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We Dissolved Fossils To Prove Dinosaurs Were Warm Blooded | Science Skills
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- Опубліковано 25 січ 2022
- Since the birth of paleontology, scientists have hotly debated whether dinosaurs were cold- or warm-blooded. It's been commonly suggested that warm-bloodedness was an avian innovation, something birds developed that their ancient dino relatives like Sue the T. rex did not. Traditional methods and tools like histology and scanning electron microscopes have hinted that this might not actually be true, but a new field of molecular paleobiology is giving us definitive answers. Watch us slice, dissolve, and shoot a laser at some of the Field Museum's coolest fossils to prove that dinosaurs weren't actually as cold-blooded as we once thought.
Jingmai O'Connor is the associate curator of fossil reptiles at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. She received her PhD studying Mesozoic birds at the University of Southern California.
Jasmina Wiemann is a Trimble & Barr Postdoctoral Scholar studying the intersection of organic chemistry, biology, and geology at the California Institute of Technology. She received her PhD at Yale, where she developed the field of molecular paleontology.
Editor's note: A previous version of this video included a segment about hydrofluoric acid misattributed to the hydrochloric acid used in the lab. The video has been updated to remove that segment.
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We Dissolved T. Rex Bones To Prove Dinosaurs Were NOT Cold-Blooded | Science Skills
This is actually insane! Like seriously, Jasmina is not getting the credit she deserves if she has discovered that soft tissue can be preserved! That's a huge discovery with so much potential in the scientific world.
I mean, that’s insane and all, but she wasn’t the one who discovered, that title goes to the brilliant Biologist and Paleontologist Mary Schweitzer, who managed to isolate protein remains from dinosaur fossils.
@Dominotik Ivan Tulovskiy *paleontogists.
Pots, tablets and buildings don't have soft tissue.
Archeologists study old human made things, paleontologists study old once living things.
The advancement of science just continually does not want to validate evolutionary theory, but ironically the opposite yet too many academics claim to be following the science and wholly accept it still. Evolutionary theory is pseudo science.
@@WaterspoutsOfTheDeep Wrong, you probably don’t know anything about evolutionary theory, but then again, you probably think you know more than you actually do, as most creationists or “ID proponents” think.
Still, evolution is an inescapable fact of biology, specially within population genetics, ecology and molecular biology.
@@laserfan17 I disagree wholeheartedly with your comment. Evolution means progress over time. The theory of evolution does not equal evolution.
Mutation is the only real factor here. Beneficial mutations would equal evolution, but beneficial mutations are as likely to not take hold as non-beneficial mutations.
Which in turn means that natural selection does not in fact promote "evolution". In my opinion it does the exact opposite. It helps maintain the status quo, the norm.
In fact I believe the worlds notion of evolution is so derailed that we could decide to only allow people with dwarfism procreate and a thousand years from now something that is considered a birth defect today would instead be called evolution.
Evolution is not an inescapable fact of biology, mutation is.
Great to see journalistic interest in the pursuit of knowledge - what fantastic research to highlight!
Pursuit of views and money. If we've learned anything from the past few years, journalists are a cancer for America and science.
@@Tony-nl6pf if ive learned anything about stupid people it that they always believe everyone are out to get them. You poor thing.
I mean the channel is literally called science insider lol, but i definitely agree. Learning is always so fulfilling.
@@leiajiang7877 your naivety is horrifying at this point 🤦♂️
It’s their job lmao
This is incredible. Common accepted knowledge of dinosaurs as being cold blooded is being overturned by this discovery.
Accepted by whom? The laymen? In the scientific community it is mostly accepted for years that most dinosaurs were at least mesothermic, some closer to "warm-blooded" some closer to "cold-blooded" on a spectrum (because lots of different lines of evidence points to this direction). This discovery lands further support to some non-avian dinosaurs being closer to, or are true endotherms, but does not overturn anything in and of itself (because there is nothing to be overturned). But I agree, it was really interesting.
