It is likely that the opening photography, either the segment starting at 0:06 or at 0:08, was from a plane piloted by my father. He was a Navy aviator who after his time during WW2 in a Hellcat moved on to P2 and eventually P3 sub hunters. He had duty for a special assignment in1954, though... Castle Bravo. There he piloted one of several transport aircraft that were loaded with scientists and instrumentation. Yes, it left an impression upon him. And as a side thing... yes, he developed leukemia, melanoma, kidney and lung cancer, and passed at age 49 when I was very young. 6 megatons of yield were expected, but the actual yield was 15 megatons because, as it turns out, lithium-6 and lithium-7 behave differently during fusion and that extra neutron matters. Live and learn, for certain definitions of "live". Unrelated. The nearby Port Clarence Bay has a remarkably circular outline. Could it too be a maar?
Glad you report so clearly. I've learned a lot about geology just watching your videos. I also appreciate you using both meters and feet. At 74, I'm a bit old to do those types of calculations in my head!
A meter is 39.37 inches. 3 feet is 36 inches. So a third of a meter is 1 foot 1 inch. 1 in off for every meter is basically nothing, so whenever you see a site that only does meters it's basically the same as yards. So just divide by three to get it into feet.
So true. Nuclear weapons testing will go down in history as one of the stupidest things America has ever done. What were they thinking? Irradiating land over and over again rendering it useless for anything makes no sense.
Correction on the Castle Bravo crater, that is actually two craters from two separate tests. The larger crater to the right is the Castle Bravo crater from the monster 15 megaton device, and the smaller crater to the left is from the later Castle Romeo crater which was an 11 megaton device.
When i was a kid, I misunderstood how Calderas formed. I thought calderas were explosion craters, that what made a supereruption super was the size of the blast. That the pressure had built to such huge levels that when the crust above the chamber finally gave way, BOOM. This was helped by MSH collapsing as it did, and Krakatoa giving off the loudest sound in the world
Kids always think of things in more simple terms. As a kid I thought the same. It wasn't until I was a teen and really became interested in geology, that I discovered a caldera is formed by the ground collapsing in to the void left by an shallow, emptied out magma chamber.
@BlackCeII no, it can't be both. The actual definition of "caldera" is a collapsed magma chamber creating a large depression. A explosive crater is distinctively different. Different mechanism of formation.
@@John-ir2zf But if the volcano has a preliminary eruption, and the caldera collapses into the magma chamber, introducing material and sealing it, increasing volitility causing a second, more powerful, eruption, or one that has already a caldera but is an active volcano that is say, strombolian like Tarawera or Ngarahoe, then the caldera and the crater are one and the same, because the eruptions are not powerful enough to blast away more of the chamber walls. So they are, as @BlackCell says, one and the same... Or do you mean that the crater defines the walls only, and the caldera is the floor of the crater. Because people don't refer to the floor of a crater as a caldera, I don't even think Mr GeoHub does much either. It's usually simply referred to as dome or crater.... barely ever caldera. I thought caldera was used to describe the direct overhead covering of a magma chamber, collapsed or not, chamber empty or not. It certainly does not though, only refer to the covering of a "collapsed" magma chamber.
@@John-ir2zf I mean yes as typically defined it can't be both but in reality for large explosive eruptions you likely have a crater that forms first before the ground beneath said crater collapses downward to form a caldera. In rare occasions where the eruptive center lies outside the area directly beneath the main magma reservoir for the eruption that gets emptied you might be able to get both features preserved.
"Almost always upwards..." so does this mean that a maar has ever exploded sideways, like in a valley? Or in some other direction into an underground cavity?
