The Inner Workings of an Enigma Machine
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- Опубліковано 22 чер 2014
- Ever wonder how the famous Enigma Machine worked? Mathematician and cryptography expert Dr. James Grime takes one apart to demonstrate how it created complex codes. For the full talk, visit: pirsa.org/13090086/
Perimeter Institute: perimeterinstitute.ca/ - Наука та технологія
So basically, it works by confusing the hell out of everyone, sometimes even those using it.
The Enigma machine, while relatively simple in a mechanical sense, is an ingenious invention.
So is a 2.2 GPM Sink Faucet Aerator, Male and Female Dual Thread Aerator. A real work of art, and also so very very functional. Wa-La!!
I salute you Sir Allan Turing.
Why?
James Grime makes encryption so easy to understand with his lively presentations.
But what's with the audience? The talk was great, matter nicely explained and James as enthusiastic as ever.
Knowledge of History, perhaps...
Because it was a German tool.
He didnt even start by telling the history of the machine. If I was sitting there no clue on what your topic is going to be and you just start by talking about how it works, no history of what it was used for or who made it, Ill just go straight outta there.
Ken Mendoza the topic of this was probably “how a enigma machine works” if you don’t know what one is then don’t attempt to figure out their inner workings
Because none of them realize the mammoth size of the problem to be solved and even bigger size of the importance of braking that code.
Love this!
I have a report on Enigma, in high school.
I had to combine two subjects Mathematics and Danish; for Math, I did as much explaining as I could, for Danish, I watched and interpreted the movie Enigma (characters, storyline, symbolism etc.).
So when The Imitation Game was released, I was so happy and hopeful.
I love the movie, but one thing I still didn't understand completely from the movie was Christopher.
Now I do.
Thank you.
I love your enthusiasm! Your delivery is concise, clear and thoroughly enjoyable. Thank you for taking the time to explain this device. What a fascinating design!
I managed to buy an enigma machine rotor , and wanted to know how it works. This video explains it very well. Thank you.
One of the Weasley twins when they're muggles.
Weasly's Mechanical Wheezes
HAHAHHAH Exactly
The best simple explanation about the machine.
In my opinion,this is the simplest explaination of this whole messy machine..loved narrator's enthusiasm.
Come here after watching The Imitation Game movie ..
haha, same
Bayu Idham Fathurachman Cool, so can you spot the "deliberate mistakes" in the movie now? :-D
Bayu Idham Fathurachman same) finished watching an hour ago
Same :D
I had no idea about what Turing did about it!!
@@AlessandroCarpentiero >>> ua-cam.com/video/cpRhZaQxnhw/v-deo.html
well, color me impressed!........in 1940, and nary a computer on the entire planet, and yet this!!.....so simple, yet so many possibilities!!!.....genius.
That was the best explanation I could find, thanks!!!
Great talk! Resume keeping it simple :) Thanks and best wishes from the physics department of the Technical University of Berlin
Brilliantly explained, a delightful video, thanks !
James Grime for the win!
He was actually the best on e I've heard and understood from an enigma explanation 👏
I found one at a goodwill thrift store back in the 80's
Was mislabeled as an old typewriter.
Thanks!
Are you being serious? If so, I've gotta hear this story.
That would be amazing
We have to code this for my Computer science class, this helped a lot
Thank you , that was most informative and very interesting . .!
ooo this makes it way easier to understand how the Enigma machine worked after watching that movie. The Enigma always fascinated me after watching U-571 as a kid in theaters when it came out.
The movie U571 was complete rubbish. It was a British destroyer that captured a German U Boat, took the crew prisoner, secured a 4 rotor Kreigsmarine Enigma machine with a complete set of rotors and code books and charts. The Captain of the U Boat was killed while attempting to scuttle the U Boat and the crew was taken to England, imprisoned in completly segregated from other prisoners and held in isolation and allowed no mail or Red Cross contact. This led the German high command to believe the U Boat had been sunk with all hands lost and the code still intact. After that, BP was able to decipher all the German messages and U Boats began sinking at an unprecedented rate. Doesn't make for a very interesting movie but that's what happened. Never rely on Hollywood to portray historical events accurately.
