Advanced Comms: Take Your Setup to the Next Level
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- Опубліковано 4 лип 2024
- In this primer on advanced communications methods, we introduce little know, but crucial communications technologies that can be very useful additions to your communications plan
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In the past, while living in an apartment, we tuned the drainpipe on the building and used it with our ham rigs. It worked pretty well. We were in Washington state and we got contacts in Russia and Germany.
Yes, and I used a duplex building's two rain gutters & down-spouts as a covert 4Mhz MARS antenna.
Worked perfectly satisfactory. 🙃
5 x 5 signals.
i do live in an apartment and the balcony has large fire escape stairs that are 20 meters tall, i could easily connect it to the stairs without being seen from above because i'm in the first floor and the angle prevents directly seeing into my balcony. though i'm not sure if it´s electrically safe,
That's very inspiring information. It makes me want to try it myself
Dono how pertinent it is here, But my father connected his am radio to the copper piping in one of his old places to get a better signal. Could you do something similar for ham radio? Be completely stealth?
When I was taking the class for my Ham license, the teacher/president of the local club told us that from his homebrew antenna, on some day in the early 2000's when the weather and sun spots were perfect, he was able to reach New Zealand on 5W... from Pennsylvania.
This is a way better strategy than memeing about smoke signals
Don't rule out smoke signals.
💨 💨💨 💨💨💨💨 💨 💨💨 💨
In cities it's not a bad idea. It works in Mogadishu 😂
I wasn't memeing
Puff puff, pass, puff pass pass
as a bored kid growing up in the country friends and i would go out to the tracks where a road would cross them at night. We would get a mag light and run down the tracks like we were a train. We also would run a wire from one side of the track to the other to make the arms come down and the lights come up stopping cars as we would run down the tracks like idiots with our mag light yelling WHOOOOOO WHOOOOO like we were a train LOL :) Bored country kids ;)
I've always been mildly annoyed by train crossings, but if I saw that I'd be laughing my ass off. Thanks for the mental image!
That is so cool - LOL - Reminds me of the scene in the movie War Games, when the character shorts the contact in the pay phone handset, to make a call. More related to this, professional truck driver knows, if stalled upon the track, to get a pryer and break the small cable wire bonding the track, to immediately alert the system of a problem
I knew a kid and his friends... that would unearth giant tumble weeds the size of a van sometimes and place them in peculiar places..😉
Thats the most awesome country story I've heard actually.
If you had one of those little train whistles, it would be perfect
Buried radials with a flag pole in the middle supported by a sturdy old whiskey bottle made an excellent antenna for global communication for 35 years at my dads house.
Love this idea.
@@alfredsutton7233 My Dad had a Ham radio setup, and taught me plenty of more than the basics...
I'm so happy that he did!
@@michaelbond4609 yeah the whiskey bottle served as an insulator.
if those radials are tuned like the driving element above it will only allow the wave to resonate at the tuned freq. you can play with capacitance a bit but that was something i found worked well a tuned ground field or a tank circuit of sorts. when you try to generate a wave at any other wavelength it wont get out and you cant receive off band either. i think this is why boats in the sea are the best place to transmit outside of a ground field radiating from your tower. the height of the tower is also critical inside the size of the wave. ie 10 metre the best location would be exactly 10 m between the radials and driving elements. the lower bands would need to be higher off the ground or use a a half quarter wave tuned driver .
I want sum o day whiskey.
The meshtastic thing is extremely interesting. I just went down a 4 hour rabbit hole on that. Looking into building a solar powered meshtastic repeater network.
Say yes to mesh 😉
Ooh- I’d be interested in any links you could provide on your research!
Careful with lithium batteries and cold temperatures. Ultracapacitors work in hard temps better, but they don't store as much power. You'd also have to tweak the code for the MeshNode so that it doesn't shutoff and stay off when the voltage goes too low - you want it to turn itself back on as soon as enough power is available to do so.
Rabbits in the SKY!!! Does that translate to a hole in the sky? no... IMHO
@@Real_Tim_S Adding a solar panel as energy harvester, ultracapacitor bank for energy storage and a microcontroller for watchdog timer. Very solid that way.
I remember being a kid in the 6th grade we had a teacher that would take the notes we would pass around in class and read them out loud. One day I got the idea to learn Morris Code and I copied it down and made keys for my friends and we wrote our notes in code just dashes and dots on paper and it drove that teacher nuts and we laughed about it.
