Alveoli: Gas Exchange

Flash cards every weekday: / igcsebioflashcards
The alveoli ("many alveoli", "one alveolus") are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs. They are tiny air sacks sometimes described as being cauliflower-shaped. Oxygen diffuses across the lining of the alveoli and blood capillaries into and into red blood cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli. A concentration gradient is maintained by breathing as well as blood flow.
The main adaptation of the gas exchange surface are:
1. Large surface area
2. Thin wall
3. Moist lining
4. Good blood supply
5. Good ventilation

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Thank you, especially because you explained how the concentration gradient is mantained

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Hi! what happens if there is a high CO2 concentration in the atmosphere - how will this affect heart rate?

[@Science_Sauce]

SHORT ANSWER: heart rate will increase. LONGER ANSWER: increased carbon dioxide in the air means more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood, raising the blood CO2 level. CO2, when dissolved in blood, makes blood more acidic. The brain recognises this drop in blood pH, and sends a signal to the heart to beat faster to try to remove it.

[@np4511]

But I'm slightly confused. If oxygen diffuses into the capillary from the alveoli how does CO2 diffuse into the capillary as well?

[@Science_Sauce]

The diffusion of one gas doesn't prevent the diffusion of another. Under normal circumstances, the blood CO2 level is higher that that in the alveoli, so CO2 would diffuse out of the blood. However, in the example you described where atmospheric CO2 level rises, the concentration in the alveoli would also increase. This would either slow the diffusion of CO2 out of the blood, or result in a change in direction of CO2 movement (if the atmospheric CO2 level became high enough).

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Thanks so much man! I was always scratching my head when I saw words like "diffusion". I knew the basics of gas exchange but wanted to know more. Awesome explanation and very clear for a first semester human anatomy student! I'll try to remember this video in case my anatomy/physiology professor wants to give a more visual representation of gas exchange

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