The best thing ever made. An amazing machine.
The russian F-125 is even better!!
Thank you so much! You made it so easy.
I now know more than I ever thought I would about the Enigma machine, and I don't know what to do with this knowledge...
If you type an "A" for example, It will NEVER be repeated in the code. There is the flaw. An "A" will never be an "A".
That's the first lead Allan Turing figured out.
@@rajeshsharmajaipur That's " Alan Turing "
@@DivyanshMMMUT Ok
@@DivyanshMMMUT That is, Alan, Luring.
@@garlandremingtoniii1338 ok
Thanks so much! That really helped me!
Very well explained 👍👍👍👍👍
And if think the Enigma was complex....it was nothing compared to the German Lorenz code machine, a 12 rotor teletypewriter of the highest complexity of the four (4) different code encyphering machines that the Germans used in WWII, the Enigma was used at the lower "tactical" level by the German armed forces and most German government departments, railway service, labor corps, etc and the Lorenz was used by Hitler and his High Command as their "strategic" code encyphering machine.....to transmit orders and receive high level situation reports on those ordered operations.....! The Lorenz was an extremely complex system, far beyond the Enigma....!
and the machine to attack this Code was called colossus. a beast of a machine. a working one is in the national Computer Museum in Bletchley park(it is a separate Museum from the actual Bletchley park). one of the tubes has a production date of 1943, and still works.
Wait. Colossus solved or “broke” Lorenz?!
Does anyone know what Enigma simulator he’s using? I really like the way it shows the wiring, but I can’t find it on line anywhere...
Thanks!
The Powerhouse Museum in Sydney has an Enigma machine, and 20 odd years I was able to visit the storage area and have a closer look at it - as a WW2 buff, it was a great thrill!
Good. Would you like to have one or you prefer a new i-Phone? :)
Nice explanation , thnx a lot
What an amazing dude. Love this guy.
sammyich I just watched a couple of videos with him and yeah I agree he's an awesome speaker. I really don't understand why the audience looks so brain dead here.
Explained well.
Only last night I watched the film "enigma " it was about the code breakers at Bletchley Park, as a relatively normal human being I could understand most of what was going on , but , I was astounded by the intelligence of those people who cracked the codes ,
Forgot to say, Great video!
I wonder if one could write a program for a microprocessor to encode/decode similarly.
there are now a few programs on internet that do that , I then copy code then past it into my e-mails :)
Excellent!
Very similar to the rotary line switch on a Step by Step or Strowger Telephone Central Office. The switch has hundreds of contacts wired in a sequence so that the switches are used in a predictable order so that the first line finders do not wear out more than the rest at the end of the bank of switches. Instead of the rotary switches to change the sequence a relay matrix is used to set up a pattern of usage. ie: 1-5, 1-5, 6-10, 6-10, 1-10, 1-10 and repeat. This central office came to market in the 1920s.
Wow. Amazing
In first vision is very simple with few component inside (keyboard with wire and 3 gears) but i geniusly idea, i love this machine
I am fascinated by this. And I think some light has been shed on how Alan cracked it. Well, no by himself. The polish cryptologists too. And everyone else.
But what fascinates me is what we take for granted. Meaning, the cap, the cap that is the same on every enigma machine. Little is said about that. I am sure there's a complete schematic of an enigma machine somewhere on the internet, but I would like to point out that the END part after the rotors, also scrambled letters around but was the same thing on all the machines. it is basically a constant. Without this particular knowledge you wouldn't be able to break the machine.
And second... the rotors themselves. There's mention of 5 types. The ways wires connect from face 1 to face 2, is extremely important. And relevant. Without having the rotors, Turing wouldn't have been able to make simulations to find the other settings.
Which leaves (as far as I am concerned) one question. Should we talk about the decisions that went into making that end-cap (dont know how to call it) and the way the 5 rotors are designed? First of all, how does the end cap differ from the 5 other rotors (other than its static) and just how many other rotors we could have? and how come in all this complexity, you know for a fact that A never ever equals A. Seems to me sometime A can equal A. It has 0 relevance, but that's a false statement that you hear about this machine. That a letter can never be encrypted as the same letter. Unless I'm missing something, it is possible one letter to be the same latter encrypted and decrypted.