*morse
If she was a history teacher she would have made you tap it out on a telegraph and then made the recipient read it.
I remember those days. We also started in 6th (or _maybe_ 5th) grade and used simple encryption (we started with single character subsitution and gradually learned more sophisticated methods).
I believe the Cuban people have become the masters of covert antenna building. Theirs, of course, are mainly for reception. Among my favorite favorite hacks are the use of CocaCola bottles for insulators (their shape lends itself to wires being attached) and I once saw a bicycle wheel being used as an antenna on a Canadian cod fishing trawler.
I'm a sucker for their homebrew power tools and appliances built around "that one Soviet washer motor that never dies even when the tub has rusted away"
I hear their price per gig at the nationwide bodega sneakernet has come down to a few cents.
they arent the masters they are just poor lol
@@AckzaTV Necessity is the mother of innovation
The fun thing with the simple Baofeng repeater is that with the addition of some Raspberry PI you have a networked IP repeater. Basically the two PIs act as a very long cable streaming the interconnect over the internet. You will encounter some sub-second delays in most cases, but you can then setup many-to-many repeater networks covering any reasonable distance. (I've setup a test system playing around that relayed Boston suburban transmissions back and forth to Seattle and San Antonio without a problem). The ~150-250ms total delay didn't make to much of a difference in well disciplined radio use.
For just receiving, I discovered while living in the back of my truck while traveling that I could connect the broken stub of an old handheld SW radio (using an alligator-clipped test lead) to the inside of my windowless aluminum canopy at night, turning the entire canopy into a really good antenna with world-wide reception.
Well done. Low power, spread spectrum, novel encryption using digital one-time pads, burst comms are hard to detect, hard to track, hard to jam, and very secure. 👍
whoa
FHSS and digital voice 900mhz no license on old used Motorola DTR radios easy to find on ebay...
No way to monitor those
It’s my understanding that ADSBXchange ignores all requests to block aircraft.
As far as military aircraft spotting with ADSB goes, fighters will pretty much never have ADSB, bombers and attack helos will sometimes show up, and transports and trainers are pretty much always have them. This isn’t a matter of their hex ID being blocked, but of the aircraft not being equipped with a 1090MHz transceiver in the first place. I can’t say what logic goes into which are equipped and which aren’t, but that is the pattern I see across the US.
It is also important to note that the military is not subject to FAA regs about keeping ADSB on inside of US airspace (like civilians are). They are probably turned on during flights through civil airspace to mitigate collision risk, but I am positive that under certain FPCON conditions that all aircraft will simply turn ADSB off.
Yes but i think it's about monitoring. If you regularly check and monitor aircraft, then one day a military transport plane isn't broadcasting when you know it usually does, then you know something is up.
@@barclaymatheson8240 Indeed. Lack of info is still info.
Mode S and Mode 3/A will be turned on for anything that can carry more than 5 people.
A couple of other ideas - using electric wire fencing to make an NVIS antenna on the HF bands. Unremarkable in rural areas. For VHF/UHF, take an unused pizza-box sized satellite TV antenna and cut slots into the dish to make a "slot antenna". Cover the slots from behind with gray spray painted cardboard and the mods could be invisible.
If I may say, without being a know it all. On every USN ship I was on from 1989-1997 and again from 2002 to 2007 we always used sound powered phones, both for watch to watch communications underway and station to station. I dont think they ever stopped using them, it was just noted in lessons learned as a organic/attached C4I asset for said event. In every Damage Control Scenario, and Basic Damage Control PQS, which every sailor must qualify in, within 3 months after arriving at a new command, you must also qualify in sound powered phones and associated damage control symbology.