@@martontoth2063 accepted by Jurassic Park fanbois XD
@@vanglhun They actually say that dinos are warm blooded in JP... so yeah, I don't know why you lie like that.
This is not a new discovery
The advancement of science just continually does not want to validate evolutionary theory, but ironically the opposite yet too many academics claim to be following the science and wholly accept it still. Evolutionary theory is pseudo science.
A recent PBS Nova about artic dinosaurs which resided in the then MUCH warmer, but still freezing cold in the perpetual darkness of artic winter showed that the T-Rex variety in that area could not have been cold blooded.
Saw this
While there was a Tyrannosaurid in that area, it's incorrect to describe it as a T. rex variety.
@@pranavarvind4281 You don't need to be so pedantic, he obviously just means a tyrannosaurid
Nanuqsaurus*
@@darkonyx6995 i got confused
talked to Jasmina a few years ago while she was still in her PhD at Yale. She is truly an incredible scientist & woman! So kind and humble for the work she has done! And of course, Dr. O’Connor is a paleo legend!
That is revolutionary! Jasmina deserves to get a Nobel Prize for the discovery of tissue preservation!
Edit: in the replies lol
*revolutionary
@@jadsi didn't see that lmao thanks!
@@LTRX_ Indeed. What an incredible discovery.
Sure, she will save millions of lifes with her descovery. Why not give her a novel prize? Or even better, let's make her the queen of the universe.
@@sf-nu8eu you don't need to "save lives" to get a nobel prize. I'd recommend you look at the criteria for a Nobel prize before commenting again about it.
It oddly makes sense though, why would dinosaurs develop feathers if not to contain/protect their bodies from losing core temperature? Cold blooded animals of today have no external insulation for the reason that they want to absorb external heat while warm blooded animals want that external insulation, this discovery not only proves that dinosaurs evolved into warm blooded creatures ...but it also puts more "reliability" to the fact that many dinosaurs had feathers (or pre-feathers).
Genuinely exciting!
to answer this question "why would dinosaurs develop feathers if not to contain/protect their bodies from losing core temperature?", sexual selection is an answer to pretty much any bonkers physical trait that doesn't seem to have a functional purpose. Not all feathers provide insulation, pretty much only the downy feathers do that. Other feathers play roles in things like flight, aerodynamics (or hydrodynamics, if you're a penguin), camouflage, anti-predator displays, and mating displays (sexual selection).
Hummingbirds provide a really cool example of feathers not being insulators - hummingbirds lack the downy feathers that provide insulation and rapidly lose body heat to their environment. Because of this, rather than try to maintain a constant body temperature during cold weather (like most "warm-blooded" animals do via increased metabolic rate), they go into torpor - basically they turn their metabolism off and equalise to ambient temperature (much like a "cold-blooded" animal would). This middle ground between being cold-blooded (poikilothermic or ectothermic) and warm-blooded (endothermic) is known as heterothermy. Heterothermy is pretty standard across many different modern birds (both with and without insulating feathers) and was probably the metabolic strategy used by theropod dinosaurs as well.
What if the t. rex was some kind of carnivorous kangaroo? I know it sounds hilarious but when they talked about the fast growth in Sue's early years and also when they mentioned the metabolism part it made me think a lot about how kangaroos develop in a super fast paced way, born within 33 days and having to find its path as a jellybean-sized blind baby straight to the mother's pouch and then having quite a change after just 6-8 months
Their bones would collapse on themselves sadly. Still a funny thought though, thanks for giving me that image
It’s Impossible
@@rayyanahsan2628hehe okay :c
Lol, that’s more or less what paleontologists thought back in the early 1900’s about T.rex, they thought it walked like a big Kangaroo, dragging its tail on the ground, kinda like a tripod 🦖
@@laserfan17 lol really? sorry idk much about dinosaurs or paleonthology :c
“One of the worlds experts on Mesozoic birds”
My literal dream job :’)
Every bio-science documentary need to strive to be like this, discovery that is happening right during the production of the video.
