburgett9678
    @eddieburgett9678 2 роки тому +8

    Years of studies on plants this man knows his plants

    • @mojo7495
      @mojo7495 Рік тому

      But he doesn't know who MADE THEM! (Genesis 1:1).

  • @coasterblocks3420
    @coasterblocks3420 7 місяців тому

    David, please do a documentary series on orchids!

  • @fabienneroure9995
    @fabienneroure9995 2 роки тому

    Absolutely fascinating and extraordinary!🌼🌸🐝

  • @researchlife2678
    @researchlife2678 2 роки тому +4

    Amazing 👌

  • @angelabalog447
    @angelabalog447 2 роки тому +4

    Fantastična priroda, uvek nađe način za opstanak...neverovatno 🤩

  • @abhijitchatterjee966
    @abhijitchatterjee966 2 роки тому

    Fantastic journey of life,revealed in the video.

  • @mixiebluemagic6723
    @mixiebluemagic6723 Рік тому

    I'd really love to meet Sir David Attenborough in person 🎉

  • @sameeradhikari7346
    @sameeradhikari7346 Рік тому +1

    My favorite plant too

  • @luci75d76
    @luci75d76 2 роки тому

    The nature is amaizing ....very interesting things !

  • @iblacka1
    @iblacka1 2 роки тому

    Nature is amazing!

  • @wonderwend1
    @wonderwend1 2 роки тому

    Incredible

  • @damilolaoladosu-zm7ww
    @damilolaoladosu-zm7ww Рік тому

    Lovely, the bee part really really like a comedy show.. orchids might just be my favourite flowers too💞

  • @wopor333
    @wopor333 2 роки тому +3

    Does anyone know where to find this whole documentary streaming ? I would love to watch more of it. Need to hunker down with a good nature doc

  • @alabama1413
    @alabama1413 2 роки тому

    Fascinating! 👍

  • @navajoauckland6003
    @navajoauckland6003 2 роки тому

    They are so beautiful

  • @ilopgaara
    @ilopgaara 2 роки тому

    I love you Mr Atthenborough.

  • @marlyndonnelly2206
    @marlyndonnelly2206 2 роки тому

    Incredible!

  • @LynnColorado
    @LynnColorado 2 роки тому

    Fascinating,

  • @0ptimal
    @0ptimal Рік тому

    Astonishing.

  • @TheChohan303
    @TheChohan303 Рік тому

    His way of narration is so clear that one take the English language as his own mother tongue.

  • @harlem_nerd5191
    @harlem_nerd5191 2 роки тому

    Awesome 👍🏿

  • @Austine13
    @Austine13 2 роки тому +1

    Yiiee orchids! Love this episode!

    • @renater.540
      @renater.540 2 роки тому +1

      Please, more on this topic!

  • @anas6695780
    @anas6695780 2 роки тому

    Wow!

  • @GilloPy
    @GilloPy 2 роки тому +1

    No sabía que la polinización era tan complicado, gracias por mostrarme cómo es realmente David!. Saludos.

  • @ilcanaledellanatura
    @ilcanaledellanatura 2 роки тому +1

    Nice video!

  • @ashokkumar-se5sl
    @ashokkumar-se5sl 2 роки тому

    LEGEND OF LEGENDS

  • @josemata7755
    @josemata7755 2 роки тому

    im here learning

  • @virtuoso513
    @virtuoso513 2 роки тому +1

    Respect

  • @LadyMossdown
    @LadyMossdown 2 роки тому +2

    Gods bless this man and his work 🌍

  • @joyous5507
    @joyous5507 2 роки тому

    Nature .... eh? Fascinating.

  • @daxxonjabiru428
    @daxxonjabiru428 2 роки тому

    Yup, ol' Chuck was a fan ...

  • @samhaines8228
    @samhaines8228 2 роки тому

    Oh those naughty orchids!

  • @christineMaccallum-uo3qx
    @christineMaccallum-uo3qx 18 днів тому

    Nature is the hearts of all humans mistey and excitement and wonderful in our life it brings people to gether with happiness and war though any farm its chooses ❤😮😮😮

  • @orawal
    @orawal 2 роки тому

    the high speed camera footage of the flower's inside was like a horror film!

  • @johnnguyen409
    @johnnguyen409 2 роки тому

    Wow that is friggin awsome father of evolution/natural selection man oh man that is awesomeness! Before the vid I was like “hmmm wonder if I can own his favorite plant hopefully not too rare” haha sadly we don’t have exotics

    • @plantwithmatt
      @plantwithmatt 2 роки тому

      Catasetums are relatively common in cultivation worldwide and are not too fussy in their requirements so you can own one without too much trouble.

