Campi Flegrei Supervolcano Update; Reports that it is Heading Towards an Eruption?
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- Опубліковано 20 лип 2024
- In the past week, several major news outlets published stories which claimed that the supervolcano in Italy known as Campi Flegrei might be heading towards an eruption. The basis of this claim is a scientific report that documents a slowly decreasing stability of rock overlying its magma chamber, which has an increased risk of rupturing. This video explains what this all means, and gives an opinion based analysis on what the odds of a volcanic eruption occurring are due to this new information.
Note: The rupturing mentioned in this video is not in my opinion an imminent threat. It could occur this month, next month, a year from now, this decade, next decade, or even a longer period from now. We simply do not know when it will occur.
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Sources/Citations:
[1] Di Vito, M., Acocella, V., Aiello, G. et al. Magma transfer at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) before the 1538 AD eruption. Sci Rep 6, 32245 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/srep32245, CC BY 4.0. This is the scientific paper I reference at 3m45s in this video.
[2] Craig A. Miller, Glyn Williams-Jones, Dominique Fournier, Jeff Witter, 3D gravity inversion and thermodynamic modelling reveal properties of shallow silicic magma reservoir beneath Laguna del Maule, Chile, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 459, 2017, Pages 14-27, ISSN 0012-821X, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.1..., (www.sciencedirect.com/science...)
[3] Giudicepietro Flora, Macedonio Giovanni, Martini Marcello,A Physical Model of Sill Expansion to Explain the Dynamics of Unrest at Calderas with Application to Campi Flegrei, Frontiers in Earth Science, Volume 5, 2017, www.frontiersin.org/articles/..., DOI: 10.3389/feart.2017.00054, ISSN: 2296-6463, CC BY 4.0
[4] Amoruso, Antonella & Crescentini, Luca & D'Antonio, M. & Acocella, Valerio. (2017). Thermally-assisted Magma Emplacement Explains Restless Calderas. Scientific Reports. 7. 10.1038/s41598-017-08638-y., CC BY 4.0
[5] VEIs, dates/years, composition, tephra layer name, DRE estimates, and bulk tephra volume estimates for volcanic eruptions shown in this video which were assigned a VEI 4 or larger without an asterisk after their name are sourced from the LaMEVE database (British Geological Survey © UKRI), www2.bgs.ac.uk/vogripa/view/c..., Used with Permission
[6] UA-cam Creative Commons, Video at 0:10-0:22 of Solfatara: • Visita al Vulcano Solf... , CC BY 3.0 license
[7] Source of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) methodology and criteria: Newhall, C. G., and Self, S. (1982), The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 87(C2), 1231-1238, doi:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231. Accessed / Read by / geologyhub on Oct 5th, 2022.
0:00 Campi Flegrei Supervolcano
0:33 Background Information
1:25 Magma Chamber
2:06 Campi Flegrei's Cycle
2:43 Ground Uplift
3:15 Ground Rupture
4:23 Summary
4:51 Conclusion
I want to note that the "ground rupturing" mentioned in this video is NOT an imminent threat in my opinion. It will, probably, eventually occur, but this could happen in a month, a year, a decade, or even two decades from now. We simply do not know. And, even when the ground does rupture, it most likely won't lead to a volcanic eruption. Besides, there is only what I estimate to be around ~40 million cubic meters (this is not an official figure) of magma in the sill underlying the caldera, which were it to all erupt at once would be insufficient in volume to generate another caldera. This scientific paper is well made, but factoids are being taken out of context from it. The area of Campi Flegrei in my opinion is still fairly safe to visit. I would even willingly visit Campi Flegrei as I (in my opinion) do not think a real risk exists at the present. Were my opinion of this to change, I would make an edit to this comment.
As far as requesting a topic, I want to see more videos of Tony playing “Fetch” like my female volcano cat “Aiko” loves to play.
I’m been trying to find a mousy like Tony’s that has more weight to it so that I can heave it farther while playing fetch. 😂🤣😂
Also probably worth adding that based on looking at the volcano's more recent geological history i.e. the Holocene epoch it has with one pair of interrelated exceptions (a VEI 5 eruption followed by a VEI 2 lava dome) only produced VEI 3 and 4 magmatic eruptions or small phreatic eruptions explosive and thus dangerous but nothing like the media hype "super eruptions". So based on that precedent if a magmatic eruption does happen it would probably follow the same lines with an explosive cindercone and strombolian to vulcanian activity not a global disaster level eruption they hype about. Given how developed the region is that is of course still extremely dangerous but its more of a local problem.