As he said, "almost always upwards" but the pressure release follows the path of least resistance so if there is some preexisting feature, e.g. a fault, or zones disrupted by earlier eruptions, anything less competent, and with lower overburden pressure, than the overlying bedrock or sediment that's where the explosion will go. Of course if it's this big, it probably doesn't matter much
Great question! I'd imagine they would be tougher to detect/identity than a simple, round surface crater as so many other factors (like ground stability, rock composition, climate, erosion, etc) would affect the visibility of a maar over time. And if you had parts of the sublimated gases escaping through a crack or fracture in the overlying rocks (ie. following the path of least resistance), chances are that secondary processes like landslips or erosion would disguise them over time. Mother Nature is pretty good at covering her tracks! 😉
For a large enough explosion, it *is* always up (barring *really* bizarre cases). Otherwise, it can be sideways if, say, it is on a significant enough slope. Buried explosions can also go in weird directions if the energy is not significantly more than it would take to lift the above layers, if there's structural weaknesses in other directions.
Hey GH, just curious, if you are still taking requests from topics, I recommend the Aogashima volcano in Japan. It's such a unique volcano, one day I would like to visit it.
Thank you, I had been confusing maar eruptions with limnic ones. Chapter 10 on Maar volcanoes of the volcanology text on maars that I read over 15 years ago had one of the very few photos in it. The photo was of one of the Camaroon maar/limnic volcanoes, and I'd forgotten even the word limnic till recently, so I had the two definitions mixed up, and forgot the true meaning of maar.
Castle Bravo had a much higher yield than expected. Li6-deuteride is what is used for the fuel and there was a bunch of Li7 in there that they didn't think would react. It did.
Mt. St Helens in 1980 produced an eruption that went sideways. Magma intruded into the north side of the volcano causing that flank to bulge outward. On May 18 a magnitude 5 quake occurred under the volcano, causing the north flank of the volcano to collapse, producing the largest recorded landslide. This caused the magma in the bulge to explode outward in a lateral or sideways eruption. The blast scoured the surrounding forest north of the volcano up to 18 miles northwards.
yep, people don't understand how remote that area is. Most those places you still have to make own roads to just get too. That is even IF you can find terrain to go across. lol
Yep. Alaska and Western Canada are some of the last true wilderness areas in North America. Which is a big part of why so little is known about the volcanoes there; it's so hard just to get to them, much less study them.
Castle Bravo was an accident. It was experimental nuke design that was supposed to yeild ~4 megatons. The actual blast was closer to 20 megatons. There were fatalities from the "test". Not including radiation
Actually this part of Alaska likely wasn't glaciated, In fact much of Alaska north and west of the mountains along with Beringia and Siberia were actually unglaciated during the last glacial maximum due to insufficient precipitation. Instead you got a very arid tundra grassland landscape known as the mammoth steppe. Perhaps in the early stages of the Pleistocene there might have been glaciation here since the Cordilleran ice sheet had its greatest extent early on during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene being one of the first ice sheets to form in the Northern hemisphere when more water was available to form ice but as other ice sheets grew its maximum extent has shrunk with time particularly towards the west over subsequent even Marine Isotope Stages. So the odds of an ice sheet having been present during any of this eruptive activity is extremely unlikely. Would it have been cold yes but not an ice sheet cold as the brief summers were still enough to melt the minimal traces of snow the region received allowing a brief growing season.
This video made me curious about a topic that maybe could be a future video: (future) global trends in vulcanism. As the Earth continues to cool/age , obviously one would expect volcanic activity to decline over the next millions and billions of years. But are there any unexpected trends or predictions for our current era? Other than climate change increasing vulcanism (melting of glaciers rapidly eliminating restrictive pressure from many systems), does geological history hint at any potential future increases in activity for purely geological reasons? Obviously the levels of vulcanism that causes mass extinctions long ago would probably be unlikely to ever occur again, but is there a vulcanism equivalent to the interplay between Darwinian Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium in biological evolution, where the background trend is slow-and-steady but there are ocacsional bursts of rapid activity that are very impactful? Are there any theorixed/predicted bursts of increased volcanic activity predicted at any point in the Earth's future? I would be really interested in an overview of what the future holds for the Earth's surface from a purely geological perspective. E.g., plate tectonics will continue until the outer core and mantle cool below a certain threshold, but would all volcanic activity caused by "hot spots" cease much sooner than that?? 🤔
So these marrs are about 20k years apart. Is there something moving under them that would have caused the explosion? If so does it show up in Earthquake data and can we reasonably track it's movement like the Yellowstone volcano?