Be careful what you wish for. It would mean that interesting documentaries that don’t have the discovery in the video wouldn’t be worth watching. Then there would so many not as well thought out video “discoveries” being very short lived as things turned out to be disproven.
Fantastic! Mad respect to Akiko for getting those sections so thin!
Mad skillz💓
This is sooooo interesting!! I remember watching a ted talk from the woman who figured out the dissolving in acid for the soft tissues and my mind was BLOWN! To see that research going forward and all the amazing things we're learning because of it just makes my night. It's so. damn. cool!
♥️
All of this is beautiful. Science at its finest 🌍💯
Congrats to every paleontologist!!
This is fascinating!! I hope more people get to see this, because the whole process is so interesting and the discovery is so important!!
Also all of the people in this video were so nice, the paleo lady was so funny and smart! Loved listening to her!
The video presentator was also nice to listen to and seems so kind!
I love seeing all these women rocking their fields and making incredible discoveries!!! 🤩
Cute rat
Sexist Comment
@@cooliipie Heterophobic
@@cooliipie Quite the opposite, many women are discouraged from pursuing science related careers. it's great to see women make such awesome discoveries!
@@cooliipie Riiiight. I mean it's not like there's ZERO evidence that women are discouraged from STEM and High Academics or anything.
OH WAIT! That's EXACTLY what we see all the time!!
Hell let's not forget that the whole "Dinosaurs are Birds" came from a Gay Male Couple who went around the world studying dinosaurs. It took like 50 YEARS before the Scientific Community caught up.
really makes sense that avian dinos were warm, since birds are also and they're the only ones left, would like to see this done on say a pterodactyl and compare ;)
WAIT IVE NEVER THOUGHT ABOUT IT LIKE THAT!!! I’m so stupid, of course it only makes sense that their only living relative would be a clue on their blood type.
@@41052 but as you said, it's only a clue. It didn't necessarily have to be true, even if it makes sense
Not only avian also non avian
Pterosaurs were warm blooded, also.
I always thought it was interesting that dinosaurs were reportedly cold-blooded but birds, who evolved from dinosaurs, were warm-blooded. Nice to know (some) dinos were warm-blooded too.
This channel is extremely underrated. Thankyou for sharing, PLEASE keep going with this science channel.
Notice the neglect to mention that it looks like many of these creatures are cold blooded but with a high metabolism and demonstrate traits of both making them quite paradoxical. The evidence suggests they they were actually in a grey area between the warm and cold blooded. Some scientists are currently suggesting that the concept of warm/cold blooded makes no sense that far back and many creatures sat somewhere in the middle.
These ladies out there living their best dino dream 🙌
I'm all for having meatballs and sausages in the literature. So much academic writing seems to go out of its way to be cryptic. Like, only rEaL scholars are allowed to decode this LOL
I've never seen cutting edge science being used in real time. This is as close as I may ever get. Jingmai is now my favorite paleontologist. It'd be so cool to talk to her.
The covid vaccine was cutting edge science, the first vaccine of its type.
I'm not an expert on it but something to do with mRNA
I love how the way they talk soo passionately
“ punk rock paleontologist “ 😂😂 love it
9:29 “It’s all still in suspension”
“-me too”….I see what you did there.
I can’t wait until they do the spectral molecular analysis thing with a BUNCH of different genera of dinos and other extinct animals!
Super cool!! Has this been published and peer-reviewed? Would love to read more about it
Such a great and educational description of the research and methods used.
Gotta love seeing a museum's junk drawer of sorts
Knick knacks💙
Whoa! This was INCREDIBLE!
It's crazy how far technology has come in such a short time.
Beautifully made, nicely relaxed and well explained. Loved it! 👍🏾
This is such a cool video, I’m in university, so I’ve gotten the chance to learn about lots of things mentioned in this video. It’s so interesting to see real world applications of what I’ve been taught! Learning aside, this discovery is incredible!!
Is there a research article published on this yet or is this just something we’re expecting to be published in the future?
