Have you checked out my latest channel Business Blaze? It's interesting business stories with a dose of ridiculousness thrown in. Check it out here: ua-cam.com/channels/YY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw.html
Catamarans were invented by the Polynesians, not by some Egyptologist's grandfather. I like your work, would you like me to proofread your scripts? (Not a serious offer but please fact check)
Stop using CE and BCE they make no sense. We go from BC to AD bc of Jesus birth. No other reason. Even if you dont believe in Jesus divinity if you have any sense at all you know he is a true historical figure. Stop giving into woke BS that makes no sense just bc of the hatred of Christianity. You are a historical channel act like one. This is coming from on of your biggest fans. Have literally seen 70-80% of your channels videos
@@thehammer800 calling it 'the year of our lord' is offensive both to the idea of freedom of religion and to the ten commandments, specifically taking the lord's name in vain. Some older Christian churches don't even use the same year. So, Common Era is used because not only do most religions not use the Gregorian calendar, but the date of Jesus' birth is disputed.
@Jens van roy I've never followed an Abrahamic religion and as a non-European the details of ecclesiastical Latin escape me. Basing the official naming convention for time on the assumption that Jesus was messiah is subtly offensive to all those who do not share that faith, as it implies everyone else is wrong - in law. It's normal, I'm not upset, but it's still something people need to stop doing. Oh wait, in more than half the world, it's not normal and they use Common Era.
Simon Whistler's voice is so common place around our house that when our family were planning an invite list for a wedding recently, my dad wrote wrote his name down because he 'feels like part of the family'
@@pauliedibbs9028 very interesting point you bring up. Direct me to the hours of free content you put together for your subscribers so I can witness the true mastery of the English language in action! I am on pins and needles!
@@SkillTree I am in no way knocking the work itself, just the disclaimer. I am merely pointing out that if you are instead are putting the effort into trying to learn/pronounce the word in question, you will receive much more respect. I personally have grown to fluently speak 5 languages myself, one of them being English, and can assure you that I received my lickings as well. Thank you for being awesome, REGARDLESS, and much obliged.
@@pauliedibbs9028 the PSA is appreciated as is your earnest attempt to educate. Allow me to do my little part here and reciprocate by pointing out the particular bits I took issue with, for your reflection. First, the quote I pulled was not for a mispronunciation, but rather Simon honestly telling his audience that his understanding of the subject is tertiary at best. So your comment belies a bit of a harbored animosity. Next, this crew covers topics that are, at times, rather obscure and I am sure they run into all kinds of words that would otherwise be consideded jargon. Their unfamiliarity with them in no way represents a tenuous grasp on the language. Finally, contemplate that Simon takes all of this info, has lights and a camera pointed at him for 12 hours a day, and is expected to nail everything perfectly? I am not calling your motives into question, merely your prospective.
As someone who has studied Underwater Archaeology and Egyptology, I must say this video is very well researched and accurate. I hope I will get to dive at Thonis Herakleion one day!
On the matter of osmosis damaging artifacts: Osmosis refers to the tendency of a solution containing more units of something on one side of some kind of semi-permeable (allowing limited exchange of molecules) membrane than on the other to seek to equalize that concentration. This can either happen by the solved substance seeping over to the side with lower concentration, or by the solvent moving onto the side where the concentration is higher. What exactly happens, depends on the membrane and the size of the solvent and solves substance. The speed at which the exchange happens depends on the difference in concentration, but it's not a linear dependency, but a logarithmic one: halving difference will for example reduce the speed of the osmotic process by a factor of 10, and a quarter would leave it at only 1% (these are not real numbers, just examples). In case of water containing salt, usually the dissolved ions are larger than the water molecules of water, either by sheer size of the atoms making up the salt, or due to the fact that the ions are hydrated, meaning they are surrounded by a shell of water molecules sticking to them, This means it is usually the water that passes through the membrane. For objects found in under water, the substance making up the object - stone, ceramics, wood, .. - is acting as the semi-permeable membrane: now, any pore containing salt water will have the water at ambient pressure - for something found under water this is already higher than air pressure. It took a long time for the water to seep in (and / or partially dissolve the matrix of the artifact) and it can't just drip out. This means that fresh water would flow into the pores, increasing the pressure further, ultimately to the breaking point, making the artifact crumble. Just immediately drying the object wouldn't work well either, as that would trap the salt within the artifact, making it grow into crystals. These would in turn make the object brittle and ablate at least their outer surface. The same effect you sometimes see in the cellar walls / foundations of houses. So the solution is to first reduce the salt concentration of the water soaking the object by the same osmotic process, but slowing it down by reducing the difference in concentration. While initially it'll be water seeping in, the salt will slowly dissipate out, too, reducing the concentration to a point where using fresh water in a second step will not damage the object. If necessary this could be done in more than just two steps, and each of the steps may take months of waiting.
@@scott3991 Seriously? Because somebody understands and can explain something you don't it's copy & paste? It can't be that they have an education you don't? Don't you ask yourself who would then write the source of the copy & paste?
I've always had a fascination with lost cities, and this one caught my interest right away. Loving all this new content! As always, outstanding work, Simon.
Me too!! I love this new channel, they have a great team working on all of these videos. I could watch them all day! I just watched the one about the Russian prison, highly recommend!!
You you know the suken Roman city with Campaii Fregeri connection? How about kerch's claimed to alantis with it's code book and it also tells the conversation between Solon and that egyptian priest, about how ancient Hellenes went under water and how as well?
@@geographicstravel how do you have time to research and make so many great and pragmatic videos? I have a few video ideas of other important obscure history, but I can bearly keep up with my day job, bills, and school.
I live in Minneapolis and went to the Sunken City exhibit at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts and my goodness was it overwhelmingly cool. These artifacts were being seen by eyes that were centuries old. I was filled with a reverence that transcends time. I hope we continue to discover more about the history of this sunken city. There has to be more!
A million years ago I got a BA in Classical Studies. I even have had a decades long affection for Egyptology. I NEVER heard of Thonis. I HAD heard of Herakleion, that it was a city in Egypt, dedicated to a Sun god. I also knew of Goddio's work on Alexandria. But the discovery of two other "lost" cities, Canopus and Thonis, completely escaped me. Ancient Egypt never disappoints. Bless Franck Goddio and all who sail on him. Er...with him. ;)
I was privileged to attend a lecture by Franck Goddio and view many artifacts at the exhibition last autumn. This was truly one of the most spectacular archeological discoveries in recent years. Thank you for doing this video and I'm looking forward to seeing much more from this channel!