I wonder if methane is also a component in any way, if the permafrost were slowly warmed from below while frozen over it could allow much more rapid decomposition and outgassing, significantly increasing the overall pressures. The pox of methane blow craters include some several hundred foot examples, and that's decomposition alone.
Why are you making videos on topics you’ve already covered in previous videos? Seems like you have been doing this in a lot of your more recent videos.
Bikini Atoll lets limited scuba trips a year to the ship they destroyed during the test. Word is a mutated shark is one of the attractions in that ship.
Why are there volcanoes in that area of Alaska? Is it due to extension or low intensity Hotspot? That area seems to be predominately oceanic crust like the barent sea plate? Interesting
The Ukinrek Maars in Alaska formed in 1977, and I don't immediately know of any newer than that. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukinrek_maars As for how to predict, that's difficult because maar forming eruptions usually are at least partly phreatic, and phreatic eruptions are notorious for giving few warning signs. See Ontake in 2014 and Whakaari in 2019 for examples of surprise phreatic eruptions, both of which caused fatalities. I suppose the first sign would be earthquake swarms indicating moving magma, then as the magma gets closer to the surface, you would detect surface inflation and gas emissions. Much like any other volcano, except there may not be a visible surface structure like a cone to focus on, so the area may not be monitored to know.
@@michaeldomansky8497 Yes, because I actually look things up before I talk about them instead of spouting speculation. The bed of Yellowstone Lake is the caldera floor, not a maar. There are some secondary explosive features in and around the lake, such as the West Thumb (actually a smaller caldera inside the main one) and hydrothermal craters like Mary Bay. But the lake itself is not in a maar.
these maars are very impressive! on the other hand, in this classification where is placed (and how to characterize it) the explosion of Tambora of 1815, which left us a crater of more than 6,000 m in diameter and nearly 1,000 meters deep and whose summit is now 1500 meters lower (a very large volume of thephras was ejected)
Tambora 1815 was a VEI-7 Plinian eruption. The crater it left behind is a caldera, similar to Baekdu in that the cone wasn't destroyed, just shortened.
Would you consider doing a video or series of videos on the basaltic lava floods such as the Siberian or Deccan Trappes? I am just amazed at there are geologic provinces where there are lava deposits hundreds of feet thick or thicker on a continental landmass.
I think he's done a video about that at some point. Maybe a couple years ago? I just recall hearing about how the PNW of the US was once connected to that region, and remnants still remain in either place.
@@floffycatto6475 I think that the basalt lava floods of the PNW are different than the ones in Siberia or India. I think that the PNW ones occurred much later than the other two. tyvm, I will look through the channel for the videos.
It is likely that the opening photography, either the segment starting at 0:06 or at 0:08, was from a plane piloted by my father. He was a Navy aviator who after his time during WW2 in a Hellcat moved on to P2 and eventually P3 sub hunters. He had duty for a special assignment in1954, though... Castle Bravo. There he piloted one of several transport aircraft that were loaded with scientists and instrumentation. Yes, it left an impression upon him.
And as a side thing... yes, he developed leukemia, melanoma, kidney and lung cancer, and passed at age 49 when I was very young. 6 megatons of yield were expected, but the actual yield was 15 megatons because, as it turns out, lithium-6 and lithium-7 behave differently during fusion and that extra neutron matters. Live and learn, for certain definitions of "live".
Unrelated. The nearby Port Clarence Bay has a remarkably circular outline. Could it too be a maar?