The paper indicates that it can take quite a few rupture cycles for an eruption to occur which makes these caldera complex systems particularly hard to deal with.
And based on some of the stuff on Nick Zentner's channel particularly the two colloquiums about the pre eruption dynamics of large siliceous magmatic systems I get a distinct impression that generally such large eruptions require particular circumstances such as rapid convective crystal fractionalization or other kinds of large rapid changes in pressure to really make big eruptions happen. While the timescales of such events could be "short" i.e. a few years to centuries that still would leave a fair amount of warning that something major was happening right?
I would not visit that place to be honest even if it was not gonna erupt I still don’t wanna risk it
what would happen if we drilled into the sill ?
@@digitaldreamer5481 I agree! Great request!
I love this channel for dispelling the hype while still using due caution.
truly the best! my favorite channel for this reason too. love him
I just watched a 90-minute video last night that claimed that the volcano will go off soon, destroying Italy and plunging all of Europe into darkness. 😅
I saw all those houses. People that survived Pompeii apparently have no sense of caution.
True.
Apocalypse sells
Having watched your previous videos, I was immediately suspicious when I saw the numerous sensationalist news articles, recently. Thank you for making the world a more sensible place.
I was there a few months ago on a field trip with my university. The area is really interesting and it’s great to see that it is still being recognised as an evolving situation and explained without the hyperbole used by mainstream news.
I mean 14,900 and 39,850 years ago is so close on a time scale, It is surely going to go big again in the coming few thousand years. It is frightening how populated the area is now
Thanks. I really do not like it when media outlets sensationalize or distort stories like this.
And unfortunately, that's the world we live in with many media outlets bypassing reason and evidence and going straight to hyperbole and meladrama because that's what sells more!!
The fact that people have built up to and within the caldera floor in this area is ...insane!.....its not a matter of if, but "when!"
People have built cities in areas of natural disaster all over the world. To me that is evidence that our planet is overcrowded. People can't all live in the safe and pleasant places.
@@Anurania absolute rubbish, people choose to live in places prone to natural disaster because of the amenity of those places, such as the fertility of volcanic soils, the bountiful fruits of the sea in coastal zones, and the natural beauty of places that have been torn apart and remade over numerous cataclysms. Fly over New Zealand, in some areas you can witness rows of mountains and valleys that stretch for hundreds of miles, and as far as you can see there is not a single human being. The world is vastly unpopulated.
And they say its the humans that change the enviroment by polluting it....
No its the humans stupidity that they built houses near a volcano that it will likely going to explode in the future and hundred of thousand of people will mostly going to die in zero time.
@@2pintsofcremedementh overpopulation is easy to sell along with a cup of guilty conscience, especially when it helps to camouflage how misuse of space and over-consumption/waste handling is catching up to us.
@@2pintsofcremedementh You can't say that this world isn't overpopulated only because of some regions aren't populated at all. The fact, that we already are affectioning the clima since the industrial revolution shows that we are already way to many for this planet!
from July 1987 to May 1991 I lived on the eastern outside flank of Solfatara, in the main Barracks at the then US Navy Support Base, Agnano. My hospital workplace sat up on the ridgepoint to the SW (there is a large 6 story curving building in aerial views, which has been renovated and reoccupied after the base left in 2008. They are just asking for it redeveloping that site!). Inhaling the sulfur fumes etc for 4 years ended up giving me permanent sinus damage not apparent until I returned to North America. There was one notable temblor in my later years there.. and being in a classroom on the 5th floor of the building already several hundred feet above the crater floor magnified it dramatically. I never forgot I was living on a powderkeg.
Thank you so much for doing justice do this news articles!
Even a VE1 in this area could be devastating if it occurs in a populated area. It’s scary to see a super volcano with so much water available to it. It’s hard to tell exactly how large eruptions occur but it would seem most likely the lava uplift sends fractures through the crust which connect to a body of water. The size of the eruption is based on the volume of water expanding to steam and the resistance of the overlying ground.
houses built right on the rim of a volcano. I mean why not just build right into to at that point.
@@prospectorsoils1240 To be fair, humanity had no idea Campi Flegrei was a super-volcano up until fairly recently (last hundred years or so) since the scientific community back then believed volcanoes could only exist as Strato, Shield, or Cinder cones.
@@DKforever24 There was an interview of locals I think it was a video from DW or Sky news or something and the locals said they live there for generations if it blows then it blows and they will die there but they are at peace with it. I can respect them for that of course.