Without checking to see if anyone else has answered the magnetometer question, here's roughly how it works. NMR is a resonance phenomenon. Atomic nuclei "precess" like little spinning tops, and the frequency with which they precess is governed in part by the ambient magnetic field. That frequency can be measured by its resonance with electromagnetic waves -- when the frequency of the wave corresponds to the frequency of precession, you get a resonance effect -- a spike in the intensity of the EMF wave. Since the frequency of the precession is determined by the magnetic field, small variations of the magnetic field -- in this case the magnetic field of the earth as modified slightly by the objects on or under the seabed, will show up as variations in the resonance frequency, hence its use as a magnetometer. My degree is actually in Atmospheric Physics (University of Arizona, 1975), so I'm dredging up some 50-year-old memories here, but I'm reasonably certain this is a good description of the general way the thing works.
FWIW, the medical scanners known as MRIs - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Imager) - weren't always called that. When they were first introduced they were NMR machines, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Then name change was made because the word "nuclear" was not exactly loved by laypeople. Patients often had to be convinced that the machine was safe and some simply refused outright. NMR may not be a familiar term anymore, but chances are fairly good you've already encountered the technology.
I saw the exhibition in Cincinnati several years ago. Some of those statues were so massive, it's amazing they raised them from the ocean. Definitely see it if you can.
Man. Just imagine a city that was 1,600 years old. It's crazy to think how incredibly short our "modern" times really is. I mean, Damascus is still around. And they say that place has been continually inhabited for over 11,000 years. It would just be so surreal to be in a city with that kind of history to it. Walking down the same streets where countless other people had, centuries ago. Its a humbling thought. And i imagine an humbling experience, to boot.
Simon whistler, host of Visualplitik en, Today i found out, biographics, toptenz and now geographics. One day, Simon will take over youtube. Nice video by the way
I love all those channels except Visualpolitik, he mentions Trump in nearly every video even when the orange idiot is only tangentially connected to the story at hand and it got a little old. Biographics is my favorite Whislter channel but that may soon change if he keeps these Geographic videos going.
I'm a palaeontologist but similar methods are used in geology for different reasons. I don't know the way the instrument works but the jist of it is most likely: go over the area by plane or boat, measure magnetic field strength and/or orientation across the area and map it out, look for anomalies (colour coding helps), investigate where you found anomalies. Since this mentioned the term magnetic resonance, I'd assume differing magnetic properties of building materials to influence the measurements. When we had our geophysics course, all methods used basically worked like this. Survey area, measure a property of the ground, find anomalies.
Most other people actually do their own writing. Simon has a dozen writers, I think. Then he sits down and reads. And he apparently barely pays attention to what he's reading. Except for Business Blaze. Yet somehow manages to sound like he's an expert. Except when he mispronounces names and a few other words.
If you intend to explore more sunken cities, consider the city of Adria, upon which Venice was constructed on, and from which the Adriatic Sea gets its name. Also Pavlopetri of the coast of Greece; at 5,000 years old, it's one of the oldest sudden cities in history.
people get way too nitpicky about pronouncing foreign words, _especially_ when your talking about dead languages or languages that are too distantly related to english to be easily pronounced like Japanese or Mandarin.
@@pointlessopinion611 Simon could find Carmen San Diego, provided he gets enough Patreon support to make the video and someone else find her and posts about it online so he can report on it, assuming the provide enough evidence to the fact it is Carmen and not a hoax.
Thonis is also was known as Herakleion or Thonis-Heracleion and its one of the ancient Egypt cities you can visist in Assassin's Creed Origins game. In case someone is not familiar with it this game is amazingly historically accurate.
This is just so damn good! I’m obsessed by ancient Egypt bc we know an incredible amount and yet there is so much more. It’s a mystical beautiful culture intelligent and epically successful, so fascinating...I’m having a nerdgasm. Thank you for that, I need a smoke
Simon, you and your Team deserve a LOT of credit because I firmly believe you guys are one of the top educational programs on UA-cam. I don't just mean this channel either. All of your Channels are loaded with useful/interesting information, and cover a wide variety of topics, which is really awesome. I know that I'm not alone in my appreciation for you guys busting your butts to bring us all of the different channels, and the speed with which you do :). I just want to say Thank You very much for all of the hard work you put into everything you do :)!
There could be two more reasons why a lot of ancient texts don’t mention Thonis. One is the burning of the Library of Alexandria in 48 BC during the defense of the city from Ptolemy XIV by Julius Caesar on behalf of Cleopatra. Untold numbers of ancient major and minor texts were destroyed in that fire. The second was the sacking of Rome in 410 AD by Alaric and the Visigoths. While the Visigoths avoided raiding Christian holy places, they did take many noblemen houses and other important buildings probably destroying one-of-a-kind manuscripts in the process. Your quote about cities fading away can be applied to knowledge as well.
I am so in awe of how much content Simon is involved in and how active he is on social media! I only work 8-5 and still can't be bothered to answer messages. Does the man sleep?? Side bar- Love the content as always.
@@geographicstravel But I thought that you and all of your shipmates on the USS Discovery went 930 years forward in time, not back! Star Trek Discovery reference. 😉
I like that you don’t act like you know all there is to know on chemistry and other subjects. You just honestly admit what you don’t know which makes your video better. You’re just teaching what you know and I really respect that. Good video. Actually really interesting. This is the first video I seen about this and I’m seriously in awe. This is so amazing that this was found
If you try to remove the salt from the stone too quickly, the process could cause the surface of the stone to disintegrate. By making the water half as salty, you slow the process down and protect the artifacts surface.
richard bidinger I was going to say something similar due to Simon asking about how osmosis works! When I heard that the one wall was made of limestone, I was shocked that it hadn't crumbled away prior to the discovery.
"Amun was a solar God, associated with the Sun with creation and power. Over the centuries its worship had grown to the point of _eclipsing_ many other deities." *I see what you did there!* 😉
I'm just discovering Geographics, and I must say I'm really glad you guys push out such informative content. Thanks for that and keep up the great work.
Simon, Those “underwater balloons” as you called them are called “lift bags” by people that dive and recover objects. They are air tight bags that are taken under the water and air from scuba tanks (for small bags) or air pumped from the surface (for large bags) to inflate the bags exactly like a scuba BCE inflates to bring a diver to the surface. Yes you really made me laugh with that one! Underwater balloons! 😂
How absolutely amazing! Just seeing the uncovering of our predecessors' achievements in antiquity really kind of makes you proud to be a human, in contrast to all of the things that have the opposite effect. Great video y'all!