Still an amazing simple idea, without a cpu. Just a mechanical contraption that still can give a headache to a modern computer. Its not easy to crack these things. Even if you know how they work.
Pretty cool machine, probably still used in present day
'There's no pattern to this'
Oh yes there is!
Does anyone know where I can find the Enigma Emulator (I know there are others, but I am interested in this one) from the video at 6:30 ?
master piece
Watched this as currently reading Hut 6 by Gordon Welchman. Would have liked to have seen a removed rotor to get a better understanding of it but overall a good supplement to the paperback I am reading.
Preconditions to understand the genius of inventor-
1. U hv seen d movie The Imitation Game
2. U r a maths lover
3. U know at least permutation combination.
4. U must have someone like this narrator in d video to explain things.
There is one on display next to the U 505 in Il.
Naval Enigma's were supplied with up to 8 rotors at one point, but only 3 rotors used at any one point. in 1942 there were 4 Rotor Enigma's being sent out, which in operation, the 4th rotor was Beta, or Gamma, and did not rotate like the first 3, but was still able to be set to one of the 26 combinations.
The Monthly code sheets used what is known as 'One time pad', so each code at the end of the day, was discarded, and moved to the next.
As already said, One Time Pads are great, but regular distribution of new pads was a logistical nightmare.
I cannot find this particular simulator of Enigma used in this video. Can anybody give me the link? This simulator shows the inner wirings as well which is not there in other simulators available on internet.
so i was watching numberphile ...
And then seven hours had passed? Yeah same thing happens to me all the time xD
here too
Enigma must have worked to some extent as Hitler never had his credit card scammed
fantastic lecture . you make it learnable ... if thats a word.. whats your name?
andy glover See where it says "Mathematician and cryptography expert Dr. James Grime" ? ;-)
Holy shit, that wiring is genius.
Does the key A have a switch that excludes bulb A from lighting up or can someone explain how A never shows bulb A or is that just a very rare event?
The "keys" are in the rotor wiring.....the daily settings and the actual cypher/code transmitted, thus the Enigma and the Lorenz are only the electro-mechanical encyphering and then deciphering "mechanism.....and by the way, Canada has 14 enigmas and 2 Lorenz NOT the 2 enigma that is stated here.....
This is a valid descriptive narrative, less a few omitted facts.....
While sending the message, prefixed by the ground setting for example ABCABC (repeated twice) the method is to code it using the same enigma machine and send the ciphertext.
How will the receiver know to decode that ciphertext as ABCABC to use that as the ground setting for the rest of the message? I thought you need to know the ground setting before to decode anything. Please clarify !
+Sriram Chandramouli As far as I understood, you'd use the ground setting from the keysheet to decode the first six letters of an incoming message to get the encoded ground state. Using that setting you then decode the rest of the message.
The prefix message code is noted on the daily setting and sent before setting the sending machine to the prefix for the message so both machines can code/decode the prefix on the same/daily setting and code/decode the message on the prefix setting. They soon altered this start method to a non repeat start code.
What shocks me is I can answer that question, lol.
Sender:
1. configure device including setting-up rotors exactly according to daily schedule.
2. freely choose any three letters, then double the string (like "catcat" or "dogdog" or "sexsex" or "mnomno").
3. type chosen three letters (twice) on Enigma keyboard and record the resulting 6 encoded letters as a "prefix" (perhaps "qwdfvb").
4. ignoring the daily rotor setting configuration, (re-)adjust your machine's rotors to match your chosen three letters (eg: "cat").
5. encrypt 'payload' plaintext appending output to the 'prefix' and transmit entire message. (If payload was "Hello", transmission would be 6 + 5 characters.)
Receiver:
1. configure device including setting-up rotors exactly according to daily schedule.
2: record incoming morse code of what appears to be a gibberish message.