@@drscopeify Respect them? SMH. That's what the locals said at Pompei, too.
@@bendy6626 No. Pompeii denizens had no idea Vesuvius could blow. It was not known to be a "fire mountain." Pliny The Elder was sunbathing at his home across the bay when the mountain blew it's top, at the start of the eruption. He was recorded by Pliny the Younger - as being shocked. (Ironically, he was one of the most volcanically-educated people of the day, familiar with Stromboli and Etna. He died coordinating the massive rescue of Pompeii/Herculaneum/Stabaei citizens.) Most people evacuated Pompeii. Very few people died there. Less than 5% of the pop. Left behind were only those entrapped by collapsed doorways/ceilings (due to the quake or ashfall) the disabled, first-responders/rescuers from the Navy, women in childbirth, their surgeons, attending family members, slaves instructed to guard against looters, and looters. The general population had the good sense to evacuate. You are taking the quote out of context. If the mountain erupted _under their feet, meaning they couldn't get away_ they are ok with it. The general region has an evacuation plan.
It's like living next to an airport. You have to be ok with elevated risk of planes crashing on your house. But - is it likely? Not really. This volcano erupts once every few _centuries._ So, they are not stupid.
I’m just glad that those like yourself are taking time to address the same topic as the influx of articles that are basically just there to generate views..
Thank you for a very informative account and a well-balanced and solidly argued conclusion. Let’s hope for the locals that no eruption happens any time soon.
The history of uplift and subsidence in this area, particularly in and around the rim of the Bay of Naples, is a fascinating topic. There's a LOT under water, and other areas that were under several meters of seawater for quite some time, are now above. There's also the remains of a temple where you can see where the water line was for long enough that crustaceans were adhering to it, only to have it be re-thrust several meters into the air again. Incredible!
what is the temple called? if you remember? i would love to see pictures
@@fireballninja01 I believe it's the Temple of Serapis in Pozzuoli. ☺
Watch drain the oceans in Mediterranean 👍🏽
Thanks for cutting through all the hype. Your analysis of geological events is always exceptional.. thank you. I wish it were possible to gauge when *my* area is due for a big quake ( I live right in the middle of the Cascadia fault line). Perhaps you could cover it some time...
I appreciate how the different scenarios were presented, an opinion was given with a justification, but the alternatives were also explained. Just as academic discourse should be.
Great video!
I *love* this volcanic complex, especially the Monte Nuovo crater and Solfatara!
Thanks so much for the video and info.
You give the best reports. Thank you.
Thank you about the update , also thanks for explaing about that volcano i wanted to someone to explain about it.
Thank you for the update.
hi, thanks for this video, its good to hear from an expert as the news are pretty poor on reporting the facts. I'm travelling to naples in 2 days so wanted to check what's going on. thanks
It sounds like the magma sill is in a very different state than it must have been leading up to the the last large VEI-6 eruption. The previous magma chamber was perhaps largely destroyed?
It's not immanently dangerous until it is! Two thing: it is amazing how geologists can know from their research and excavations happened 500 years ago with a volcano; and it is also amazing how as time goes by without an eruption, people start building within the area that will be affected by a major eruption. Well, as lease people usually have some warning these days, before they lose everything. Thanks for your diligence!
A big part of why we have such good evidence for past activity at Campi Flegrei is that the Romans recorded information such as changes in elevation from ground deformation and the likes in their city records.
Even with big eruptions millions of years ago (VEI5+) we can estimate how long it lasted and stuff due to evidence.
I think you mean "imminent", Gary
Thank you!!! This was so informative! Very good quality very good explanation… They do exist thank you
Great review, thank you, sir.
I live here, and from the last 2 weeks there's currently a earthquake swarm, the latest big one is from yesterday, 4.2 on the Richter scale; and they say it will probably continue for the next days, and an eruption is also possible... so yeah let's hope for the best
Great channel. Thanks. An update on the Phlegraean earthquakes would be great. Are these the 'ruptures' mentioned in this video as a requirement for progress towards eruption?
I worry about the high chance of there being 10+ cubic km of mush surrounding the sill. Very interesting how seemingly dead nearly fully crystallized magma gets incredibly stressed and heated unbelievably fast to erupt in the most destructive type of eruption. I really believe the water and series of deforestation cycles are the key to these really big caldera systems, and Campi Flagri has just as much water available in the upper crust as Yellowstone. Definitely worth checking local GPS stations daily.
what the hell is happening, 3, yes THREE volcanoes in the Philippines are on alert levels SIMULTANEOUSLY
Thank you for the update. Its very good :D
I went to high school on the base of Sulfatara and recall tremors shaking the building all the time. Well, that plus the smell. We were so indifferent to it at the time, but in retrospect it seems crazy that we'd spend every day on an active volcano.