Always loved biographics but this channel is next level, learning about different places is so interesting. Never heard of this place before but this was so interesting, great video! Also I love how the editing is the same style as the biographics channel
Ok so I’ll be that guy…I stumbled upon this channel about 12 hours ago. Since then I’ve watched maybe 12 of your videos. 5ish hours of my day. Your content is so good. So relaxing.
I have arrived here from your recent tweet about this channel, having been watching all the other channels of Simon's rise of dominance over UA-cam, this one shall not go amiss. Fantastic quality of the last two videos and I hope they continue :)
Basically desalination is moving salt from a higher concentration to a lower. If you'd rather moving any salt from the find to the surrounding water. In order to stop massive corrosion of the find and easier for further study in the long run.
Pseudo chemist here! Basically, salt affects the way water interacts with other objects/substances. Think of how a fresh water fish would die in the ocean due to its cells not being able to recieve/dispose of water correctly. Love the new channel! Hope to see more great content soon!!
Osmosis is alot like the UA-cam comments section: you want to be as salty as the other people. If you're too salty then you're a troll and everyone will call you a nutter, if you're not salty enough they'll tear you apart like a pack of wild dogs. You need to balance things out.
archaeologist here - not all objects found needs that much preservation, the ones that do need extensive preservation methods are things found underwater since they otherwise would dry out and be destroyed. The rule of thumb in archaeology is the keep objects in the state they were found in (until they get preserved), if dry, keep it dry, if wet, keep it wet - and the objects that are the most vulnerable are things of natural materials, such as wood, fabric, basketry, etc, where pottery, burnt bricks, and stone are much more durable and survive in the archaeological record much easier than the perishable materials as mentioned.
I'm not a chemist, but I learned about osmosis in high school. Basically if you have to different water environments right next to each other, separated by a semi-permeable barrier, if each environment has a different salt level water will want to go from the lower salt environment to the higher salt environment. There is a physical pressure that tries to even out the two environments to make them equally salty. It's a kind of imbalance, and physics doesn't like imbalances and wants to even then out. If stuff has been lying in the sea for that long, it will have been infused with the salt water. Suddenly putting it in a no-salt environment would cause a very strong osmotic pressure. The water would want very strongly to enter the archaeological finds. By putting the items in part clean water part sea water, a slightly salt environment is created, and the osmotic pressure isn't as strong, thus there isn't such a rush of water entering those items and potentially destroying them.
90% of the reason i enjoy Assassins Creed i just wandering around exploring. I spent countless hours in #2 and #3 just fighting random people and wandering around the cities and I never even finished Blag Flag because i had so much fun sailing.
that place has so many interesting facets, it's arguably the greatest palace on earth even if alot of stuff was pillaged over the centuries, sold off to pay debts, or destroyed during the revolutions. There's a reason that Wilhelm was made an emperor there and why WW1 ended in the hall of mirrors. If WW2 had ended with a treaty instead of the allies just tearing Germany apart like a pack of wild dogs, I'd bet the treaty would be signed there as well.
@@norgepalm7315 Nazi Germany sympathizer? How so? I said the palace of Versailles is amazing and if Germany had signed a peace treaty like they did in WW1 rather than fighting to the end (you know, after making everyone rather angry with the whole genocide thing). In WW1 you see, before the nazis took power, the germans were beaten back and nearly broken but came to the bargaining table rather than fight to the end, so they at least had a bargaining chip to play and so were at least able to surrender as a mostly sovereign country, so the allies had them sign it at Versailles as a play on the franco-prussian war peace agreement where the germans beat the French and made the french sign the agreement in the hall of mirrors in Versailles that not only ended the war but also made the Prussian king into the German emperor and made germany a country rather than a confederation. In ancient times a castle or city that wouldnt surrender while under siege wouldnt be given the option of surrendering and would be raped at pillaged, the longer they fought on the less restrained the besiegers would be. In WW2 the germans fought to the end and committed more than a few war crimes during the invasion of Germany, including killing off entire POW and concentration camps. When the allies finally took control of germany, germany was no longer even capable of negotiating as a country as the entire government had fallen apart, so the allies tore germany apart, each governing a sector until Germany could be rebuilt at a later date, which would up taking a few decades and in the mean time they enforced their will on Germany. Also if I were a sympathizer it would be more accurate to say I were a "Nazi sympathizer" since most modern germans and many germans of the time made a distinction between Germany and the Nazis, even when the nazis seized power they only had about a third of the vote so many germans didnt view themselves as nazis. The nazi ideology went beyond just mindless racism, it was a racist party but it was still a political party with a political ideology. They were a far right, nationalistic, socialist party and just like most countries not everyone willingly votes for 1 party and not everyone is left wing or 100%, right wing, much less all on one far extreme like the far right. So its important to most people to distinguish between Germany and the nazis. I would be a NAZI sympathizer, not a nazi germany sympathizer.
@@arthas640 just thought I'd say I read it, an found it quite interesting. Unfortunately there's no cures for narrow mindedness an water bear seams to be so.
I'm glad you like the balloon artefact-raising trick. My dad invented that. :) The trick is to fill the balloon with fresh water, which, being less dense than sea water, rises gently. Air-filled balloons, which were used previously, rise too fast and often resulted in delicate items getting smashed up.
@@jevicci good question. We really don't know. Claims go from Sudan to Sri Lanka. It is a crazy story given that we know quiet a lot for a place nobody ever thought mark on a map.
Saw an exhibition in Paris a few years ago of Egyptian artifacts rescued from beneath the ocean. It had to be from Thonis. Incredible sculpture, fascinating history. Thanks, Simon, for bringing this to light and for this new channel! Good luck.
As to how/why this city was forgotten, I thought maybe all records of this beautiful city burned with everything else when the Library of Alexandria burned. Alas, it isn't likely as the fire was in 48 B.C. This was a truly fascinating video. Thanks so much for the information! Speaking of the Library of Alexandria...is this a subject you may cover? My apologies if the video has already been done; I have a terrible memory!
Actually it was more like the Fires of the Libraries of Alexandria. The last one was in 640AD when the Caliph Omar of Egypt used the books in the library as fuel for the bathhouses for two years.
