You'd REALLY think after the postive feedback on his feud with Ripto that they would have at least attempted to repeat that success with the Sorceress.
When I was a kid (and my English was 0/bellow benigner back then), I did not even realize I was fighting bosses in Spyro 1. Even with the replay in Reignited Trilogy, I still don't feel like I'm fighting bosses. HOWEVER, I agree with you about the "platforming" aspect of Spyro 1. Not just the boss's levels, but the whole game has a more challenging/pleasant experience in platforming when compared with the other 2.
I think you could apply this to a lot of platformers. Where most of the game focuses on you moving around more than combat. Maybe you could work around some of the problems of Spyro 1's boss fights by having them attack you or sending minions in as you progress through the level. Though I always found the Gnasty's heelturn into being a coward when you enter his boss fight to be off and maybe could be interesting if he would occasionally turn around and threw a spell at you even if it ineffectually goes wide more often then not. I think Buzz is a little interesting in that having an enemy charge you down is a nice flipping of the table but is frustrating in trying to slowly sumo wrestle in into the lava.
There’s a reason Ripto ended up being the most used and most remembered. I thought Ripto, Gulp, and Crush were the most memorable bosses in the trilogy. Not that they were perfectly designed. Everyone remembers Gnasty Gorc because of his character as opposed to his chase battle. Most of the bosses in Spyro 1 just felt like big enemies. Just because it was untraditional in Spyro 1 doesn’t make them widely revolutionary either. But that’s just me. Obviously it comes down to have this creatively never been done before? I never took away any social impression. But it never bothered me either. They never left a bigger impression.
It’s definitely an interesting topic, I’ve only just started playing spyro for the first time and the bosses are unique in comparison to other games (certainly in the first game) there’s a change of tone for sure going into the second game. Good video man, interesting stuff 😊
In the end, Spyro is a platformer, not a combat game. A boss should be a test of the skills you've aquired throughout the game until that point, and in Spyro 1, the bosses did just that. In Spyro 2 and 3, they don't, and instead go for what people GENERALLY think of as boss fights, even though it doesn't fit or utilize the core gameplay, let alone draw upon your skills in it. Same reason I started considering the addition of minigames, and later vehicles, a mistep in the direction the franchise would go, as many of them essentially toss you into an entirely different game for a few minutes. The best minigames are the ones that play just like the rest of the Spyro games, platforming and collecting, but with more challenge, higher stakes, or an interesting twist. And on one last note regarding the bosses, for those who still don't see the problem: Imagine playing like a Phoenix Wright game or something that has NOTHING to do with combat, but then at the end of every case, suddenly instead of presenting evidence, you're dropped in an arena and expected to launch projectiles at the killer while dodging attack patterns. What makes a great boss in one game may make for a really bad boss in another, it's all contextual.
This is basically my same opinion, and why I just keep going back to Spyro 1. Love the other two games for different reasons, ofc, but yeah, you took the words right out of my mouth, Marc.
I’m not a fan of the sorceress’s redesign in Spyro reignited either. What’s with the purple jacket she wears. It never really made a lot of sense to me. The voice actress in the PS1 original game was so much more intimidating to me overall.
I feel like at least with other games when there's a strong enemy at the end of a level it feels like a "demi-boss" Whereas a huge arena with one standalone strong enemy makes it feel more like a standard boss.
This is exactly how I've always felt about the Spyro bosses, and it makes me so happy to hear someone echoing this. I totally get the criticism that the Spyro 1 bosses can feel underwhelming to approach and anticlimactic to defeat, but the solution for that should be in improving the level design, not removing "boss levels" entirely. The value we get out of the unique boss levels, including how much personality each levels gives its boss, vastly outweighs the importance of fighting a boss in an arena. I feel like most arguments I've heard in favor of Spyro 2 and 3 bosses involve comparing the bosses to a player's expectation of what a boss "should" be, instead of asking what would be the most fun for this game they're playing. I'm a little curious about the history of video game bosses now. I wonder when the modern video game boss fight started (set in an arena, dodge attacks until boss is vulnerable, repeat). The earliest I can think of offhand is SMB3 in 1988, but surely it was done before then. It just feels like it very quickly became the single expected way to do a boss fight.