3. type initial 6 letters on Enigma keyboard (perhaps "qwdfvb") and record decode ("catcat"). (Repetition for quality control, but repetition created weakness.)
4. (re-)adjust rotors to match those three letters ("cat") - the actual rotor positions used by the sender from the start of this particular 'payload'.
5. decrypt payload (characters 7, 8, 9, ...) with your machine now being configured exactly the same as the sender's machine for this particular message.
A much simpler explanation as to HOW the machine works.
Did anyone ever find out which Enigma Emulator software he used in this presentation? Searched the web, found many others but none match this version? Any Ideas?
+djmarkalmond users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/enigmasim.htm
This is similar, but not the exact one. I was also seeking for the Emulator he uses for a long time, but did not succeed.
So if I understand it well, Enigma is a coding-decoding machine that can encrypt its own setting instruction, then decrypt it, with many many possibilities in each stage??
Plug board makes the combination more complex.
How is the last column different from the middle one? If only one covers starting position, what’s the other cover?
Agreed. Regardless of labels, each rotor only has 26 positions so there's a bit of duplication there.
So how did the sender communicate his personal 3 letter message key?
Is it a case of:
1) The sender setting up his enigma machine rotors according to the ground setting for that day (e.g. XYZ).
2) Choosing his 3 random letter rotor settings for his message key (e.g. ABC).
3) Typing these 3 letters (twice) at the start of the message.
4) And then changing his own enigma rotors to his own made up setting (ABC) before typing the main body of the message.
?
You got it exactly right.
Watch the video again. It's clearly explained.
Simon R by the end of the war, these machines had up to 8 rotors as well.
you clearly didn't watch the entire video
Enn vist jeg koder med apsolutt alle språk i verden og alfabet va ser da?
What is it worth ? With five rotors for the submarine forces .⚠️ all fully original, from first hand .
All funtional. Including the original case. SERIOUS QUESTION.
which cipher does it use
Good video. Who was the greatest polymath and why Allan Turing or John von Neumann? Both great mathematicians, forerunners of computer science, logicians, with fundamental importance the last one in economics ...
This’s so weird, I had the same disagreement with my CS 101 Professor. Von Neumann is the father Turing is the son, and Computer Science is the Holy-Spirit. I think Turing was supposed to study under Von Neumann at UC Berkeley.
Von Neumann is everywhere, CompEngineering, Economics, Game Theory. Worked in the Manhattan Project, advised whitehouse ..etc…
My grandad worked at bletchley.😎
But could it sent emojis?
Oml
+Ron Schwartz Truly laughed out loud, thank you:) I'm absolutely sure and positive that the machine would suddenly and inexplicably fall apart, rotors spinning, keys flying off the keyboards.... in its inept attempt to decode and descramble the innumerable nuances of human emotions farcically conveyed through emojis:)
In fact, the emoji "X" was sometimes used to reduce ambiguity (since there were no spaces).
yes, since emoji can be repsented through characters. :)
XD
Do these simulations properly handle double stepping
Cool.
What did the plug board actually do to the machine's internal circuitry?
The plug board swapped pairs of letters. At 6:05 in the video, his Enigma simulator has the plug board settings: A-B, C-D, E-F, G-H, I-J, K-L, M-N, O-P, Q-R, S-T. In this example, typing in 'G' would first swap with the letter 'H' before entering the rotors. After hitting the reflector and making its way back it will first go through the plug board before illuminating one of the lamps. In the video, this came back through the rotors as an 'I' but then went through the plug board and was swapped with 'J' before lighting up "J' on the lamp board. The plug board could be used to swap any letter pairs, not just adjacent pairs of letters like in the example in the video. Leaving the plug board empty would not swap any letters and you could have up to 13 pairs of letters if you wanted.
To summarize, each letter typed goes: keyboard > plug board > 1st rotor > 2nd rotor > 3rd rotor > reflector > 3rd rotor > 2nd rotor > 1st rotor > plug board > lamp board.
The earliest versions of Enigma were marketed commercially without a plug board which was later added to military Enigmas to increase the number of starting configurations making it more difficult to crack.
4:22 what happened there? What are the chances of the same focus rising?