You’ve popped up on my feed, was super excited to see something new other than stuff from 2008-2013. Absolutely love these kind of videos please keep posting ❤️
No, it is a purely Egyptian city that was the way of entry into egypt by sea. The only reason for the similarity in name is due to the relation to herakles that both cities have.
Archaeology has always been my secret dream job. I’ve worked in the field of organ donation for two years as a manager but man, my heart just yearns for more. I don’t want to be caught up in something where my heart isn’t really passionate, I yearn to understand how older civilizations operates. I hope to some day escape this job, I need to unbury the relics of older civilizations and understand how they operated.
Ryder21 if it makes you feel better archaeology is a profession you go into if you all ready have a good amount of money. Most can only work for a few months of the year and the culture of “volunteering for experience” is rampant.
Violent osmosis explanation Things like to remain neutral just like electricity wants to travel predictably you can predict how minerals such as salt will travel through a solution or from one particular place to another we have a name for this process we call itOsmosis. This process of neutralization between chemicals by putting the solution of salt water and freshwater around the artifact that has been submerged in salt water for the better part of 20 centuries the natural proclivity of the salt in the artifact will be pulled out by the freshwater as it wants to neutralize however because it is half salt the “pull” if you will , is not going to be as strong as if it were in pure freshwater in fact the effect of placing an object made of lime stone or many other materials that are porous that I’ve been submerged in a very salt drink solution for 20 centuries and then placing it in a solution with no salt will cause the salt to violently stabilize which could damage the artifact as this occurs
Can’t sing the channels praises enough, not just this but all the family of Simons channels. I’ve converted quite a few friends and family as well I think Top tenz will always have a special place in my heart as a question regarding Mahatma Gandhi a subject you covered so I got correct and won 100 quid in a pub quiz, cheers Simon
![[4K] New Finds 2023: Sunken City of Thonis-Heracleion](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/m3g-aICZ3Tg/mqdefault.jpg)
Have you checked out my latest channel Business Blaze? It's interesting business stories with a dose of ridiculousness thrown in. Check it out here:
ua-cam.com/channels/YY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw.html
I enjoy all of your channels. Topical, informative and easy to listen to with the right amount of humour :)
Catamarans were invented by the Polynesians, not by some Egyptologist's grandfather.
I like your work, would you like me to proofread your scripts? (Not a serious offer but please fact check)
Stop using CE and BCE they make no sense. We go from BC to AD bc of Jesus birth. No other reason. Even if you dont believe in Jesus divinity if you have any sense at all you know he is a true historical figure. Stop giving into woke BS that makes no sense just bc of the hatred of Christianity. You are a historical channel act like one. This is coming from on of your biggest fans. Have literally seen 70-80% of your channels videos
@@thehammer800 calling it 'the year of our lord' is offensive both to the idea of freedom of religion and to the ten commandments, specifically taking the lord's name in vain.
Some older Christian churches don't even use the same year. So, Common Era is used because not only do most religions not use the Gregorian calendar, but the date of Jesus' birth is disputed.
@Jens van roy I've never followed an Abrahamic religion and as a non-European the details of ecclesiastical Latin escape me. Basing the official naming convention for time on the assumption that Jesus was messiah is subtly offensive to all those who do not share that faith, as it implies everyone else is wrong - in law. It's normal, I'm not upset, but it's still something people need to stop doing.
Oh wait, in more than half the world, it's not normal and they use Common Era.
Simon Whistler's voice is so common place around our house that when our family were planning an invite list for a wedding recently, my dad wrote wrote his name down because he 'feels like part of the family'
:D amazing
@@geographicstravel you should have gotten an invite
My 10 year old walks into the room and says, " Simon again" while rolling his eyes and emphasizing again!
@@Coffee4two2008 My 9 year old asked me if I have a crush on Simon. At the time it made me laugh, then it made me wonder... lol
Same, i follow all his channels and watch all the videos. My wife now uses his voice to fall asleep to because its “British and calming” 😂
"If I sounded convincing reading that, then I did a good job because I have no idea what that's talking about" 🤣 love the little Simon breaks.
Skill Tree meh, I’m growing tired of hearing the apology for mispronunciations. Please spend that time instead learning the proper pronunciation!
@@pauliedibbs9028 very interesting point you bring up. Direct me to the hours of free content you put together for your subscribers so I can witness the true mastery of the English language in action! I am on pins and needles!
@@SkillTree I am in no way knocking the work itself, just the disclaimer. I am merely pointing out that if you are instead are putting the effort into trying to learn/pronounce the word in question, you will receive much more respect. I personally have grown to fluently speak 5 languages myself, one of them being English, and can assure you that I received my lickings as well. Thank you for being awesome, REGARDLESS, and much obliged.
@@pauliedibbs9028 the PSA is appreciated as is your earnest attempt to educate. Allow me to do my little part here and reciprocate by pointing out the particular bits I took issue with, for your reflection. First, the quote I pulled was not for a mispronunciation, but rather Simon honestly telling his audience that his understanding of the subject is tertiary at best. So your comment belies a bit of a harbored animosity. Next, this crew covers topics that are, at times, rather obscure and I am sure they run into all kinds of words that would otherwise be consideded jargon. Their unfamiliarity with them in no way represents a tenuous grasp on the language. Finally, contemplate that Simon takes all of this info, has lights and a camera pointed at him for 12 hours a day, and is expected to nail everything perfectly? I am not calling your motives into question, merely your prospective.
@@SkillTree as said, there is no slight on my part but I can see how one might feel offended. Animosity? Not here, my friend.
As someone who has studied Underwater Archaeology and Egyptology, I must say this video is very well researched and accurate. I hope I will get to dive at Thonis Herakleion one day!
I hope you get the chance to follow that great someday.
Herakleion is on crete
👏
Absolutely loving the opening The Little Mermaid quote!
We have creative writers!
@@geographicstravel One of your writers is a Jamaican Lobster?
@@susanrobinson910 They all are.
@@geographicstravel 🤣
the quote is actually incorrect... the actual line is " we got the spirit, you got to hear it"
On the matter of osmosis damaging artifacts:
Osmosis refers to the tendency of a solution containing more units of something on one side of some kind of semi-permeable (allowing limited exchange of molecules) membrane than on the other to seek to equalize that concentration. This can either happen by the solved substance seeping over to the side with lower concentration, or by the solvent moving onto the side where the concentration is higher. What exactly happens, depends on the membrane and the size of the solvent and solves substance.