I'm glad we're on the same page haha! Spectacularly said about the Spyro 2 and 3 bosses! Yeah if we're talking some of the first 2D boss fights, those date back much longer than SMB3, but in terms of the first 3D fights, I always felt Crash and Spyro were up there!
Spyro 1 must've taken a page from the book of 2D platformers having bosses near the end of a level, even if the enemy types are vastly different. I think there's room for improvement in arena fights. Using supercharge and a bigger arena with barriers surrounding it. Different levels of elevation to get a gliding flame breath or weak points. Maybe a QuickTime element with flame breath against a certain boss attack. Bringing rolling back could get Spyro under obstacles in levels and fights. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses.
For Spyro bosses, I think that Gulp is really hard to beat no matter if your playing the original or the remake, you still lose a lot of lives until eventually, you defeated Gulp. For future Spyro games, I think that bosses should be more unique and creative rather than doing different phases of the battle or making it harder. I don’t want bosses to be too hard like other Souls game like you mentioned Elden Ring. Maybe bosses for future Spyro games that you need to play as different characters other than Spyro like Elora, Hunter, or Bianca. I’m not saying Spyro shouldn’t be fighting more bosses. If the bosses is great, then that makes is a great boss depending on what boss do for the player.
Honestly, it would be cool if the next Simon game got the best of both worlds - dedicated boss levels that further test your knowledge of that world, with actually good boss fights. Whether it's in an arena or more woven into the level, some more outstanding fights are appreciated, cus the bosses in Spyro 1 are... well, most of them feel like they're not even minibosses really. I mean, the dragon head opening to reveal Toasty's portal was really cool... but dammit, the dogs were tougher than the boss himself, which is probably funny to some, but kinda lame to others. Heck, they had to put dogs on the parts with Toasty to actually have a fight. Spyro 3 is really interesting tho... I haven't played it yet, but when it comes to bosses, folks are really divided on it. Some folks like them, for the reasons you mentioned they were cool and also because they enjoy the fights themselves since the method to fight them always varies... and some really don't think much of then, thinking they're either too simple or too hard. Gulp is also an interesting case, some folks say he's one of the better boss fights in the whole series, probably because he's not a cake-walk unlike most of the other bosses. For others tho, he's either too hard or bullshit lol As for the final bosses... Gnasty had a good set up... and not much else. He shoots one or two bolts at you while you literally run away from the arena to chase thieves on a completely seperate area where he can't hurt you, then you run after him to hit him once, and then do it again one last time. Now, the part where you're chasing him is definitely engaging, it was pretty cool to make sure I wouldn't fall off and the level looked really cool too... but the fact he only runs away from you and tries to hitbyou once, maybe twice, made him feel kinda pathetic to me. With Ripto, I really got no issues. Is alright, pretty good. Some folks think he's just a small angry guy and that's why he's not a very interesting villain, I think he's got a lot of ham to him, and I think that's gnarly. Can't speak about his fight out of experience, but it does look cool, especially the final phase. As for the Sorceress, I think she's a bitch in the best possible way. You will not like that sod... and that's fine, because that just makes you wanna toast her even more. While it's true that she doesn't do much besides ordering Bianca around and creating the bosses, I can definitely see why folks think she's a pretty good bad villain. I don't think she gets "too dark" outta nowhere either - she talks about tearing off dragon wings and killing them to stop wriggling so much as she does... with a surprising anount of levity, and the music doesn't change to a super menacing tone either. I think it's just to make kids go "GASP! She's worse than what we thought! We gotta save those baby dragons!!!" And as for the fight itself, yeah, opinions are just as divided as with the rest of Spyro 3's bosses, maybe even more so. I did hear that even the folks who like her first fight really don't think much of her second one.
I like the idea that bosses have platforming levels leading to them, but the boss fights themselves are a complete joke and I definitely prefer the ones from Spyro 2 and Spyro 3 because, while they lose that bit of anticipation because you're taken straight to the arena instead of getting there yourself, at least they focus on the boss itself and how you fight it, which in my opinion should be the first thing you have to get right in a boss fight. I could see Toys for Bob bringing back the idea of entire levels based around a boss (or multiple bosses) from Spyro 1 for a new Spyro game, but I'm not a fan of how it was executed in the first game; at that point they could have easily made them regular levels on their own instead of tying them to boss characters.