I was in the Navy from 1974 to 1979 and was an internal communications electrician and one of my duties was maintaining sound power telephone systems. I know at that time they were considered a critical system and was still very much in use I can't speak to periods after that. I know I did some research on the topic of number years ago and sound power phones are generally relegated to Very specific military and industrial applications. They're not a product you can walk into the local electronics or electrical supply house and acquire easily and they are awfully expensive. A better option would be to keep an eye out in various surplus catalogs and suppliers for military field telephones which are generally powered off a couple of d cells. They also provide for signaling from one phone to another or between multiple phones. Soundpower phones straight from the manufacturer have no call signaling capability which must be added as an extra set of components. The sound power phone systems we had required a completely segregated signaling system which employed a specially modified receiver called a growler, a hand operated generator and a selector switch to select the particular station you were trying to signal and communicate with. One of the problems with both sound power and field telephone type systems is that you need to acquire wire. That may seem a simple topic however several miles of single pair field telephone wire can be difficult and expensive to acquire. You can often find thousand foot and random lengths. Creating waterproof splices can also be difficult without the proper materials and tools. Other types of one pair wire can be utilized but most are not durable enough be used in what is essentially a hostile environment, that is through woods grasslands Rocky areas etc. I hope this helps.
Remember the USS Liberty
@@chrissnyder2091 The splices are these days very easy to do waterproof. These days in submarines are used heat shrinkable solder sleeves. Very easy to use, just like a normal heat shrink but it will same time solder the wires and make waterproof enclosure from both ends with glue.
I was watching a ex submariner presentation about old splicing methods, how difficult it was by all the methods to get it done right, and then he said that those ain't anymore required for everything as submarines started to use as well same sleeves from aviation. Of course critical connections are still done via best possible method.
The market has flooded with civilian use heat shrink sleeves now, I wouldn't take those for submarine but for any other purpose they should be totally fine, especially for civilian use.
@@paristo My comment was not so much regarding splicing and I am aware of various heat shrink products it was more towards the twisted pairwire to be used I know the old-style military field phone wire was three steel strands and four copper strands and was extremely durable it's not something you can generally buy through regular sources although it's often available to the military surplus market.
Was on the USS Carl Vinson 99-02 and we were told those phones were very old tech and very well classified still. Don't know if ots still true
You can make slot antennas with old satellite dishes for any frequency above 130 mHz. The problem with using a repeater is that people get complacent and lose trak of time so if someone detects the location of the repeater they just have to listen for a while and get the input frequency then they can just start locating the individual stations who are using it while the repeater is in use.
Ill add an important device being a nanoVNA, incredibly important. Battery powered device that will help you to build a low loss antenna. SWR or standing wave ratio is RF that is reflected back into the transceiver. A high SWR will result in a reduction in power output to the radiating element of the antenna. If you are into HF mix31 torroids are also a good thing to keep in stock. These torroids are great at reducing RF noise and even common mode noise on your antenna feedline.
Could you do a more in depth meshtastic video like for dummies? I fall into more so the last category as my radios consist of two midland two ways.
I second this
Third
Ditto
I suggest what I am doing gentlemen. Pick one communication system that interests you and go down the rabbit hole. There is tons of information out there
Some fun facts:
- In the USA, an HOA *can not* prevent you from putting up an antenna for HAM radio. You can slap a 199' tower in your front yard and they can't do a thing about it.
- Aluminum gutters can make a quite respectable antenna for HF operations if you have a good tuner (and you *need* an antenna tuner). With a good amp and tuner, significant DX ops are achievable.
- If you have a non-conductive roof (i.e. not metal or solar panels) then you can string an antenna in your attic or crawlspace.
- Don't forget about satellite repeaters on the HAM bands. Modern software tools and antenna trackers make satellite ops somewhat consistent, and it's possible with nothing more than a handheld antenna and a baofeng.
Not sure why you think that, seeing as you are entering into a legal contract with the HOA to abide by their regulations. They use courts and law enforcement to legally enforce these contracts.
While there is some ridiculously incorrect and flat out BS info in this thread, your comment takes the BS cake.
@@cmerton I guess you go by Karen at the HOA meetings. See 47 C.F.R. §97.15, then go try to find some meaning to your life at the bottom of a bottle of wine now that you know your position on the HOA board doesn't give you ultimate power over your neighbors.
Thoughts on making a video on basic Comms plans? What the overall structure should look like?
That is coming soon, working on it right now. It's a broader topic though, because everyone's needs are different. Just takes a bit longer to make the vid
@@S2Underground You should talk about PACE plans. Our preparedness group has one set up for comms, transportation, shelter, etc.
@@S2Underground been scouring your channel and couldnt seem to find this vid, were you ever able to create it?
@@xidney_ I am also interested in said video.
This video is proof..you are doing the Lord's work..and this channel is golden. So much great information. Much appreciated.