The speed at which the exchange happens depends on the difference in concentration, but it's not a linear dependency, but a logarithmic one: halving difference will for example reduce the speed of the osmotic process by a factor of 10, and a quarter would leave it at only 1% (these are not real numbers, just examples).
In case of water containing salt, usually the dissolved ions are larger than the water molecules of water, either by sheer size of the atoms making up the salt, or due to the fact that the ions are hydrated, meaning they are surrounded by a shell of water molecules sticking to them,
This means it is usually the water that passes through the membrane.
For objects found in under water, the substance making up the object - stone, ceramics, wood, .. - is acting as the semi-permeable membrane: now, any pore containing salt water will have the water at ambient pressure - for something found under water this is already higher than air pressure. It took a long time for the water to seep in (and / or partially dissolve the matrix of the artifact) and it can't just drip out. This means that fresh water would flow into the pores, increasing the pressure further, ultimately to the breaking point, making the artifact crumble.
Just immediately drying the object wouldn't work well either, as that would trap the salt within the artifact, making it grow into crystals. These would in turn make the object brittle and ablate at least their outer surface. The same effect you sometimes see in the cellar walls / foundations of houses.
So the solution is to first reduce the salt concentration of the water soaking the object by the same osmotic process, but slowing it down by reducing the difference in concentration. While initially it'll be water seeping in, the salt will slowly dissipate out, too, reducing the concentration to a point where using fresh water in a second step will not damage the object. If necessary this could be done in more than just two steps, and each of the steps may take months of waiting.
roaxeskhadil thank you for that excellent explanation!
Nice copy and paste job dude
@@scott3991 Seriously? Because somebody understands and can explain something you don't it's copy & paste? It can't be that they have an education you don't? Don't you ask yourself who would then write the source of the copy & paste?
THANK YOU for such a diligent treatment of the topic
spot on
I've always had a fascination with lost cities, and this one caught my interest right away. Loving all this new content!
As always, outstanding work, Simon.
Me too!! I love this new channel, they have a great team working on all of these videos. I could watch them all day! I just watched the one about the Russian prison, highly recommend!!
That was a good one too! Gah, this channel. I can't get enough!
Fascinating as ever! Great work, Simon.
Can you please do a video on Dwaraka, another lost maritime city, from the western coast of India? -Thanks!!
You you know the suken Roman city with Campaii Fregeri connection? How about kerch's claimed to alantis with it's code book and it also tells the conversation between Solon and that egyptian priest, about how ancient Hellenes went under water and how as well?
TARTARIA!!
I love being here right from the start. It’s like my own a secret channel
Don’t let it be a secret for long. Spread the word.
@@geographicstravel
how do you have time to research and make so many great and pragmatic videos? I have a few video ideas of other important obscure history, but I can bearly keep up with my day job, bills, and school.
Is Simon actually a lizard man? How many damn channels does he have?
@@jarehelt credits are given in the description.
@@jarehelt researchers and simon is just the of face of the channel.
I live in Minneapolis and went to the Sunken City exhibit at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts and my goodness was it overwhelmingly cool. These artifacts were being seen by eyes that were centuries old. I was filled with a reverence that transcends time. I hope we continue to discover more about the history of this sunken city. There has to be more!
Hey beautiful
5:18 LOL! Simon... always so charming, honest and funny! Makes us love you all the more.😉❤👍🏻
A million years ago I got a BA in Classical Studies. I even have had a decades long affection for Egyptology. I NEVER heard of Thonis. I HAD heard of Herakleion, that it was a city in Egypt, dedicated to a Sun god. I also knew of Goddio's work on Alexandria. But the discovery of two other "lost" cities, Canopus and Thonis, completely escaped me. Ancient Egypt never disappoints. Bless Franck Goddio and all who sail on him. Er...with him. ;)
Sounds like alot of sub surface structures don't get much coverage, I think it's safe to say they are tons of em.
Hey beautiful
Only two videos in, but this is rapidly becoming my fave channel! Great job presenting fascinating content! 😊
I had a great binge watch session after I discovered this. Have fun!
Make sure you check out biographics too
Hey beautiful
I love his channels. His voice is so calm, I listen to his videos to put me to sleep. Definitely better than white noise.....and educational..BONUS
I was privileged to attend a lecture by Franck Goddio and view many artifacts at the exhibition last autumn. This was truly one of the most spectacular archeological discoveries in recent years. Thank you for doing this video and I'm looking forward to seeing much more from this channel!
Without checking to see if anyone else has answered the magnetometer question, here's roughly how it works. NMR is a resonance phenomenon. Atomic nuclei "precess" like little spinning tops, and the frequency with which they precess is governed in part by the ambient magnetic field. That frequency can be measured by its resonance with electromagnetic waves -- when the frequency of the wave corresponds to the frequency of precession, you get a resonance effect -- a spike in the intensity of the EMF wave. Since the frequency of the precession is determined by the magnetic field, small variations of the magnetic field -- in this case the magnetic field of the earth as modified slightly by the objects on or under the seabed, will show up as variations in the resonance frequency, hence its use as a magnetometer.
My degree is actually in Atmospheric Physics (University of Arizona, 1975), so I'm dredging up some 50-year-old memories here, but I'm reasonably certain this is a good description of the general way the thing works.
Bro this is a pretty great explaination thank you! 🙏
FWIW, the medical scanners known as MRIs - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Imager) - weren't always called that. When they were first introduced they were NMR machines, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Then name change was made because the word "nuclear" was not exactly loved by laypeople. Patients often had to be convinced that the machine was safe and some simply refused outright.
NMR may not be a familiar term anymore, but chances are fairly good you've already encountered the technology.
@@bobdobbolina8376 Absolutely correct. Those machines are scary enough as it is without worrying about nuclear radiation LOL!
I saw the exhibition in Cincinnati several years ago. Some of those statues were so massive, it's amazing they raised them from the ocean. Definitely see it if you can.
Man. Just imagine a city that was 1,600 years old. It's crazy to think how incredibly short our "modern" times really is.
I mean, Damascus is still around. And they say that place has been continually inhabited for over 11,000 years.
It would just be so surreal to be in a city with that kind of history to it. Walking down the same streets where countless other people had, centuries ago. Its a humbling thought. And i imagine an humbling experience, to boot.
Simon whistler, host of Visualplitik en, Today i found out, biographics, toptenz and now geographics. One day, Simon will take over youtube. Nice video by the way
"One day"? I think you're late.
;D
You forgot Biographics!
I, for one, welcome our new bald overlord.