We've already done this years ago, just presented for us to learn it as well
So after purchasing dino bones tried this at home with my dad who is a nuclear scientist. Yes same results we now have several slides with blood vessels. Thanks for sharing and making this like a do it yourself video.
This is so friggin amazing!!!
I love these kinds of videos!!!
I really enjoy hearing people speak passionately about their life work.
Incredible level of technology, very interesting.
This is an incredible video.
........I wish I could say more about it, but this is just incredible.
This is amazing stuff!!!! 🦖 We're learning so much about Sue and her fellow dinos from eons ago! I wish I could visit this place and learn more about the specimens that they have there!
This is amazing! The fact that we can figure out new things about the past that we never actually saw is mind blowing
0:24 Hey, it’s “Waking The T.Rex: The Story of SUE”. I saw that at the Liberty Science Center in August 2011 & it was a fabulous Dinosaur Documentary Film. A little half hour short, but it’s still a fabulous Dinosaur Documentary Film. I wish it was released on a Region 1 or Region Free widescreen DVD in a bright high quality definition.
I mean, it's been over 30 years since paleontologist have been amassing data and evidence to prove at dinosaurs are warm blooded. But this is one concrete proof that at least a lot of specific dinosaur species are warm blooded.
As a science educator this is fantastic, keep up the great work!
This was such a terrific watch. Mind blown
This is incredibly cool..but I just wanna say..
Jasmina is so freaking adorable omg
I want to know why, T rex was smarter then Crocodilian types? Is it because t rex was more towards a true bird?
Probably because it needed to chase its prey while a crocodile is an ambush predator
@@curiodyssey3867 people have mentioned that it may be a more scavenger type type of animal. Having a high protein diet also has a good correlation with more intelligence development.
Not saying that this is infallible, just stating another point of view that I've heard.
@@bethanydavis9023 The “scavenger hypothesis” for T.rex has actually no real evidence nor support from the paleontological community, basically, it doesn’t make sense
@@laserfan17 alright then. Wonder how fast T-rex really were and what kind of predators they were. Perhaps a similar line to ambush predators or something? I don't know.
@@bethanydavis9023 Probably not very fast, some scientists have calculated that the top speed for Tyrannosaurus was 11 mph (18 km/h), which is very slow for a large animal, then again, it didn’t really need to be fast.
Other recent study concluded that T.rex was a long distance Walker, following its prey for miles and miles till they got tired, attacking them. This makes perfect sense considering what we know of their senses and proportions, like their amazing sense of smell, sight and long legs.
Fascinating! Loved it
Such great energy off everyone involved in this. Really makes me want to be a palaeontologist
Warm bloodedness would've helped with brain development, or maybe it was required by the brain to continue developing, and would be applicable to the predators. I think Bergmann's Law would've applied to the larger sauropods, requiring them to be cold blooded.
Yep. They lived in the arctic so yeah. …. Cold blooded reptiles can’t live there, even in the Cretaceous. I thought everyone already knew this but it’s awesome to have proof
I think it was always known but there had to be a way to prove it which is what took time.
its been a question if all or just some were warm blooded, or somewhere in between cold and warm. like canrivore and herbivores usually live on a scale in between the 2, i just watched something on pbs eons about it and there are a animals alive today that arent totally cold or warm blooded but somewhere in between,
@@evilqueen6402 love that channel
@J Silva most definitely warmer, I'm not an expert, however they did have the long night.. in some modern portrayals we see ice and snow. Again not an expert.. it bears more research for sure
@J Silva It was warmer but the polar regions still saw freezing or near freezing winters with little sunlight. On top of that, many places like Alaska, Canada, Australia, Russia, etc. were closer to the poles back then. And it’s well known that dinosaurs lived throughout Alaska and Antarctica.
I really loved watching this. Thank you😊
This is the coolest thing ever and feeds the still dino-obsessed child within me. I love it when science gains new knowledge! 🤩 So impressive!
Over the past half year, I kinda realized that ancient cultures probably came up with the idea of Dragons because they likely found fossils and let their imagination run wild. Imagine finding a T-Rex skull or pterodactyl skeleton back then.