Good work! Where I found something how Turing cracked the code?
Martin Gardien en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe is not the whole story, but probably a great place to start. It's the machine shown in the movie, though the movie deliberately skipped the fun-but-complicated stuff, and made a few rather surreal misrepresentations.
Turing NEVER "cracked the code".......his work was focused on the Enigma MACHINE.....the encryption device......he worked to apply mathematics to work out the complexity of the MACHINE and once he (and several others) accomplished that......he applied his earlier theory that it would take yet another machine to "read" that encryption MACHINE....then he incorporated the Polish solution of their "bomba" (a series of polish enigma replicas wired together) to mathematically work out how his "bombe" could/would/should scrunch down to a workable level the astronomically complex number of possible permutations (combinations of numbers), to simplify the electrical mechanical process to rapidly "break down" the encryption reversing the process to arrive at the original plain text (in German) of the message, then translating that German text into readable English (bearing in mind the German use of quite a high number of military lexicon).....then sending, by hand-carried motorcycle courier, the plain English text to one or more of the British military services operational headquarters for their tactical and/or strategic use......and/or deception planning....soon after their success, the British would send more rapidly and most securely, that English version of the German plain text message to that military services' operational command using a one-time-pad (single use only) British code, encyphered on the British model/version of the enigma, the TypeX cypher machine (had more than six rotors and a three set encryption capability.....).
Previously posted to Drachifeld's channel
when he sent 'HI" and later decoded it he turned the rotor position 2 alphabets back so that TW became HI. but when the reciever recieves the message how would he know 2 turn the rotor back 2 places? is it on the numer of alphabets sent?
He only had to move the rotors back twice so they would be set to his original setting (the setting had changed because when he pressed the keyboard twice the rotors moved), the receiver would already know the original setting and thus wouldn't have needed to change back
The code books had a lot actually 1. Which of the rotors to use in what order. I, II, III. Five rotors in total. 2. The ring settings of the rotors when they turned over. S, D,Y. 3. The starting position of the rotors YYY say. 4. The plug board wirings where letters are swapped. T->B Set all that up and you can start encoding and decoding. Naval enigmas had something else to different kind of reflectors . You can get an idea by playing here. www.lysator.liu.se/~koma/turingbombe/bombe.html. Click the left button to open the box. Click shift to rotate the ring settings on the wheels.
The Brits were trying to decipher the engima, why do you have to deal with trying to decipher the roters and all the alphanumeric conversions. The plugboard pins
are a 1 to 1 conversion, if you just look at the plugboard conversation which is at the end of the chain, would it not solve the whole problem of trying to deciphering the enigma?
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Enn om televerke snapper opp alt dere jør va ser da og koder med det dere alle skriver og spiller på Internett va ser da?
Nobody ever deciphered a single message sent by the Navajo Code-Talkers of the U.S. Marine Corps during WWII.
Of course not as they spoke almost completely unknown, difficult language laden with weird banter which made no sense to anyone outsider. Thus in a sense it wasn't cipher in a sense and it was already used during WW1.
My grandad still owns, very functional one, he keeps writing to his friends in Argentina, Washington, London, France, Berlin & Moscow, yet he keeps wearing his old electrician helmet when using it, talk about analog
what is the name of the emulator?
I notice the rotors are turning AS you press a key. I would expect them to turn on a key release to change the code for the next keypress. I guess that means we are always one position ahead, the initial setup being actually never used. clever.
jaymanu12345 I don't understand what you mean by being one position ahead. Could you please explain to me? :) Thank you.
ddelfao say you position the rotors in position 1 for start. Then press a letter. the rotors will turn to position 2, and then the resulting letter will light up. It will light up according to position 2. Position 1 is never used. Though i'm no expert, only guessing from what I see here, please correct me if that's wrong.
I've never seen it explained anywhere, but am I right in thinking that all possible rotors had 26 numbers, but each individual rotor had its own unique wiring so each rotor was different from all other rotors?