I love all those channels except Visualpolitik, he mentions Trump in nearly every video even when the orange idiot is only tangentially connected to the story at hand and it got a little old. Biographics is my favorite Whislter channel but that may soon change if he keeps these Geographic videos going.
*Looks for physicists in the comments* 👀
Are there any??
@@SkywalkerSamadhi im a theoretical physicist.
You'll probably have more luck finding people who saw a SciShow video that one time.
@CMDR BouncyStickman both.
I'm a palaeontologist but similar methods are used in geology for different reasons. I don't know the way the instrument works but the jist of it is most likely: go over the area by plane or boat, measure magnetic field strength and/or orientation across the area and map it out, look for anomalies (colour coding helps), investigate where you found anomalies.
Since this mentioned the term magnetic resonance, I'd assume differing magnetic properties of building materials to influence the measurements.
When we had our geophysics course, all methods used basically worked like this. Survey area, measure a property of the ground, find anomalies.
Wow Simon, I'm pretty sure you are the hardest working man on UA-cam! Love the work you do! Don't ever stop!
Are you naive enough to think Simon runs every single one of the channels he hosts? Simpleton.
Most other people actually do their own writing. Simon has a dozen writers, I think. Then he sits down and reads. And he apparently barely pays attention to what he's reading. Except for Business Blaze. Yet somehow manages to sound like he's an expert. Except when he mispronounces names and a few other words.
@@toddnolastname4485 simply putting your book chapter long comment.
He is a good story teller.
If you intend to explore more sunken cities, consider the city of Adria, upon which Venice was constructed on, and from which the Adriatic Sea gets its name. Also Pavlopetri of the coast of Greece; at 5,000 years old, it's one of the oldest sudden cities in history.
Two videos and I'm hooked. As for your pronunciations or mispronounciation, don't sweat it. Nobody is perfect. Please keep up your excellent work.
people get way too nitpicky about pronouncing foreign words, _especially_ when your talking about dead languages or languages that are too distantly related to english to be easily pronounced like Japanese or Mandarin.
@@arthas640 thank you it's tomayto tomaato
Simon: the man who could easily find Carmen San Diego
Listen up Gumshoe dont get ahead of yourself.
@@pointlessopinion611 Simon could find Carmen San Diego, provided he gets enough Patreon support to make the video and someone else find her and posts about it online so he can report on it, assuming the provide enough evidence to the fact it is Carmen and not a hoax.
He probably knows Where Waldo is.
@@mariakelly5 and Wally
@@thewhovianhippo7103
And Wenda
Thonis is also was known as Herakleion or Thonis-Heracleion and its one of the ancient Egypt cities you can visist in Assassin's Creed Origins game. In case someone is not familiar with it this game is amazingly historically accurate.
12:45
Geo: “the sun gods worship began to eclipse other deities”
Me: “heh. Eclipse”
This is just so damn good! I’m obsessed by ancient Egypt bc we know an incredible amount and yet there is so much more. It’s a mystical beautiful culture intelligent and epically successful, so fascinating...I’m having a nerdgasm. Thank you for that, I need a smoke
This is everything I wanted in a chain of channels History & Geography.
Simon, you and your Team deserve a LOT of credit because I firmly believe you guys are one of the top educational programs on UA-cam. I don't just mean this channel either. All of your Channels are loaded with useful/interesting information, and cover a wide variety of topics, which is really awesome. I know that I'm not alone in my appreciation for you guys busting your butts to bring us all of the different channels, and the speed with which you do :). I just want to say Thank You very much for all of the hard work you put into everything you do :)!
Great new channel cheers ya boldy bearded glasses gem.
Much love
There could be two more reasons why a lot of ancient texts don’t mention Thonis. One is the burning of the Library of Alexandria in 48 BC during the defense of the city from Ptolemy XIV by Julius Caesar on behalf of Cleopatra. Untold numbers of ancient major and minor texts were destroyed in that fire. The second was the sacking of Rome in 410 AD by Alaric and the Visigoths. While the Visigoths avoided raiding Christian holy places, they did take many noblemen houses and other important buildings probably destroying one-of-a-kind manuscripts in the process. Your quote about cities fading away can be applied to knowledge as well.
When you already follow all the rest of Simon’s channels so this new one gets recommended and realize “He’s got a new channel!”
Hey beautiful
1:20 - Chapter 1 - A slumber of a twelve centuries
3:30 - Chapter 2 - Franck Goddio
6:35 - Chapter 3 - Underwater archeology
8:45 - Chapter 4 - Hunter of lost cities
12:00 - Chapter 5 - A venice of the nile
14:40 - Chapter 6 - Disappearance of thonis
17:20 - Chapter 7 - The teaching of thonis
The spoken-word recitation of Under the Sea is on point 👍
Love Biographics and this channel has got off to a great start
I am so in awe of how much content Simon is involved in and how active he is on social media! I only work 8-5 and still can't be bothered to answer messages. Does the man sleep??
Side bar- Love the content as always.
No need for sleep. I'm a robot sent from the future ;). And thank you.
@@geographicstravel But I thought that you and all of your shipmates on the USS Discovery went 930 years forward in time, not back! Star Trek Discovery reference. 😉
I like that you don’t act like you know all there is to know on chemistry and other subjects. You just honestly admit what you don’t know which makes your video better. You’re just teaching what you know and I really respect that. Good video. Actually really interesting. This is the first video I seen about this and I’m seriously in awe. This is so amazing that this was found
Absolutely awesome! Good stuff, y'all! I've always been obsessed with lost cities and ancient cultures. :)
The quote from the little mermaid in the beginning made me laughing so hard with how deadpan simon said it.
Violent osmosis: Osmosis that fights others just caus it doesn’t agree with your ion ratio.
Lost, forgotten, and hidden cities, especially those found underwater, are so fascinating.
Thanks. More coming :)
The Simon Whistler pronunciation is always official as far as I'm concerned
This channel and Biographics is the reason why I love history
Mr. Whistler I'd love to see you do a video on the Isle of Tortuga and its history of 17th century piracy
Your wish was granted I see 🤣
If you try to remove the salt from the stone too quickly, the process could cause the surface of the stone to disintegrate. By making the water half as salty, you slow the process down and protect the artifacts surface.
richard bidinger I was going to say something similar due to Simon asking about how osmosis works! When I heard that the one wall was made of limestone, I was shocked that it hadn't crumbled away prior to the discovery.
richard bidinger no it not that it’s the salt itself that has destroyed things as salt water is one of the worst most common corrosive agents
Please do a video on The Library at Alexandria! Love your videos!