  • @onetwocue
    @onetwocue 2 роки тому

    Orchids, next to the rose family have really dominated the evolutionary plant world

  • @virtuoso513
    @virtuoso513 2 роки тому

    Nicee

  • @leiaaparecida9603
    @leiaaparecida9603 Рік тому

    👍👍👍

  • @OneSolitaryMan
    @OneSolitaryMan 2 роки тому +1

    Not the bee on the stick 😂

  • @reinderdorman2169
    @reinderdorman2169 2 роки тому

    anyone know what the blooming thing is at around 0:35? it seems to be some sort of phylogenetic tree, given the axis a bit to the top-right, indicating years? is this in a museum of sorts? looks cool

  • @CookieBlue1646
    @CookieBlue1646 10 місяців тому

    It is beautiful n complex to maintain 🙄

  • @krazytim9050
    @krazytim9050 2 роки тому

    1:17 David Attenborough executing a perfect plank

  • @yland6003
    @yland6003 8 місяців тому

    Watching this 3 years into orchid keeping is a totally different experience. 🫠
    From looking at leaves, to recognizing the orchids. It’s like watching this clip in color for the first time!

  • @skullhelmet1944
    @skullhelmet1944 2 роки тому +4

    I wonder how they know which scent attracts what insect?
    Figuring out insect and flower scent combinations seems like a very lengthy process
    It's a very interesting subject to me

    • @imb5128
      @imb5128 2 роки тому +3

      They just don't know. The individuals who developed a better scent just happened to reproduce more often

    • @snekysneks
      @snekysneks 2 роки тому +1

      They didn't know. As they reproduced they had random mutations, some of which made them better at attracting specific kinds of bugs. The bugs pollinated the one's they preferred, resulting in this specialization.

    • @mikescan7050
      @mikescan7050 2 роки тому

      They probably coevolved together over many years as well as they both began developing scents.

  • @anyascelticcreations
    @anyascelticcreations 2 роки тому +1

    I'm just imagening the bee shaking it's head like a wet dog trying to figure out what just happened.

  • @lucazsy
    @lucazsy 2 роки тому +1

    I was filled with joy when O hear catasetum because I'm from one of the dispersion centers ( Goiás State, Brazil) of those orchids. In fact, I have seen many specimens when I walked in the wild in my hometown.

  • @vivianelabelle3992
    @vivianelabelle3992 2 роки тому +1

    🥰💚💛🧡👍

  • @cliffcorbitt9494
    @cliffcorbitt9494 2 роки тому +4

    6:05 so the plant blows its nose on the bee? Pollenation problem solved LOL

    • @Johny40Se7en
      @Johny40Se7en 2 роки тому

      Either that, or it returns the bee's lick, and then detaches its tongue 😝

  • @charlesdahmital8095
    @charlesdahmital8095 Рік тому

    So, Big Chucky D was an Orchid fan.

  • @garlandgreene6955
    @garlandgreene6955 2 роки тому

    I like his voice

  • @chinmoymazumdar7581
    @chinmoymazumdar7581 2 роки тому

    okay... saw amorphophallus then rafflesia then nepenthes and then again venus flytrap now ophrys its like my entire biology book has been derived from this series.

  • @NaturalBiotopes
    @NaturalBiotopes 2 роки тому +2

    👍

  • @tude17
    @tude17 Рік тому

    🤔 that's odd...I was taught, and have always heard, that Darwin's favourite plant was the Sundew, or one of the many varieties...he kept one personally to study up close apparently 🤷🏻‍♂️🤷🏻‍♂️

  • @nayelisanchez3101
    @nayelisanchez3101 11 місяців тому

    Hola soy de 🇲🇽 quiero ver en español traducidos los videos. Como puedo hacerlo?

  • @j-sin3344
    @j-sin3344 Рік тому

    Poppy!

  • @buhler321
    @buhler321 3 місяці тому

    When they reach the observatory “Im not going too tell anybody i won the lottery but there will be signs”

  • @HarryWHill-GA
    @HarryWHill-GA 2 роки тому

    And then there is everyone's favorite orchid, vanilla.

  • @Ben-Ken
    @Ben-Ken 2 роки тому +3

    Imagined that bee shaped/scented orchid evolved to attract humans 🤣.

  • @tedgunderson67
    @tedgunderson67 2 роки тому

    Orchids turning to orchids sounds like orchids making orchids.

  • @lourdesrodriguesvas4008
    @lourdesrodriguesvas4008 2 роки тому

    I would never have known nor imagined the wonder of creation without the genius work of this ardent Gentlemen!