The opening photography at 0:08 is a Disney animation or a cartoon. Nukes are fiction, and less real than Harry Potter.
That is so cool sir. It is incredible to be able to see the marks made on history by our ancestors, distant or close, it is absolutely incredible.
Glad you report so clearly. I've learned a lot about geology just watching your videos. I also appreciate you using both meters and feet. At 74, I'm a bit old to do those types of calculations in my head!
A meter is 39.37 inches.
3 feet is 36 inches.
So a third of a meter is 1 foot 1 inch.
1 in off for every meter is basically nothing, so whenever you see a site that only does meters it's basically the same as yards. So just divide by three to get it into feet.
@@Robert-do3cd Math is not my strong point, but thanks.
Sorry to say Bikini Atoll still needs to be remediated.
Sea level rise will remediate it away. 🌡
@@interstellarsurfer So true.
So true. Nuclear weapons testing will go down in history as one of the stupidest things America has ever done.
What were they thinking? Irradiating land over and over again rendering it useless for anything makes no sense.
And I read somewhere that radioactive isotopes can be found worldwide after the nuclear explosions almost could date soils by it.
where's spongebob at
Correction on the Castle Bravo crater, that is actually two craters from two separate tests. The larger crater to the right is the Castle Bravo crater from the monster 15 megaton device, and the smaller crater to the left is from the later Castle Romeo crater which was an 11 megaton device.
Nothing compared to the 57 megaton tsar bomba.But this is interesting.
When i was a kid, I misunderstood how Calderas formed. I thought calderas were explosion craters, that what made a supereruption super was the size of the blast. That the pressure had built to such huge levels that when the crust above the chamber finally gave way, BOOM. This was helped by MSH collapsing as it did, and Krakatoa giving off the loudest sound in the world
Kids always think of things in more simple terms. As a kid I thought the same. It wasn't until I was a teen and really became interested in geology, that I discovered a caldera is formed by the ground collapsing in to the void left by an shallow, emptied out magma chamber.
No reason it can't be both things @@John-ir2zf
@BlackCeII no, it can't be both. The actual definition of "caldera" is a collapsed magma chamber creating a large depression.
A explosive crater is distinctively different. Different mechanism of formation.
@@John-ir2zf But if the volcano has a preliminary eruption, and the caldera collapses into the magma chamber, introducing material and sealing it, increasing volitility causing a second, more powerful, eruption, or one that has already a caldera but is an active volcano that is say, strombolian like Tarawera or Ngarahoe, then the caldera and the crater are one and the same, because the eruptions are not powerful enough to blast away more of the chamber walls. So they are, as @BlackCell says, one and the same... Or do you mean that the crater defines the walls only, and the caldera is the floor of the crater. Because people don't refer to the floor of a crater as a caldera, I don't even think Mr GeoHub does much either. It's usually simply referred to as dome or crater.... barely ever caldera. I thought caldera was used to describe the direct overhead covering of a magma chamber, collapsed or not, chamber empty or not. It certainly does not though, only refer to the covering of a "collapsed" magma chamber.
@@John-ir2zf I mean yes as typically defined it can't be both but in reality for large explosive eruptions you likely have a crater that forms first before the ground beneath said crater collapses downward to form a caldera. In rare occasions where the eruptive center lies outside the area directly beneath the main magma reservoir for the eruption that gets emptied you might be able to get both features preserved.
17,500 years ago... There were Humans in the vicinity. No doubt, running the other way.
😳
Something to see and survive but... Glad I missed it.
Thanks for using feet and miles for us so we don't need to do extra math in are heads to grasp the sizes involved.
"Almost always upwards..." so does this mean that a maar has ever exploded sideways, like in a valley? Or in some other direction into an underground cavity?
I was wondering this myself. Maybe like a giant sinkhole?