Right! The Germans were suspicious enough that they made changes over time to improve the system. I believe the German army adopted five rotors, any three of which could be used. The German navy was even more aggressive, going to a four-rotor system, which gave the Brits a lot of trouble when it came out. Fortunately, the Germans didn't notice how badly that hurt British intelligence.
There was another factor that's rarely mentioned. Much of this communication was tactical, meant only for someone a short distance away. To pick it up from hundreds of miles away the British used highly directional rhombic antennas, each wire leg hundreds of feet long, and installed them on 100-foot-high poles. If German aerial intelligence had spotted those antennas, they might have asked why the Brits were going to so much trouble to intercept communications if they could not decrypt them.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombic_antenna
@@Inkling777 The German navy went to 5 rotors once the Germans realized that they were losing U-boats to Allied attacks, but I think the army always used 3. The Lorenz Machine that was used between Hitler and the army high command used 12 rotors.
what about numbers? how was that done?
The presenter failed to mention that there were at least 5 rotors in the set from which 3 were to be used.
Ke? Didnt understand really but hey never saw this kind of thing before, those germans where quite clever to construct such a thin and even more clever o break it
is it require KEY
The Enigma Cipher Machine is a mechanical pseudo-random sequence generator that scrambles a set of 26 characters
it's a triple rotor with no military marking so I believe its a commercial version
+Kyle Cho Each is £85,250
+Kyle Cho Military, specifically Luftwaffe and Wermacht versions that were used for "the most secure of transmissions" had 5 rotors
I remember seeing a photo with Heinz Guderian in his command vehicle one of his staff was operating a triple-rotor enigma
Commericial Enigmas didn't have a plugboard on the front.
Starting at 10:20 the speaker makes either an error in his calculations or he just read the number wrong for the rotor combinations: 26x26x26= 17576. Not 1576 as he stated. Even his display projection reads 17576. A small mistake, but one that could have changed the outcome of that war.
Haha yeah I noticed that. Just misread it, I think. 17576 is the right number.
Advocacy Of The Devil damn... you iluminaty i bet you have core i7 processor machine in 1940s.
11:36 He said the correct figure.
Anybody else catch that when he says it would light a different bulb each time and he pushes it four times, it lights the same bulb three times?
There is also 3 in the US one in Vegas think the British one is the only original though they used to get smashed in the field after ww2 by Germans so alot have repo boxes and miss matched serial numbers I've seen 2 they had a pre was metal plate on them the ones durn ww2 had a sticker just under the lid
No number keys on keyboard? I suppose you could spell out the numbers.
its looks like tls handshake and then securely send message
Wish I could find the emulator he uses at 5:20
users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/enigmasim.htm
Can you imagine if Arthur Weasley got his hands on one of these?
received this vid as my assignment smh......
There is a pattern if you press "A" over and over. You never get an "A" back, I believe.
+Chris Stewart even if you´re right, find the letter which mean ''a'' here: ''actkvxwtu'' So, which one of them is ''a''? I dont know either hahaha. Just telling you that this ''pattern'' is insignificant to break the code XD
But you can definitely tell that the first letter "a" is definitely NOT the decoded "a", because the Enigma cannot encrypt a letter to itself.
Interesting but it was only a four rotor electrical-mechanical typewriter capable of double encryption, one for standard tactical secret work and the second level of encryption was then used for OFFICER ONLY messages ...........but the LORENZ was a fully functional automatic teletypewriter cipher machine having 12 rotors and was capable of automatic TRIPLE encryption.....used for strategic top secret communications.....!
I'm a bit confused. How can the receiver decode the ABCABC?
+Laura Charland I think it is with the ground starting position written on the big piece of paper for each day of the month!
+Carl Hewett Thank you!!
+Carl Hewett but then, how would you prevent someone that found an enigma machine and a book of starting positions to decode everything?
Nothing! That's why the books were printed using special ink that would disappear when in contact with water. This would allow the Germans to quickly destroy these documents if they were at risk. That's what Wikipedia says, anyway.
+Laura Charland - The ABCABC is coded on the operators daily setting before moving the rotors to ABC not after, likewise the receiver decodes back to ABCABC on the daily setting to know where to move the rotors for the message.