Dude - this was fascinating, informative and just all around fantastic. Tanks eh!
Nicely presented. Clear, concise & digestible.
Atak used with the ttgo tbeam meshtastic units and a plugin called atak forwarder works beyond LOS with a simple tbeam at higher elevation or just simply between and some decent antennas
Absolutely fascinating! Thank you for all of this information.
Great video. Thanks for taking the time to put it together.
Awesome, this is exactly what I need to do! Thank you so much!
Dude, your channel is phenomenal. Thank you for the content
Loving this playlist.
Copper wird hanging from tree to tree in the woods works pretty good. The old ham way
Sometimes the simplest methods are the best. That's the KISS principle in action.
1/4 wave dipole
As a ham I know about gain from antennas. Some give 3db or more of gain. But then if you have to use feed line depending on the coax you might loose 1db of gain per hundred feet or so. Then you have to evaluate you average height above terrain or AHAT. The higher you get the better you avoid obstacles that would block VHF.
Fun fact: On 9-11 I was a soldier overseas in Germany. Watched the 2nd plane smash into the towers and our brigade commander instantly put the entire installation on lockdown.
We ran steel wire commo lines to every BN HQs from the switchboard in BDE HQ and used those as backup.
So yes, the old-school porkchop "tanker phones" that are part of the inventory on every main battle tank in DoD are still being used when needed.
well they were 20yrs ago :)
@@mrmotofy yeah... get with the times grandpa
@@windowsxseven I think they still had ashtrays back then, too.
@@silvermediastudio I don't remember asking you a goddamn thing
@@windowsxseven Sorry I thought I was replying to the last text from your wife. Carry on, tough guy.
For radio antennas, people can also use directional antennas to significantly narrow the directions from which the radio signal can be picked up. That way, a device can send signal to a repeater which is further from it than other listeners, and still have the listeners not hear the sender but hear the repeater, unless the listeners are in the cone of emission of the sender. Although laser is used, a phone camera and a small or tiny telescope (which can be very cheap or home-made) can transmit data without lasers, making it more difficult to be intercepted without knowing where specifically to look like. A few lights, which can be camouflaged as an internet router or broken screen of a device still powered on, can be used to send a message, and small electronic devices can decode the message. And the emitters and observers can be split to be located in the most camouflaged locations. Also people underestimate the power of using even if not satellites, just hot-air balloons or kites, to effectively get a device high up in the air. It could be used as a repeater, it could be used as a better antenna, it could even be used with medieval levels of technology (mirrors and/or lenses) to get an aerial image of other areas, or it can have cameras which to be used from the air. And an autonomous radar+lidar airplane+parachute could very well fly above an area, send or receive a message, then move to a different location. With some ingenuity, a solar-powered or wind-powered autonomous tiny plane/blimp/drone system could be used to periodically send and/or receive messages. Even those use-cases are useless in most situations, there are edge-case situations in which they would be very useful. Imagine looking at an enemy base using a phone, a telescope, a mirror on a tower or inside a house, and a series of camouflaged plastic lenses, to see from home what is going on at your job on the other side of the town spanning tens of km or tens of miles.
One thing we got trained for on the HF 150 radio was a connector that allowed the connection to a chain link fence. It surprisingly is a good antenna for long reaching comms
Many Thanks your content as always to the point and very much appreciated
This was an amazing presenation, Thanks :)
I find the information you give fascinating and very useful thank you
Nice channel, just found it. Thank you for taking the time to explain these things.
+1 subscribe :D
My new favorite channel!
The info is appreciated, thanks.
Thank you, this gives me tons of ideas.
Thanks for posting on LBRY
Outstanding video! I love the part about LoRa Radio, I will be added them to my e-comms plan.
appreciate the knowledge, thank you for your upload
That was the best information. I have ever received about communication. I have been building little small Antennas, collectors boosters things like that. To increase my cell phone radios strength I live I live in the woods closest tower to me is Approximately 15 miles. I've had to turn 5G off. But I have 4 bars of 4G right now. I have built several Yagi antennas. I got one right. Thank you It may take some time but I intend on watching all your videos.
I've never watched a any video that had such a wealth of information all in one video.
Thanks for the call out!
Nicely done!
good stuff, thank you.
no bs, just the facts, etc. again, thanks
Great video buddy, very informative
Thank you S2.