As he said, "almost always upwards" but the pressure release follows the path of least resistance so if there is some preexisting feature, e.g. a fault, or zones disrupted by earlier eruptions, anything less competent, and with lower overburden pressure, than the overlying bedrock or sediment that's where the explosion will go. Of course if it's this big, it probably doesn't matter much
Theoretically yes, but I do not know any immediate examples of such.
Great question! I'd imagine they would be tougher to detect/identity than a simple, round surface crater as so many other factors (like ground stability, rock composition, climate, erosion, etc) would affect the visibility of a maar over time.
And if you had parts of the sublimated gases escaping through a crack or fracture in the overlying rocks (ie. following the path of least resistance), chances are that secondary processes like landslips or erosion would disguise them over time.
Mother Nature is pretty good at covering her tracks! 😉
Thanks for all the hard work on these videos
I think it's pretty neat where I live in Alaska there are six active volcanoes, the three of which I can see from my window.
You mentioned the path of least resistance for the explosion is “almost always up”… what happens when it’s another direction?
For a large enough explosion, it *is* always up (barring *really* bizarre cases). Otherwise, it can be sideways if, say, it is on a significant enough slope. Buried explosions can also go in weird directions if the energy is not significantly more than it would take to lift the above layers, if there's structural weaknesses in other directions.
Mt. Saint Helens is a good example of what happens when the path of least resistance is another direction.
Hey GH, just curious, if you are still taking requests from topics, I recommend the Aogashima volcano in Japan. It's such a unique volcano, one day I would like to visit it.
Thanks for your reporting. The ebb and flow of the earth never ceases to amaze and awe does it?
Thank you, I had been confusing maar eruptions with limnic ones. Chapter 10 on Maar volcanoes of the volcanology text on maars that I read over 15 years ago had one of the very few photos in it. The photo was of one of the Camaroon maar/limnic volcanoes, and I'd forgotten even the word limnic till recently, so I had the two definitions mixed up, and forgot the true meaning of maar.
Humans: Wow, look at the size of that explosion crater!
Mother Nature: Hold my maar. 🌋
Humans: Wow, look at the size of that explosion crater we made!
Mother Nature: Hold my maar. 🌋
Castle Bravo had a much higher yield than expected. Li6-deuteride is what is used for the fuel and there was a bunch of Li7 in there that they didn't think would react. It did.
So.....humans HAVE visited maars.... 😂
"Almost always upward" what does the alternative look like? Are there examples we could see?
Maybe a flank explosion of an already existing volcano?
Mt. St Helens in 1980 produced an eruption that went sideways. Magma intruded into the north side of the volcano causing that flank to bulge outward. On May 18 a magnitude 5 quake occurred under the volcano, causing the north flank of the volcano to collapse, producing the largest recorded landslide. This caused the magma in the bulge to explode outward in a lateral or sideways eruption. The blast scoured the surrounding forest north of the volcano up to 18 miles northwards.
Novarupta in Alaska. Travelled through a horizontal sill and erupted as a flank vent 6 miles from Mount Katmais summit
@@sigisoltau6073 Similar lateral blasts also happened at Lamington and Bezymianny in the 1950s. The latter in particular is pretty much a twin to MSH.
Love that photo at 4:58. I really enjoy your channel
I guessing this crater doesn't get many visitors.
yep, people don't understand how remote that area is. Most those places you still have to make own roads to just get too. That is even IF you can find terrain to go across. lol
Yep. Alaska and Western Canada are some of the last true wilderness areas in North America. Which is a big part of why so little is known about the volcanoes there; it's so hard just to get to them, much less study them.
Castle Bravo was an accident. It was experimental nuke design that was supposed to yeild ~4 megatons. The actual blast was closer to 20 megatons. There were fatalities from the "test". Not including radiation
17,000 yrs ago the area would have been under the Glacial Ice up to one mile thick.