Imagine seeing a whole city lifted by an exploding supervolcano. I want to watch that movie.
Just got back from there. We had 6 earthquakes, 4 in about 20 minutes during the morning of August 18. A great holiday for this geologist! 😂
Hi Geology hub. I think there's increased activity at both Karangetang and Semeru volcano. Both these volcano have an active and still growing lava some which in the past week had grow larger and larger. I'm a bit worried about the possible large landslide to occur when the rain storm is coming towards these volcano. Because the lava dome now really unstable
You are not alone. I am definitely noting activity at Semeru which is somewhat concerning. However, the amount of seismic activity and ground deformation is not quite yet at a threshold that I consider a precursor to a major eruption (in my opinion, at least for now). By a "major eruption" I mean like seen in December of 2021 or December of 2022.
I don't know why it kinda bothers me when people call VEI 7 eruptions supervolcanic, but they are not truly supervolcanic. A 300km3 eruption is pretty big, nothing to scoff at, but it is nothing but a tiny baby when you are talking of actual supervolcanoes.
Super volcanoes aren’t even a true geologic term
And even actual super volcanoes can do smaller than VEI 8 even when the ground breaks as the eruption starts depending on how much energy is lost breaking the ground. Taupo is a good example and does a wide variety of eruptions including the 1 VEI 8 26 500 years ago
@@filledwithvariousknowledge2747 Campi Flegrei never produced 1 single VEI 8 eruption
Wonderful as always! Thank you so much! Lady Anne
(Jessica M. Kandal, Ph.D.
Imagine how I felt, knowing as much as I did from a love of Vulcanology my whole life, and some college courses in GEology, to live on the eastern outside flank of Solfatara for 4 years (1987-1991). It was a bit nervewracking!
Oh, I'm in love! Geomorphologist who studies volcanoes! A heck of a lot sexier than mass wasting or glacial terrain features.
RDL is right in comments: about even a VEI 1 being devastating to such a populated area. Let us not forget - the Tonga eruption, was NOT a big eruption. It was a small eruption - with a gigantic EXPLOSION - because sea water hit the magma chamber, creating one of the world's largest steam explosions. So - he's correct. A SMALL eruption could actually create a VEI 5, on accident. Depends if seawater intrudes. Picture a Tonga-like event there. The resulting tsunami, would wash to the South side of the bay's cliff, richochet off them, and slam right back into the towns. (Like at Valdez, Alaska.) It's a circular bay. EXTREME tsunami danger exists there.
I'm very glad there is no eminent risk of this occurring - but one day, it will. One day, there will be a cataclysmic event. I feel sorry even for the generations far into the future that will face it.
i was just thinking of asking about it again due to a few news pieces i had seen this morning
if i remember correctly you had done this before and based on what you were saying about the two largest vei only one would be a supervolcano right?
thanks for the information and update
According to Betteridge's law of headlines, the answer to your subject line is "No".
Don't think I've heard a date on when the last time the caldera erupted, or its eruption interval.
But it has had quite an effect on the surrounding lands over the centuries, subsiding land here, raising old roman docks out of the water there.
At 0.50 Geohub describes the formation of the two large calderas as occuring 14.9 K and 39 K years ago. Though I was thinking that you were asking for a more recent date for the last eruption which didn't hear either other than the general statement eruptions in the last 10 K years were two orders of magnitudes less.
@@michaeldeierhoi4096 yes, I know.
I was commenting that I don't think I ever heard that or its erupting interval.
With volcanoes, you can't be too careful.
That said, panicking isn't the right course of action either - and this channel is exactly on that middle line between the extremes, which I really like.
Perhaps the easiest thing to predict would be a drop-in real estate prices for land in that area.
Or a rapid uplift of insurance premiums.
I'd like to note that a recently released study using new seismic technology shows the crust around said Super Volcano is at a maximum stress level required to signal a pending eruption ...however pending with Volcanos could be tomorrow or 800 years from now ...I do feel like I've had a TREMENDOUS amount of Volcano eruptions on my news feed though lately 🤔 could be nothing could be connected
@Angelspawn No, all the magnetic stuff is nonsense, stop spreading misinformation in this channel.