"Amun was a solar God, associated with the Sun with creation and power. Over the centuries its worship had grown to the point of _eclipsing_ many other deities." *I see what you did there!* 😉
I missed that one! LOL! I need more caffeine!
I've subscribed to all your channels! I feel like I've finally found the history teacher I've always wanted but never had. Thank you so much!
Fantastic job, so well researched and produced.👍
Just discovered this channel and already in love with it :)
I'm just discovering Geographics, and I must say I'm really glad you guys push out such informative content. Thanks for that and keep up the great work.
Thank you :)
Simon,
Those “underwater balloons” as you called them are called “lift bags” by people that dive and recover objects. They are air tight bags that are taken under the water and air from scuba tanks (for small bags) or air pumped from the surface (for large bags) to inflate the bags exactly like a scuba BCE inflates to bring a diver to the surface. Yes you really made me laugh with that one! Underwater balloons! 😂
So excited about the new channel. Can't wait for more videos!
Keep em coming 👍
My boyfriend and I love your show, the process cures the artifacts and keeps them from breaking down further
How the bloody hell do you guys (and gals) make so many videos. Not only that they're all quality vids. Really cool man.
Talk really fast without breathing it seems
How absolutely amazing! Just seeing the uncovering of our predecessors' achievements in antiquity really kind of makes you proud to be a human, in contrast to all of the things that have the opposite effect. Great video y'all!
Always loved biographics but this channel is next level, learning about different places is so interesting. Never heard of this place before but this was so interesting, great video!
Also I love how the editing is the same style as the biographics channel
Ok so I’ll be that guy…I stumbled upon this channel about 12 hours ago. Since then I’ve watched maybe 12 of your videos. 5ish hours of my day. Your content is so good. So relaxing.
My new favorite channel.
I have arrived here from your recent tweet about this channel, having been watching all the other channels of Simon's rise of dominance over UA-cam, this one shall not go amiss. Fantastic quality of the last two videos and I hope they continue :)
Basically desalination is moving salt from a higher concentration to a lower. If you'd rather moving any salt from the find to the surrounding water. In order to stop massive corrosion of the find and easier for further study in the long run.
I swear every chanel you guys do is boss👏🏻 keep up the good work simon and team
Pseudo chemist here!
Basically, salt affects the way water interacts with other objects/substances. Think of how a fresh water fish would die in the ocean due to its cells not being able to recieve/dispose of water correctly.
Love the new channel! Hope to see more great content soon!!
Osmosis is alot like the UA-cam comments section: you want to be as salty as the other people. If you're too salty then you're a troll and everyone will call you a nutter, if you're not salty enough they'll tear you apart like a pack of wild dogs. You need to balance things out.
@@arthas640 That's a brilliant way to put it
I'm loving this channel. Hope you guys can keep it going.
Very interesting. More like this would be great!
More coming :). 2x per week at the moment, if they channel does well, we will bump that up :)
I am a simple gal. I see Simon Whistler has a new channel; I hit subscribe
"Everything's better
down where it's wetter"
archaeologist here - not all objects found needs that much preservation, the ones that do need extensive preservation methods are things found underwater since they otherwise would dry out and be destroyed. The rule of thumb in archaeology is the keep objects in the state they were found in (until they get preserved), if dry, keep it dry, if wet, keep it wet - and the objects that are the most vulnerable are things of natural materials, such as wood, fabric, basketry, etc, where pottery, burnt bricks, and stone are much more durable and survive in the archaeological record much easier than the perishable materials as mentioned.
what the hell, how many channels is this guy involved with?
I have seven channels total.
@@geographicstravel I knew it. I KNEW IT!
@The Muckler Geographics, Biographics, Megaprojects, Highlight History, Today I Found Out, TopTenz, and Business Blaze.
@@geographicstravel 😂😂😂😂 YESSSS
And now side projects
It's like everyday I come across yet another Simon channel. Love it!
God damn these length videos daily! Sign me up!
I'm not a chemist, but I learned about osmosis in high school. Basically if you have to different water environments right next to each other, separated by a semi-permeable barrier, if each environment has a different salt level water will want to go from the lower salt environment to the higher salt environment. There is a physical pressure that tries to even out the two environments to make them equally salty. It's a kind of imbalance, and physics doesn't like imbalances and wants to even then out.
If stuff has been lying in the sea for that long, it will have been infused with the salt water. Suddenly putting it in a no-salt environment would cause a very strong osmotic pressure. The water would want very strongly to enter the archaeological finds. By putting the items in part clean water part sea water, a slightly salt environment is created, and the osmotic pressure isn't as strong, thus there isn't such a rush of water entering those items and potentially destroying them.
You can explore Herakleon in Assassin Creed Origins. Fun times.
Origins was fantastic, even without the main storyline and gameplay, if only for the educational aspects.
90% of the reason i enjoy Assassins Creed i just wandering around exploring. I spent countless hours in #2 and #3 just fighting random people and wandering around the cities and I never even finished Blag Flag because i had so much fun sailing.
Do it Simon. It will give you a reason to "research" how historically accurate the game is.
Simon has been a daily part of my life for years. Its crazy to think i see this guy more then most of my family
Was this your home Thanos?
-
It was, and it was beautiful..
Love the new channel! Thank you 😘
Your team should do the Palace of Versailles.
that place has so many interesting facets, it's arguably the greatest palace on earth even if alot of stuff was pillaged over the centuries, sold off to pay debts, or destroyed during the revolutions. There's a reason that Wilhelm was made an emperor there and why WW1 ended in the hall of mirrors. If WW2 had ended with a treaty instead of the allies just tearing Germany apart like a pack of wild dogs, I'd bet the treaty would be signed there as well.
@@arthas640 lmao nazi Germany sympathizer
@@norgepalm7315
Nazi Germany sympathizer? How so? I said the palace of Versailles is amazing and if Germany had signed a peace treaty like they did in WW1 rather than fighting to the end (you know, after making everyone rather angry with the whole genocide thing). In WW1 you see, before the nazis took power, the germans were beaten back and nearly broken but came to the bargaining table rather than fight to the end, so they at least had a bargaining chip to play and so were at least able to surrender as a mostly sovereign country, so the allies had them sign it at Versailles as a play on the franco-prussian war peace agreement where the germans beat the French and made the french sign the agreement in the hall of mirrors in Versailles that not only ended the war but also made the Prussian king into the German emperor and made germany a country rather than a confederation.