I feel like there should be a happy medium with the two types of boss fights mentioned here. Like you said the strength of the Spyro 1 bosses is in their level design. Testing mechanics found in that world. (or just basic Spyro platforming sprinkled in) The weakness is the actual confrontations themselves. The strength of the Spyro 2 and 3 style are the more traditional (imo not in a bad way) style of pattern recognition and attacking. The weakness is as you put it. It's just an arena battle. Nothing to help it stand out from any other game boss battles. So I think that it should be a combination of the strengths. Make an actual level that can be traversed with platforms, cliffs, gems, the whole 9 yards, but when you actually encounter the boss, make the boss actually threatening and give the player something to figure out about it. Side note: I like the Gulp fight a lot lol It might actually be my favorite Spyro boss. Sure sometimes I question if something really should have hit me or not, and I'll have several deaths per playthrough, but it's a great rush to actually beat it and I feel amazing instead of just relieved.
I agree for the most part, I really enjoy Spyro 1’s bosses since they are very unique. And I do believe some of them are too easy though, more specifically Blowhard. But I also like the Spyro 2 bosses since they offer a good challenge compared to some of the Spyro 1 bosses. And I absolutely agree that the Spyro 3 bosses weren’t that good or interesting, I honestly forget some of them exist after a while of not playing. I have only played the reignited trilogy, so the third game’s bosses might be better in the originals. But I wouldn’t know.
Granted the bosses in the first game aren't difficult by any means. Metalhead is the most memorable one cause he had a gimmick to his fight, unlike all the others
I do say that at the beginning! I feel the levels themselves help make the bosses more memorable; if a new game could return to this formula but make the fights more energetic and just a touch more challenging, it'd help make them stand out again!
@@DestinationMarc I found the bosses in Ripto's Rage more memorable to me growing up. Gulp was always a pain in the ass for me, even in the reignited trilogy
Honestly if you put the main Spyro Villains of the 1st game's two sequels of the OG trilogy in front of me and ask me which is better, Ripto or the Sorceress. Other than the banter with Ripto and Spyro butting heads essentially he isn't shown to do much and no I'm not counting the cut Elora narratives since from a storytelling perspective, if it's not shown it isn't technically canon unless otherwise said. Meanwhile the Sorceress on the otherhand, although Spyro never has any banter with her what so ever, however she's very shown to have impacted every single world you see, either it be forces unchecked due to the portals being closed down to the Sorceress herself having something to do with it or a bit of both, like she feels like this looming threat that although you never see her eye to eye, talk smack to her she actually is shown to make an impact to worlds you see, like Sauron from Lord of the Rings, even though the big bad doesn't get his hands dirty, doesn't mean he can't make it happen. Something that Ripto lacked where if he had that attention to detail, he would've been the series best villain in my eyes again I'm speaking largely from my experience with the PS1 original games which from the PS1 Originals to their Reignited counterparts they are drastically different especially The Sorceress in the OG Spyro 3 was menacing and still is, like instead of some Karen mad she couldn't get the manager in Reignited in the OG she played very heavily into the Evil Step Mother role out of a fairy tale and is the type to rarely ever smile and only did it once to prove a point. But yeah I feel Marc's point on Spyro bosses on how the OG game handled them was like levels in themselves and did feel like a proper end to that hub world you are in. Perhaps Spyro 4 could have a combination on how bosses are handled where you travel to a series of arenas that after a set amount of hits, the boss will leave to the next arena and rinse repeat till he's out of land and health to fall back on, possibly the best of both worlds, what do you all think?
Spyro 1 and 2 are much better games with better bosses. Spyro 3 is a major down fall, which is disappointing. Too many boring minigames, uninteresting side characters, and terrible bosses. Especially the sorceress, she was lame, and her boss fight is more mediocre. Who's idea was it to have a dragon rely on stupid man made vehicles to fight, especially a climatic battle, bullshit.
What do you think of Spyro's bosses, and which game's bosses do you like the most? Let's discuss down below!
It’s so disappointing that Spyro never had any interactions with the sorceress at all. It’s a massively missed opportunity.
You'd REALLY think after the postive feedback on his feud with Ripto that they would have at least attempted to repeat that success with the Sorceress.
@@jaketno yeah definitely. It really all seemed to be about the feud between Bianca and the sorceress. That’s just what I think anyway.