What if science was wrong like how they are actually warm blooded and instead dinos had wings thus a western dragon
Hold on, you JUST figured that out? That’s common knowledge.
Wow my tiny mind is blown 😳 🤯 How is this not big big news!?
Incredible. Thanks for sharing! 😊
This is such an incredible discovery. Such brilliant minds.
they where related to birds after all
You're related to birds
No
@@MCB400100 what do you mean?
@@acompy No
@@RedPill420 meaning?
This is incredible!! Congrats to all these women!
This was fantastic 😍
This is so amazing! Dinosaurs were warmblooded? Bro, that changes things.
Cool! However, I'd also like to see links to published works in the description! 😁
glad to hear t-rex are not cold blooded, they might be gentle, warm and friendly creature
yes very friendly
prob similar to modern day chickens
@@nottheone582 ever eaten chicked? its flavourless ever eaten turkey or quail? tasty. ever walked towards a rooster? we domesticated chooks are guards first food second.
@@julesmasseffectmusic explains some things
@@julesmasseffectmusic idk what chicken you eat, but they do have a taste
Dude that scanner with the green light is like all those scifi tools that just shoot a laser and can tell you what's in it. That's gonna be portable one day. How is this all not more well known. This is some major science!
I basically grew up at the Black Hills Institute and was there helping dig Sue up. My Mom did a ton of the prep work on the fossil bones and full skeleton. I wish she was still alive to see this!! She would have been just as mine blown as me! Awesome work Jasmina!!!
Fascinating. The warmer the body the more fuel it has to eat. Maybe look at growth rate in regard to this? And dino stomach contents
👍🏽
That's exactly what they did years ago already and how we already know many were mesotherm or endotherm. This all isn't news, unless you get all your info on dinosaurs from UA-cam recommendations and Jurassic Park.
That actually make a sense since dinosaurs are related to birds and birds are warm blood
This is an incredible discovery! Surely this woman's techniques must be awarded a prize!
Super interesting science- love to hear about this cool research!
They've already said this but I'm glad they got the proof whew
As a geologist, it’s awesome discoveries like this that sometimes makes me wish I pursued vertebrate paleontology … dang it! Very cool stuff!
Screw that, we want to mine rogue space rocks
This is amazing...
Love this!!
Me while watching this video :👁️👄👁️
Incredible. Well done ladies!!!
so, the T-Rex has a kind heart after all? Jurassic Park, you lied to us!
Well duh
Warm bloodedness has nothing to do with how you subjectively judge an animals kindness.
Sheesh. As absolutely fascinated I am in biology and genetics, especially in ancient subjects, I’m also blown away at how complex and challenging it is.
Can you imagine how terrifying Sue would have been in person covered in feathers moving like a cassowary coming toward you.
I've heard the theory that theropods and many other dinosaurs became warm blooded by the Jurassic. I wonder how soon after branching from crocodilians they became warm blooded.
To me it seems like being warm blooded came first and that cold bloodedness is a genetic mutation. Relying on the sun is just too contextual to come first. That theory is boring and probably false, like most hypothesis by most scientists in the last decades it feels like. I swear it's idiocracy these days. They have no evidence to support such brash assumptions when I, as a layperson can easily point out that it's only going to be likely around the equator - and even then cold bloodedness seems like it was developed as a way to cool off at first cause it was too hot: why the hell else would you want to be cold blooded. The issue is once people get their degrees or become doctors they lose the ability to think critically and self-check anymore and then spout off theories like they know what they're talking about when the reality is likely the opposite -as is the case with the Trex versus the common perception of it being cold blooded before. I think it's unlikely that all of life stems from the equator knowing it was all connected as Pangea before, therefore life started all over with a variety of context. Generalizing it as "All warm-blooded" or "all cold-blooded" is juvenile to me. It's clear that a lot of recorded history has been blatantly falsified already (especially about Giants and dinosaurs), why rely on the textbooks when it's full of liars? It's time to re-test and re-study everything. Stop regurgitating and start asking questions or you'll still be a sheep in life 20 years from now.