In ancient times a castle or city that wouldnt surrender while under siege wouldnt be given the option of surrendering and would be raped at pillaged, the longer they fought on the less restrained the besiegers would be. In WW2 the germans fought to the end and committed more than a few war crimes during the invasion of Germany, including killing off entire POW and concentration camps. When the allies finally took control of germany, germany was no longer even capable of negotiating as a country as the entire government had fallen apart, so the allies tore germany apart, each governing a sector until Germany could be rebuilt at a later date, which would up taking a few decades and in the mean time they enforced their will on Germany.
Also if I were a sympathizer it would be more accurate to say I were a "Nazi sympathizer" since most modern germans and many germans of the time made a distinction between Germany and the Nazis, even when the nazis seized power they only had about a third of the vote so many germans didnt view themselves as nazis. The nazi ideology went beyond just mindless racism, it was a racist party but it was still a political party with a political ideology. They were a far right, nationalistic, socialist party and just like most countries not everyone willingly votes for 1 party and not everyone is left wing or 100%, right wing, much less all on one far extreme like the far right. So its important to most people to distinguish between Germany and the nazis. I would be a NAZI sympathizer, not a nazi germany sympathizer.
@@arthas640 no one is reading your nazi memoir you freak
@@arthas640 just thought I'd say I read it, an found it quite interesting. Unfortunately there's no cures for narrow mindedness an water bear seams to be so.
Only two videos and I’m already hooked !! That bell button is going on
SMASH THAT BELL. (thank you)
Geographics 🥰🛎👈🏻🎉
Simon. To my family and I, you ARE youtube.
One of my favorite UA-cam searches.
You need to do a video on Wisconsin Dells. I absolutely need to hear Simon talk about Wisconsin Dells.
Not to mention Eagle River. Eagle River!!!
I'm glad you like the balloon artefact-raising trick. My dad invented that. :) The trick is to fill the balloon with fresh water, which, being less dense than sea water, rises gently. Air-filled balloons, which were used previously, rise too fast and often resulted in delicate items getting smashed up.
Really enjoy your content, but could you include Some more maps since it is content About a loaction
My thoughts exactly!!!
I have to admit that on an iPhone 7 I found the Nile River Delta Map very difficult to read.
Simon, thanks to the whole team in the hard work that went into this fascinating story!
You should explore the mystery of Punt Land in an upcoming video.
That's Ethiopia, right?
@@jevicci good question. We really don't know. Claims go from Sudan to Sri Lanka. It is a crazy story given that we know quiet a lot for a place nobody ever thought mark on a map.
Saw an exhibition in Paris a few years ago of Egyptian artifacts rescued from beneath the ocean. It had to be from Thonis. Incredible sculpture, fascinating history. Thanks, Simon, for bringing this to light and for this new channel! Good luck.
As to how/why this city was forgotten, I thought maybe all records of this beautiful city burned with everything else when the Library of Alexandria burned. Alas, it isn't likely as the fire was in 48 B.C.
This was a truly fascinating video. Thanks so much for the information!
Speaking of the Library of Alexandria...is this a subject you may cover? My apologies if the video has already been done; I have a terrible memory!
Actually it was more like the Fires of the Libraries of Alexandria. The last one was in 640AD when the Caliph Omar of Egypt used the books in the library as fuel for the bathhouses for two years.
You’ve popped up on my feed, was super excited to see something new other than stuff from 2008-2013. Absolutely love these kind of videos please keep posting ❤️
Curious if this Heraklion is a Colony of Heraklion on Crete? Both have been devastated by Tsunamis too
Me too
No, it is a purely Egyptian city that was the way of entry into egypt by sea. The only reason for the similarity in name is due to the relation to herakles that both cities have.
Archaeology has always been my secret dream job. I’ve worked in the field of organ donation for two years as a manager but man, my heart just yearns for more. I don’t want to be caught up in something where my heart isn’t really passionate, I yearn to understand how older civilizations operates. I hope to some day escape this job, I need to unbury the relics of older civilizations and understand how they operated.
Ryder21 if it makes you feel better archaeology is a profession you go into if you all ready have a good amount of money.
Most can only work for a few months of the year and the culture of “volunteering for experience” is rampant.
Every time he says Canopus my eyes happen to be away from the screen and I hear cannabis. Maybe it's time I quit quitting weed. Kinda miss it.
Why has it taken UA-cam so long to suggest this channel for me? Love it!
Violent osmosis explanation
Things like to remain neutral just like electricity wants to travel predictably you can predict how minerals such as salt will travel through a solution or from one particular place to another we have a name for this process we call itOsmosis. This process of neutralization between chemicals by putting the solution of salt water and freshwater around the artifact that has been submerged in salt water for the better part of 20 centuries the natural proclivity of the salt in the artifact will be pulled out by the freshwater as it wants to neutralize however because it is half salt the “pull” if you will , is not going to be as strong as if it were in pure freshwater in fact the effect of placing an object made of lime stone or many other materials that are porous that I’ve been submerged in a very salt drink solution for 20 centuries and then placing it in a solution with no salt will cause the salt to violently stabilize which could damage the artifact as this occurs
Sorry for typos hope this helps
Great stuff! Thank you
These comments are why i love youtube as a platform as i tend to learn just as much from these types of comments as i do from the videos itself.
As always I look forward to your uploads they are always interesting
thank you :)
I kept thinking Simon was saying cannabis.
Yep
Its can o' pus, actually.
Ever since I stumbled across your videos, my thirst for knowledge has slowly grown to what it used to be back in my younger days 🙏🏽🙏🏽
Can’t sing the channels praises enough, not just this but all the family of Simons channels. I’ve converted quite a few friends and family as well I think Top tenz will always have a special place in my heart as a question regarding Mahatma Gandhi a subject you covered so I got correct and won 100 quid in a pub quiz, cheers Simon
*You did not put any of the links in the description.*
@Daniel C Yeah, its pretty bothering, ive pointed this out on more than one occasion, but its not being answered neither being acknowledged.
I watch about every video from all your UA-cam channels and I gotta tell you. I love this video. Please make more like it and thank you!
"inventor of catamaran", you mean that thing used by the Austronesian peoples since the BCE times.. where are your royalties, capitalists
Thanks, was looking for this comment.
Simon reading the lyrics to “Under the sea” straight up unnerves me