Definitely not tomorrow ,a supervolcano takes a lot of time to erupt, also we are not in a period of a lot of volcanic activity, last year we had 47 eruptions at a time, we now have just under 30,
@@EperogiLimousine though, it’s been near 1000 years from now since it last erupted in 1538 as it was past through the interval of a supereruption, maybe by the end of this year it will end its cycle by gathering 1000 cubic kilometers of magma just enough to cause a vei8 multiple mini eruption event around the caldera (aka. Supereruption)
@angelspawn9138The mass awakening.
Thanks for a clear explanation
It's normal to uplift and go back down time to time. Might go back to sleep. Yellowstone Supervolcano does this also then falls back into a deep sleep. Just as long they keep watch on it because a Supervolcano going off would be very bad day for all of us.
Well, Mother Gaia has got us looking over our collective shoulder now! Seismographs are mainstream news! What's that smell? Sulfur? Do YOU smell it?
0:38 Ey, that crater complex is also where the Roman Empire built a mega project of their own, a secret harbor in a lake.
It was located on the left side inside this yellow ring, in a somewhat round lake behind a somewhat rectangular smaller lake.
in the hills aound Lago Miseno if I'm not mistaken tied to the Piscina Mirabilis
yeah the lake Avernus was a naval base during the first imperial civil war and Miliscola (near miseno) was a militar school complex
Now that is an informative video.. 👌 subbed
What are the chances of it bypassing this rupturing stage? How I understand what is related to me here in this video is that the crust must rupture first, then an eruption can occur, however that is mimicing the 1500's eruption which was between VEI 3-4? What if it will skip the rupturing phase and campi flegri's magma surges and just explodes to cause the actual supereruption? What if it is a bigger eruption than scientists are trying to expect or hoping to expect?
Supervolcanoes almost certainly do not erupt a vei 7-8 eruption without warning. There would be massive amounts of uplift, like several meters a week most likely beforehand and a dramatic increase in hydrothermal activity that is not occurring at Campi Fleigri.
To put it simple, there have to be enough magma deposited close enough to erupt, but far enough down that it dont find another outlet first. Try to imagine the raw power needed to blow off a HUGE part of land like that, we WOULD 100% get clear warnings first
He did it, yippie!!!!!
That raises the question if an explosive eruption happened would there be time to evacuate Naples? And if not how much damage would it likely do?
The Pozzuoli Layer (Concrete) capping the activity needs about 1-2M expansion before for it approaches stress fracture tension. We got awhile. The big pool is shared with Vesuvius which is plugged 4 Kilometers down the throat. lol
I believe it won't erupt like I believe a drunk driver saying s/he'll never do it again, promise.
Have you got a content of all supervolcanos in the world? That would be interesting. 😍
On INGV site you can find all the information and the update thank you for the video 🙏
Visiting the INGV websites is the last thing to do
@@magman129 Ma perchè ce l'hai ancora con me Claudio ? Oltre ad attaccare me personalmente, come hai sempre fatto, non è che con la tua risposta hai dato soluzioni alternative per cercare informazioni sul Campi Flegrei, era porprio una cosa mirata a me ... ma quanti anni hai 2 ??!!
Non capisco proprio perchè devi avere sempre questo atteggiamento così da "io sono superiore". Avrai pure cambiato nome, ma sei rimasta la solita persona di sempre.
No point in worrying about something you can not control.
There is also the outside possiblity that a rupture may not be magmatic in nature and may come from a seismic event.
Theres a chain of 4 large calderas (around 10km diameter) in Lazio province, i wonder if they still pose any threat? They surround Rome and if they were still active it could certainly be dangerous right? Maybe an interesting topic for a video :)
Thank you.
i was waiting for your video about the topic. The media's been running with superficial and dramatic titles to get clicks, as always.
I read an article that said it might erupt but it won't be anything dangerous, the articles coming out is a little bit confusing because on a active volcano map it doesn't even show up as "unrest" anymore
Good video.
Good stuff thanks
They built a city on top of a supervolcano... Woah...
Quick question in the past month we have had 2 (technically more) separate earthquakes in the campi flegrei, this morning one 4.2 at 3km depth which you mention being the depth of the upper magma chamber, do thee earthquakes signal a worsening od the situation or a imminent eruption? Asking as I am not as informed on what is or isn't normal behavior for a supervolcano
Inspired by your channel, I'm visiting Campi Flegrei next week - I thought you were about to give very bad news, I'm glad it's still fairly safe to visit. Any recommendations from you or fellow viewers on where to see the best sites, please let me know!