@@maskcollector6949 I mean, didn't plants and algae that relied on the sun come before warm blooded animals?
@@maskcollector6949 Lol, “cold bloodedness” doesn’t mean what you think it means, it’s really called ectothermy, which is just basically relying on exterior heat to regulate internal temperature, and it definitely evolved first, considering that it is the most common heat regulating mechanism in most vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Are you suggesting that all ectothermic animals (which is a vast majority) are just endothermic animals that lost the ability to auto regulate their own internal temperature independently?
That doesn’t make any sense, it’s like suggesting that all tetrapods were originally legless like snakes and that all legged animals simply evolved legs independently. It’s ridiculous.
Considering that there’s evidence that both Pterosaurs and Dinosaurs were mostly endothermic, it’s very likely that the common ancestor of both Groups already had at least some form of endothermy.
This means that dinosaurs were probably endothermic since the beginning.
@@laserfan17 I mean, didn't mask collector just say warm blooded (endothermic) came first?
I'm so glad I subscribed here 🤗💕
💖
Under the electron microscope and the regular one I had no idea what I was looking at. Could not see the vein at all. It would be nice to pause on that and have some annotation or other examples in the field or something.
I got to meet Akiko in a field trip thanks to my Paleo professor! Seeing her work in real life was so cool. Wished i saw this video before meeting her!!!
Shellington Sea Otter: "(Shy) (Shellington Sea Otter Smiles) Dudes, My Brother Named Rusty Loves Dinosaurs Especially The Brachiosaurus! 🧡💙!"
The terms dinosaur and high metabolism, strike me with a certain kind of fear
☠️
Great work. Incorrect for too many reasons to list, but great.
This is beyond interesting. Soft tissue? Who would have thought?!?
Of course dinosaurs are warm-blooded. They were bird-like, not lizard-like.
Punk Rock Paleontologist? Is that what we are calling them now? 😂😂 Nice!!!
This was so cool!
This really shines a light into the behavior of these creatures we've thought were cold blooded until now. This proves they would have been much more active fast metabolism creatures. Really opening up the doors for so many different climates, environments, behaviors, traits that are possible compared to giant cold blooded creatures. It's also really interesting that they show aspects of warm blooded and cold blooded creatures. They lay eggs, have features more similar to a form of reptiles, but we now know they contained warm blooded high metabolism and fast growth rate that just isn't possible for cold blooded creatures. This is amazing to open up so many doors in the world of the past creatures on our planet. As well as learning how useful these methods of examination of ancient fossils now are & can be done for so many different types of creatures over vast different periods of time. I'm excited
Love to see two D&d nerds meeting in the wild!💙😌
@5:5x how many have noticed, the computer is running windows XP. It's hard to believe XP is still running after 20 years!
Best OS
Question. Did you really have to dissolve part of the bone if you got all your results from non-destructive spectroscopy anyway? Or was it just to confirm that some organic fragments remained?
Ok I'm not gonna lie. When I saw the new Jurassic World Dominion trailer I get very angry every time they showed a dinosaur in the snow. I was so sure they were cold blooded lol.
I haven't kept up with dino discoveries since a while. It's nice to know that there are still exciting findings that can reshape what was once thought to be common knowledge.
There are actually dinosaurs in the arctic.
@@abrqzx That's not surprising being that the arctic at the time was not the arctic of today.
Wish I Can hit the like button a million times
5:45 Windows XP still rocking!
This my favourite video of all time
This is SO AWESOME!!! So EXCITING!!! And I love that it's all women in there, how cool is that!!!
Can you post the links to the peer-reviewed papers that summarized all the data about T. Rex is warm blooded?
“that was rad” love it
2:02 “A small slice”
:: CLUNK! :: 😂
Jasmina Would make an awesome Lara Croft imo
Jasmine is the Dutch chick, not the punk rock paleontologist. Otherwise, I cant seem to agree with you