Actually this part of Alaska likely wasn't glaciated, In fact much of Alaska north and west of the mountains along with Beringia and Siberia were actually unglaciated during the last glacial maximum due to insufficient precipitation. Instead you got a very arid tundra grassland landscape known as the mammoth steppe.
Perhaps in the early stages of the Pleistocene there might have been glaciation here since the Cordilleran ice sheet had its greatest extent early on during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene being one of the first ice sheets to form in the Northern hemisphere when more water was available to form ice but as other ice sheets grew its maximum extent has shrunk with time particularly towards the west over subsequent even Marine Isotope Stages.
So the odds of an ice sheet having been present during any of this eruptive activity is extremely unlikely.
Would it have been cold yes but not an ice sheet cold as the brief summers were still enough to melt the minimal traces of snow the region received allowing a brief growing season.
What about Lake Taupo NZ, is not this a bigger explosion carter?
oh its a caldera, thanks TomLuTon
Very nice and informative
Hubdiddydub more craters make tubs., Thank you
I would have expected the Vredefort Impact Basin to be the largest explosion crater
Has anything interesting ever happened near or in Scotland,geologically speaking 😂🏴
And he even mentioned this volcanic system as "one of my favorite volcano" bacause you said that it is unique
Btw on what I remember, it was on a q&a video
Hrrrm,... That lake is pretty small compared to Port Phillip Bay, which is supposed to have formed when the You Yangs erupted.
Thanks as always! Imagine what one would have saw if they were at the sight of the eruption!
Day 4 of trying to get GeologyHub to make a video about the Dunedin Volcanic System. (Aka, Mount Cargill and Port Chalmers)
This video made me curious about a topic that maybe could be a future video: (future) global trends in vulcanism. As the Earth continues to cool/age , obviously one would expect volcanic activity to decline over the next millions and billions of years. But are there any unexpected trends or predictions for our current era? Other than climate change increasing vulcanism (melting of glaciers rapidly eliminating restrictive pressure from many systems), does geological history hint at any potential future increases in activity for purely geological reasons? Obviously the levels of vulcanism that causes mass extinctions long ago would probably be unlikely to ever occur again, but is there a vulcanism equivalent to the interplay between Darwinian Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium in biological evolution, where the background trend is slow-and-steady but there are ocacsional bursts of rapid activity that are very impactful? Are there any theorixed/predicted bursts of increased volcanic activity predicted at any point in the Earth's future? I would be really interested in an overview of what the future holds for the Earth's surface from a purely geological perspective. E.g., plate tectonics will continue until the outer core and mantle cool below a certain threshold, but would all volcanic activity caused by "hot spots" cease much sooner than that?? 🤔
Devil's Lake? I think that movie was about 10 horny collage students, overnight in a cabin & yep all murdered (again)!
So these marrs are about 20k years apart. Is there something moving under them that would have caused the explosion? If so does it show up in Earthquake data and can we reasonably track it's movement like the Yellowstone volcano?
VEI 5 is impressive
I wonder if methane is also a component in any way, if the permafrost were slowly warmed from below while frozen over it could allow much more rapid decomposition and outgassing, significantly increasing the overall pressures. The pox of methane blow craters include some several hundred foot examples, and that's decomposition alone.
The Alaskan crater didn't create Gojira though :D
Why are you making videos on topics you’ve already covered in previous videos? Seems like you have been doing this in a lot of your more recent videos.
I wonder how this event effected the population of north America, like the clovis people and or whoever else must have been in north America
Was this area covered with glaciers 17500 yeas ago?
Bikini Atoll lets limited scuba trips a year to the ship they destroyed during the test. Word is a mutated shark is one of the attractions in that ship.
Would this be the largest purely phreatic eruption ever, then?
And the older the cow, the tougher the meat is when she is turned into hamburger.
Is that also the largest phreatic eruption, or have there been bigger ones?
1:54 you say "almost always". What does the outlier look like?
Wouldn't these have been under glacial ice?