Great information. People pay thousands of dollars for this type of class
lol
Great point about one way comms at 38 min. In OIF 1 I sent a one way message to a PSG with a rendezvous point based on his pistol serial number. Eg digit one up three digit two down four
Excellent video.
Thank you for the video.
Meshtastic looks fantastic!!
Interesting, thumbs up and subscribed!
Keep up the good work
Thank you for the great view of home, New Zealand....
3 yrs later, still a great video!
Idk how I stumbled upon this channel but this is preparing me for something and I am taking notes.
This is an amazing video
One doesn't need 2 separate handhelds to create a repeater. There are a number of Dual-band (or multi-band) radios that have the ability to perform cross-band repeating (e.g. 2m to/from 70cm) within the single handheld radio. Single radio repeater functionality has been around at least 40 years or so. I'm pretty sure I remember seeing Bao-Feng also has at least one handheld model offering this functionality.
Problem is duty cycle. Using an HT for this is barely cutting it unless low duty cycle you would want a mobile unit. The reason you would want two units is for space diversity and to do something without cross banding, of course you would need some sort of cavity tuning system to prevent full duplex signals from coming back into the input especially if using common offsets like on 2M 600khz isn't much and a duplexer is needed. Also operators use two units dedicating one as a control link unit.based on preference and second unit as redundancy.
Cost.
For the price of a single unit repeater, you could built 3 ammo can repeaters with solar panels.
@@kerbalairforce8802
Have you seen the price of sturdy good quality ammo cans lately? A serious OUCH!
However, I've also seen used cross-band repeater handheld and mobile units that were quite inexpensive and one of the nice things about them is they're a very fast no muss-no fuss to set up and take down solution: one need not mess with control wiring weather proofing, and adding solar charging isn't a major challenge.
Like many things, the simplest solution can work for many even if not all situations or requirements.
I did a video on the range of GoTenna, in the woods, its about a quarter mile to half mile. I live in north Georgia, there were hills and such. But I still like the idea of having them prebuilt, app included.
Modern track with signals has copper leads connecting each piece, each rail is half a circuit and the train wheels complete that circuit and show up on a screen at the dispatcher's office.
You have to do the baofeng repeater with the two radios on different bands. Otherwise the antennas will interfere with each other. That's why repeaters that operate on one band are so expensive and rare. Also, you said nobody could direction find you with a repeater, but they can just look for the uplink frequency and find you no problem.
Was going to say the same thing regarding a portable repeater using same band radios. Tried it, did not work even with a duplexer and moderate horizontal antenna separation.
sorry, but I think he said to transmit to the repeater with a directional antenna; from what I know directional antennas are very difficult to find because you cannot intercept the signal from different angles making RDF useless.
do you think it is correct or I have left something out.
Crosslonk single unit repeaters adopt normal offset. Im sure this is taken into consideration.
@@gregh9237 its incorrect. Even the best directional antennas will have side and back lobes. They'll be reduced, but not eliminated. Equally you'll increase the range over which folk can find you in the direction of the repeater, your signal does not just stop at the antenna of the repeater. So yeah, it's just incorrect to state it protects against direction finding.
Additionally, if they do find the repeater or get between you and the repeater they can then find you much easier as you'll be blasting signal in their direction. If they get off axis at all from you the signal strength will drop considerably, better giving a bearing to your location.
@lmaoroflcopter so Reduce your power to just enough to reach your repeater?
25:40 The original goTenna used the MURS band. The goTenna Mesh devices use 900 MHz in the US - the same as the Meshtastic devices.
Railroad tracks have current or signal running through them and isolators that interact with the train location which measure the impedance of the signal running from the track to the signal source and tell crossing guards when to lower/raise amongst other things. You can listen to the signal with a earbud and a wire wrapped around a coil.
Great video
How am I just now finding this channel.. stupid YT algorithm. Great content 🤜🤛
This video is definitely one to DL
I need a few classes on this subject! Whew! 😱
Super info
Cool info
Iv a strong belief that this type of information is going to come in handy, a lot sooner then later.
This aged well.
That almost looks like the map from Cherno in DayZ
i don't know what I just watched, but I'm definitely on some sort of list now
If you want something to do with burst on the cheap, use a Digi device FLDigi (plugs into a phone or ipad 3.5mm audio jack to provide impendence matching) then an APP like PSK 31 and run the FLdigi into a Baofeng and send complete PSK31 burst transmissions to another point. I did this out of boredom with another ham buddy using a simplex point to point Yagi 8 element 2 M beam on both sides for something to do. Watch the Baofeng TOT and heat output issues.