  • @umi3991
    @umi3991 2 роки тому

    *His voice is sooooo soothing*
    *It kinda reminds me of the narrator's voice from Winnie the Pooh*

  • @isaacgreenough6002
    @isaacgreenough6002 2 роки тому +1

    😲

  • @peaaanuuutz
    @peaaanuuutz 2 роки тому

    So that Orchid is like a Realdoll version for bees

  • @grannystuna174
    @grannystuna174 2 роки тому

    Question is, whether the orchid evolved the first and the insect's sucking mouthparts adapted to it (which would make sense since plant's main goal is to get spread as efficiently as possible) or whether it was the other way around. If so, why would the plant choose to limit itself only for this specific arthropod mouthparts

    • @basseon
      @basseon Рік тому

      They evolve together very slowly by tiny incremental changes. Whatever is more efficient for genes spreading is selected. There can be a lot of other factors at play all at the same time.

  • @melissakennedy5897
    @melissakennedy5897 3 місяці тому

    Big whoop

  • @idontgivearatsbottom
    @idontgivearatsbottom 2 роки тому

    Hello pinoys! We have that featured at the back of the 5 peso coin

  • @jovanport
    @jovanport 2 роки тому

    A great scientist was the bees

  • @essexginge9167
    @essexginge9167 2 роки тому

    imagine touching paper wrote on by one of the most important humans ever

  • @AjitKumar-xo2lb
    @AjitKumar-xo2lb 2 роки тому

    0:50, close view of camera shows different than wide view 😂

  • @lightfoot.2000
    @lightfoot.2000 2 роки тому

    Nature is more Sophistotated than you will ever know .. . 😋

  • @shafimamahmuda3955
    @shafimamahmuda3955 3 місяці тому

    How do orchids know how bees look like??

  • @NickyHonings
    @NickyHonings 2 роки тому

    Amazing how the plants evolved that way. however, there's always the question that lingers in my mind.
    How do plants like this, and others know how insects/animals look like...

    • @PsychologicalApparition
      @PsychologicalApparition 2 роки тому

      Nature is working on everything at once, transforming. How did eucalyptus trees know koalas need them to survive? How did the anteater and ant come to be? Nature is making the tweaks, as necessary. It’s not a “conscious” decision by the plants.
      You and I are even changing, with each new replica of ourselves. That’s because the environment outside of us does not remain the same. It’s probably why we have lifespans like we do - rebooting in our reproduction.

  • @tahirtahir1332
    @tahirtahir1332 Рік тому +3

    I am grateful to David Attenborough for his research on plants that always make me thank Allah, the Creator of this Universe, Who has so beautifully planned and then executed those in this complex kingdom of plants (& animals). Subhan Allah.
    Allah is the greatest of all. He is the most intelligent, powerful and merciful, Who gave us a chance to enjoy His beautiful universe. Alhamdo Lillah.
    The most interesting part is that David Attenborough is looking at one part of the process of pollination i.e the mechanisms built into the plant for the transfer of the pollens by getting attached to the bees' backs. The other part needs to be planned and has definitely been planned and executed perfectly by Allah which includes the attraction of the bees to that plant. For this to occur, there must be sensory hairs or olfactory nerve terminals that receive that scent from that plant and then the brain of the insect will interpret that scent to be as of female insect and get attracted to that flower. This seems very easy when you see it happening but to execute it perfectly, as Allah did it, is a daunting task because it involves neurotransmitters in the brain of the insect, to be released, that would make the bee take a decision to get closer to that plant. These things look very easy when you see them happening, but to execute this perfectly, is a huge huge task that only and only, the Creator can do. Astonishing is the fact that Charles Darwin could not see the actual planner behind all this Who executed this with perfection in all the 25000 species of Orchid with different insects that are specific to different flowers. Subhan Allah.

    • @mathieuL2204
      @mathieuL2204 Рік тому +1

      yeah but He also created tumors, farts and Kim Kardashian. So perhaps go easy on the praise.

    • @Chase_baker_1996
      @Chase_baker_1996 2 місяці тому

      ​@@mathieuL2204😂😂😂😂😂

  • @orawal
    @orawal 2 роки тому

    how did orchids achieve this evolution without having vision or sense of smell???!!!! how did they achieve mimicry without seeing?!

  • @clerydesigns729
    @clerydesigns729 2 роки тому

    Why always the random music on nature films?

  • @christinemaccallum756
    @christinemaccallum756 7 днів тому

    Nature and people and other reasons and more stories and different types and interesting stories and more characters and for more information watch this video ❤😂

  • @heavymetalbassist5
    @heavymetalbassist5 2 роки тому

    I need to order modern replicas of Darwin's books