Are there any Mars on the planet Mars That we can see from orbit?
Bottom line, this was a lousy place to set up a tent (or igloo).
Damn, a maar eruption that ranks a VEI 5.
Could the Kagoshima bay be a maar?
Could the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai last explosion could be considered a kind of maar?
Is there life on maars?
-Daavid Bowie
What would such an explosion have done to the climate of the Northern Hemisphere? Seems like it would have been pretty dramatic.
Have you done a video explaining the different types of volcanic eruptions? If not, would please do so?
Why are there volcanoes in that area of Alaska? Is it due to extension or low intensity Hotspot? That area seems to be predominately oceanic crust like the barent sea plate? Interesting
Dan hole pond, Ossipee, New Hampshire, is a Marr.
2 teratons ❤❤😂
When and where is the most recent maar on the planet?
How could you predict a maar?
The Ukinrek Maars in Alaska formed in 1977, and I don't immediately know of any newer than that. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukinrek_maars
As for how to predict, that's difficult because maar forming eruptions usually are at least partly phreatic, and phreatic eruptions are notorious for giving few warning signs. See Ontake in 2014 and Whakaari in 2019 for examples of surprise phreatic eruptions, both of which caused fatalities. I suppose the first sign would be earthquake swarms indicating moving magma, then as the magma gets closer to the surface, you would detect surface inflation and gas emissions. Much like any other volcano, except there may not be a visible surface structure like a cone to focus on, so the area may not be monitored to know.
@@nortyfiner Thank you.
must have melted a lot of ice when it happened
Do a double take of Yellowstone Lake ….. I think it is a mare!
Yellowstone Lake's bed is actually part of the caldera, not a maar.
@@nortyfinerwanna bet?
@@michaeldomansky8497 Yes, because I actually look things up before I talk about them instead of spouting speculation. The bed of Yellowstone Lake is the caldera floor, not a maar. There are some secondary explosive features in and around the lake, such as the West Thumb (actually a smaller caldera inside the main one) and hydrothermal craters like Mary Bay. But the lake itself is not in a maar.
I would guess that besides being the largest, it is one of the deepest lakes in North America?
No, not even in the running.
these maars are very impressive!
on the other hand, in this classification where is placed (and how to characterize it) the explosion of Tambora of 1815, which left us a crater of more than 6,000 m in diameter and nearly 1,000 meters deep and whose summit is now 1500 meters lower (a very large volume of thephras was ejected)
Tambora 1815 was a VEI-7 Plinian eruption. The crater it left behind is a caldera, similar to Baekdu in that the cone wasn't destroyed, just shortened.
santorine was 3times bigger
You call that a crater? Pshhh
Would you consider doing a video or series of videos on the basaltic lava floods such as the Siberian or Deccan Trappes? I am just amazed at there are geologic provinces where there are lava deposits hundreds of feet thick or thicker on a continental landmass.
I think he's done a video about that at some point. Maybe a couple years ago? I just recall hearing about how the PNW of the US was once connected to that region, and remnants still remain in either place.
@@floffycatto6475 I think that the basalt lava floods of the PNW are different than the ones in Siberia or India. I think that the PNW ones occurred much later than the other two. tyvm, I will look through the channel for the videos.
Wouldn’t an eruption that large cause years long climate consequences globally?🤔
No, because its mostly sediment that is expelled upwards. The water vapor doesn't really "plume", it does a "wave" outwards.
It's STILL about an order of magnitude too small to start seeing big global climate impacts.
Can you also use metric measurements for the rest of the
toba is the biggest on earth
That's a caldera and not a crater
Garbage site - exit now. Clikbate
Cherry-picked information.
Beware of sites using synthetic voices.
This is not a synthetic voice.
Rule one don't talk about AI when you don't know anything about AI.
THIRD!
first
Don't care
@@curious5887 wasn't talking to you
@@scillyautomatic I mean that's the point of "don't care"