When I was a kid (and my English was 0/bellow benigner back then), I did not even realize I was fighting bosses in Spyro 1. Even with the replay in Reignited Trilogy, I still don't feel like I'm fighting bosses. HOWEVER, I agree with you about the "platforming" aspect of Spyro 1. Not just the boss's levels, but the whole game has a more challenging/pleasant experience in platforming when compared with the other 2.
I think you could apply this to a lot of platformers. Where most of the game focuses on you moving around more than combat. Maybe you could work around some of the problems of Spyro 1's boss fights by having them attack you or sending minions in as you progress through the level. Though I always found the Gnasty's heelturn into being a coward when you enter his boss fight to be off and maybe could be interesting if he would occasionally turn around and threw a spell at you even if it ineffectually goes wide more often then not. I think Buzz is a little interesting in that having an enemy charge you down is a nice flipping of the table but is frustrating in trying to slowly sumo wrestle in into the lava.
There’s a reason Ripto ended up being the most used and most remembered. I thought Ripto, Gulp, and Crush were the most memorable bosses in the trilogy. Not that they were perfectly designed. Everyone remembers Gnasty Gorc because of his character as opposed to his chase battle. Most of the bosses in Spyro 1 just felt like big enemies. Just because it was untraditional in Spyro 1 doesn’t make them widely revolutionary either. But that’s just me. Obviously it comes down to have this creatively never been done before? I never took away any social impression. But it never bothered me either. They never left a bigger impression.
It’s definitely an interesting topic, I’ve only just started playing spyro for the first time and the bosses are unique in comparison to other games (certainly in the first game) there’s a change of tone for sure going into the second game. Good video man, interesting stuff 😊
In the end, Spyro is a platformer, not a combat game.
A boss should be a test of the skills you've aquired throughout the game until that point, and in Spyro 1, the bosses did just that.
In Spyro 2 and 3, they don't, and instead go for what people GENERALLY think of as boss fights, even though it doesn't fit or utilize the core gameplay, let alone draw upon your skills in it.
Same reason I started considering the addition of minigames, and later vehicles, a mistep in the direction the franchise would go, as many of them essentially toss you into an entirely different game for a few minutes.
The best minigames are the ones that play just like the rest of the Spyro games, platforming and collecting, but with more challenge, higher stakes, or an interesting twist.
And on one last note regarding the bosses, for those who still don't see the problem: Imagine playing like a Phoenix Wright game or something that has NOTHING to do with combat, but then at the end of every case, suddenly instead of presenting evidence, you're dropped in an arena and expected to launch projectiles at the killer while dodging attack patterns.
What makes a great boss in one game may make for a really bad boss in another, it's all contextual.
Couldn't have said it better myself!
This is basically my same opinion, and why I just keep going back to Spyro 1. Love the other two games for different reasons, ofc, but yeah, you took the words right out of my mouth, Marc.
I’m not a fan of the sorceress’s redesign in Spyro reignited either. What’s with the purple jacket she wears. It never really made a lot of sense to me. The voice actress in the PS1 original game was so much more intimidating to me overall.
Interesting discussion. I'm not a big Spyro fan only completing the remake trilogy, but I do see your points. Thank you for the great listen.
I feel like at least with other games when there's a strong enemy at the end of a level it feels like a "demi-boss"
Whereas a huge arena with one standalone strong enemy makes it feel more like a standard boss.
This is exactly how I've always felt about the Spyro bosses, and it makes me so happy to hear someone echoing this. I totally get the criticism that the Spyro 1 bosses can feel underwhelming to approach and anticlimactic to defeat, but the solution for that should be in improving the level design, not removing "boss levels" entirely. The value we get out of the unique boss levels, including how much personality each levels gives its boss, vastly outweighs the importance of fighting a boss in an arena.
I feel like most arguments I've heard in favor of Spyro 2 and 3 bosses involve comparing the bosses to a player's expectation of what a boss "should" be, instead of asking what would be the most fun for this game they're playing.
I'm a little curious about the history of video game bosses now. I wonder when the modern video game boss fight started (set in an arena, dodge attacks until boss is vulnerable, repeat). The earliest I can think of offhand is SMB3 in 1988, but surely it was done before then. It just feels like it very quickly became the single expected way to do a boss fight.