Would love to see an updated version of this video...especially regarding the mesh network stuff...
Very good stuff man!
It's not only antennas the Lora protocol is fhss and if you have a gps you can have a time synced key so the radio not only knows what frequencies to hop on it also uses the ones with the least amount of noise
my first thought for the stealth antena example image was guy was using the plumbing vent pipe as an antena, if the rest of your plumbing is pex/pvc/etc and the vent is metal, that'd be a great antena.
i dont know why its recommended to me but its super interesting
Just so you know railroad tracks are electric and are connected to each other
The expansion gap is still connected to the other track because they are all bolted together
Using hydro pole grounding wire works plus if you're near a power station the power poles are metal
I have a pair of 2-wire field phones. Work wonderfully and are relatively cheap. AND, have more uses than just a phone since the bell crank outputs 90-115vac.
Good information, I would like another video on the LoRa radios. I have 4 of the GoTennas work pretty good. Don't seam to work to well when hiking and you have trees between you and the car in the parking lot and probable less the a 1/2 mile away from each other. Be nice if there was a way to connect the LoRa radios to a cell phone some how. That way when in the woods hiking you could still reach the car in the parking lot that would have some type of device that could put out more power to be able to hit cell towers.
CCE is common in some bino or telescope tech, and ofc CCTV, especially at airports and train stations, where left-behind luggage can be a ... liability.
The last image is funny. All those comms when you can just walk up to the fence and talk.
I still own a crank weather band Radio*.... I've probably had it for over 20 years, and it still works.
Run coaxial underground to close telephone pole. Find cable support with turnbukle mounted in ground. The pole support cable works if you are high groung especially.
You convinced me to hit the subscribe button in the first minute. I am glad I found this, it's been years since I learned or used most of these things and am a bit rusty, this video has helped a lot.
If you can find the repeater, you can find the input frequency and listen to the input frequency for continued searching for the rf source transmitted to the repeater
with more or less conventional radios, some mention of digital modes would be good. Consider various non speech systems, such as Hellschreiber, RTTY or various PSK variants. Some things are almost indistinguishable from noise unless you know what you are looking for and could be used on plain vanilla CB, UHF CB (via a repeater) or pretty much any radio system, just a matter of feeding it with audio from a computer with the right software and the same stuff at the other end. Plenty of free PC apps that handle a number of these systems.
I've played around with 8PSK and OLIVIA over a 440 FM repeater. Not bad at all.
Bravo.....barb wire fence.....antenna. ........cheers
This stuff is great for hunting!
To make a repeater, you'd have to use VHF on one side and UHF on the other.
VHF to VHF would desensitize the receive so much that you'd never hear a thing.
Real repeaters use tuned notch circuits to isolate the signal on the input AND output.
Beware antenna relocation kits on low powered devices. Check cable loss charts vs run length. Much better to relocate the device. :)
I m very interested in thee meshtastic system have been watching videos and would like to see more in depth informative videos regarding all to do about set up and use . I think i will be ordering 4 of these little buggers by days end today . I love the concept . I am a cb radio operator ansl gmrs . I for sure am no technician, still this is intriguing to me.
So more focus on meshtasic and specific antenna info as well like dipoles .
Water proof box small solar panel to maintain state of charge stick up in a tall tree .
Let it rock.
GoTenna is pretty nice tech and Mesh Networks are certainly part of the future.
Still needs a lot of repeaters to cover distance. Also terrain can limit the freq more. I feel that mesh networks still need a lot more innovation. Definitely great on a local level for comms.
downloaded printed saved used as template setup for helping others as well as self be prepared/knowledgified
@08:00 aerial infra red photography was used fifty years ago in northern ireland to spot cables and footprints - not as quick as modern lidar but almost as detailed… minbuz in the hague (foreign ministry) had its short-wave antennas hidden in the lift shafts so as not to spoil the roof line… in retrospect a highly unpopular choice with the operators!
Can you please do a LoRa Meshtastic tutorial? Like a SOP (standard operating procedure) that covers setup, issuing a unit, usage, any maintenance etc.