I'm glad we're on the same page haha! Spectacularly said about the Spyro 2 and 3 bosses! Yeah if we're talking some of the first 2D boss fights, those date back much longer than SMB3, but in terms of the first 3D fights, I always felt Crash and Spyro were up there!
Spyro 1 must've taken a page from the book of 2D platformers having bosses near the end of a level, even if the enemy types are vastly different. I think there's room for improvement in arena fights. Using supercharge and a bigger arena with barriers surrounding it. Different levels of elevation to get a gliding flame breath or weak points. Maybe a QuickTime element with flame breath against a certain boss attack. Bringing rolling back could get Spyro under obstacles in levels and fights. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses.
For Spyro bosses, I think that Gulp is really hard to beat no matter if your playing the original or the remake, you still lose a lot of lives until eventually, you defeated Gulp. For future Spyro games, I think that bosses should be more unique and creative rather than doing different phases of the battle or making it harder. I don’t want bosses to be too hard like other Souls game like you mentioned Elden Ring. Maybe bosses for future Spyro games that you need to play as different characters other than Spyro like Elora, Hunter, or Bianca. I’m not saying Spyro shouldn’t be fighting more bosses. If the bosses is great, then that makes is a great boss depending on what boss do for the player.
Honestly, it would be cool if the next Simon game got the best of both worlds - dedicated boss levels that further test your knowledge of that world, with actually good boss fights. Whether it's in an arena or more woven into the level, some more outstanding fights are appreciated, cus the bosses in Spyro 1 are... well, most of them feel like they're not even minibosses really.
I mean, the dragon head opening to reveal Toasty's portal was really cool... but dammit, the dogs were tougher than the boss himself, which is probably funny to some, but kinda lame to others. Heck, they had to put dogs on the parts with Toasty to actually have a fight.
Spyro 3 is really interesting tho... I haven't played it yet, but when it comes to bosses, folks are really divided on it. Some folks like them, for the reasons you mentioned they were cool and also because they enjoy the fights themselves since the method to fight them always varies... and some really don't think much of then, thinking they're either too simple or too hard.
Gulp is also an interesting case, some folks say he's one of the better boss fights in the whole series, probably because he's not a cake-walk unlike most of the other bosses. For others tho, he's either too hard or bullshit lol
As for the final bosses... Gnasty had a good set up... and not much else. He shoots one or two bolts at you while you literally run away from the arena to chase thieves on a completely seperate area where he can't hurt you, then you run after him to hit him once, and then do it again one last time. Now, the part where you're chasing him is definitely engaging, it was pretty cool to make sure I wouldn't fall off and the level looked really cool too... but the fact he only runs away from you and tries to hitbyou once, maybe twice, made him feel kinda pathetic to me.
With Ripto, I really got no issues. Is alright, pretty good. Some folks think he's just a small angry guy and that's why he's not a very interesting villain, I think he's got a lot of ham to him, and I think that's gnarly. Can't speak about his fight out of experience, but it does look cool, especially the final phase.
As for the Sorceress, I think she's a bitch in the best possible way. You will not like that sod... and that's fine, because that just makes you wanna toast her even more. While it's true that she doesn't do much besides ordering Bianca around and creating the bosses, I can definitely see why folks think she's a pretty good bad villain. I don't think she gets "too dark" outta nowhere either - she talks about tearing off dragon wings and killing them to stop wriggling so much as she does... with a surprising anount of levity, and the music doesn't change to a super menacing tone either. I think it's just to make kids go "GASP! She's worse than what we thought! We gotta save those baby dragons!!!" And as for the fight itself, yeah, opinions are just as divided as with the rest of Spyro 3's bosses, maybe even more so. I did hear that even the folks who like her first fight really don't think much of her second one.
I like the idea that bosses have platforming levels leading to them, but the boss fights themselves are a complete joke and I definitely prefer the ones from Spyro 2 and Spyro 3 because, while they lose that bit of anticipation because you're taken straight to the arena instead of getting there yourself, at least they focus on the boss itself and how you fight it, which in my opinion should be the first thing you have to get right in a boss fight.
I could see Toys for Bob bringing back the idea of entire levels based around a boss (or multiple bosses) from Spyro 1 for a new Spyro game, but I'm not a fan of how it was executed in the first game; at that point they could have easily made them regular levels on their own instead of tying them to boss characters.
I feel like there should be a happy medium with the two types of boss fights mentioned here. Like you said the strength of the Spyro 1 bosses is in their level design. Testing mechanics found in that world. (or just basic Spyro platforming sprinkled in) The weakness is the actual confrontations themselves. The strength of the Spyro 2 and 3 style are the more traditional (imo not in a bad way) style of pattern recognition and attacking. The weakness is as you put it. It's just an arena battle. Nothing to help it stand out from any other game boss battles. So I think that it should be a combination of the strengths. Make an actual level that can be traversed with platforms, cliffs, gems, the whole 9 yards, but when you actually encounter the boss, make the boss actually threatening and give the player something to figure out about it.
Side note: I like the Gulp fight a lot lol It might actually be my favorite Spyro boss. Sure sometimes I question if something really should have hit me or not, and I'll have several deaths per playthrough, but it's a great rush to actually beat it and I feel amazing instead of just relieved.
Amazingly said; I very much agree!
For Spyro 4 the bosses should be like Mario galaxy style. Unique and interesting
Gulp (yes even though he’s frustrating) and Ripto are the only ones I think got the arena fights down right
Gulp's music is a banger tho
I agree for the most part, I really enjoy Spyro 1’s bosses since they are very unique. And I do believe some of them are too easy though, more specifically Blowhard. But I also like the Spyro 2 bosses since they offer a good challenge compared to some of the Spyro 1 bosses. And I absolutely agree that the Spyro 3 bosses weren’t that good or interesting, I honestly forget some of them exist after a while of not playing.
I have only played the reignited trilogy, so the third game’s bosses might be better in the originals. But I wouldn’t know.
Uh oh controversial opinion alert the Spyro worshipers will not be pleased
Scorch is fun git gud
PICK A NEW FAVORITE BOSS LOL
Granted the bosses in the first game aren't difficult by any means. Metalhead is the most memorable one cause he had a gimmick to his fight, unlike all the others
I do say that at the beginning! I feel the levels themselves help make the bosses more memorable; if a new game could return to this formula but make the fights more energetic and just a touch more challenging, it'd help make them stand out again!
@@DestinationMarc I found the bosses in Ripto's Rage more memorable to me growing up. Gulp was always a pain in the ass for me, even in the reignited trilogy
Honestly if you put the main Spyro Villains of the 1st game's two sequels of the OG trilogy in front of me and ask me which is better, Ripto or the Sorceress.
Other than the banter with Ripto and Spyro butting heads essentially he isn't shown to do much and no I'm not counting the cut Elora narratives since from a storytelling perspective, if it's not shown it isn't technically canon unless otherwise said.
Meanwhile the Sorceress on the otherhand, although Spyro never has any banter with her what so ever, however she's very shown to have impacted every single world you see, either it be forces unchecked due to the portals being closed down to the Sorceress herself having something to do with it or a bit of both, like she feels like this looming threat that although you never see her eye to eye, talk smack to her she actually is shown to make an impact to worlds you see, like Sauron from Lord of the Rings, even though the big bad doesn't get his hands dirty, doesn't mean he can't make it happen.
Something that Ripto lacked where if he had that attention to detail, he would've been the series best villain in my eyes again I'm speaking largely from my experience with the PS1 original games which from the PS1 Originals to their Reignited counterparts they are drastically different especially The Sorceress in the OG Spyro 3 was menacing and still is, like instead of some Karen mad she couldn't get the manager in Reignited in the OG she played very heavily into the Evil Step Mother role out of a fairy tale and is the type to rarely ever smile and only did it once to prove a point.
But yeah I feel Marc's point on Spyro bosses on how the OG game handled them was like levels in themselves and did feel like a proper end to that hub world you are in. Perhaps Spyro 4 could have a combination on how bosses are handled where you travel to a series of arenas that after a set amount of hits, the boss will leave to the next arena and rinse repeat till he's out of land and health to fall back on, possibly the best of both worlds, what do you all think?
Spyro 1 and 2 are much better games with better bosses. Spyro 3 is a major down fall, which is disappointing. Too many boring minigames, uninteresting side characters, and terrible bosses. Especially the sorceress, she was lame, and her boss fight is more mediocre. Who's idea was it to have a dragon rely on stupid man made vehicles to fight, especially a climatic battle, bullshit.