Please let us know how it goes! That's a few of the volcanoes I'd like to see when in Italy
The Solfatara crater was worth a visit when I went 10 years ago - but I'm not sure you are now allowed to walk on the crater surface now because a tourist fell through into the boiling water. You can see the sulphur vents and steam. At Pozzuoli you can see the impact of 'Bradyism', where the ground rises and falls and an old temple building with columns that has risen out of the sea level.
this video came out as i was watching your previous video
Its wild to see how many people built on top of a volcano!
It looks like it will take many centuries for the whole card theory to fill before there could be any kind of massive explosion because it looks like from the video like the pressure is being constantly relieved.
What is the bright white material covering the floor of the Solfatari crater?
swell, as one might guess, Sulfur is a major component of that... thus the name of that mini Volcano (it is considered one, that has been continuously active for several thousand years, but since it is constantly burping/farting the gases, they never build up to explode. But al lthe vents of the area are fueled by the magma reservoir benath
Very informative.
By all means, keep an eye on what happens, but we're a long way off seeing anything worrying, IF it even gets that far.
Oh, it will! All we're arguing about is timescale.
It's like my head ready to erupt
Again , my favorite Supervolcano!
Could you talk about Mount Cartier in BC Canada please :)
We need an updated on this volcano.
When I was in Boy Scouts in high school, I went camping in a USDoD recreation facility in one of those explosion craters. You can see it at 4:09.
you refer to Carney Park I assume. I spent several long Saturdays there over my 4 years in the area.
@@ZakhadWOW Carney Park! Yep, that's right; I had forgotten its name.
Isn't there an old saying which goes "See Naples, and die?"...
One thing I'm curious about is how much damage would occur to the Naples area?
incalculable. THe last Vesuvian eruption was during WW2 in 1944, and that was a very differnt type, with mostly ashfall. Still, very very damaging. The area's population has likely more than doubled since then (Naples since 2000 has had a real burst in development). And unlike 1944, this would likely lead ot significant loss of life, if it is explosive.
Let's have a conspiracy theory, shall we? Military or terrorist personnel detonate the small magma chamber and while the whole world is focused on the effects on Italy, some nasty nuclear-enabled rogue power attacks its democratic neighbor before the media know what's happened!
Naples is a very beautiful city, and will continue to be so until it very suddenly isn't.
Ciao!
News outlets... the scariest of them all.
Say the word “subside” then say “subsidence.” I have found recently that a lot of people with geology related channels mispronounce subsidence, as you are doing. Still love you!
Crazy how people built houses right on top of those volcanic vents. Like, I get it, there's not much space to build in metropolitan areas, but right on top of an active supervolcano?
The idea of a supervolcano is recent. Vulcanology is a very new science. The listing of the world's most dangerous volcanoes was only made in the 1993 in Pasto. These ones are only dangerous because people are close to them, but due to the fertility of the land and the fresh water sources (from the clouds) they are often very attractive areas. Especially in poorer countries where you almost always find farms or even major cities: Quito, Arequipa, Guatemala City, Puebla, Goma, Kagoshima, Manila...
There's a very good chance that when the first buildings were put up, the people who did the building weren't aware of the volcanic nature of the area, or thought the volcano was extinct. It's also very easy to forget that the idea of supervolcanoes is less than fifty years old... and Naples, Pozzuoli and many of the towns in the region have been around for hundreds, if not a thousand or more, years. The calderas would have meant nothing to the locals at the time, who, if thoughts of eruptions ever crossed their minds, had Monte Nuovo as an example. Then there is that perennial human mind-set of ' it won't happen in my lifetime'... and most folk would be right in that assumption.
Worth noting that pozzelan, a key ingredient in Roman concrete, is comprised of thick deposits of ash from this volcano.
@@carolynallisee2463 Naples is a bilocational foundation: Parthenope (later relabeled Paleopolis) out on the point where Santa Lucia district is, and then Neapolis proper, the "Centro Storico" of today... Parthenope 8th century BC, and refoundation/fusion with Neapolis in 6th century BC. Naples is a LOT older than a mere thousand years. It's where Pliny witnessed the Vesuvian eruption of 79 AD, so that is nearly 2 thousand alone.
People live in that area for several thousands of years, when scientists realized it's a supervolcano the city was already there.
Isn't the term "supervolcano" defined by a VEI 8 (ie, 1000c/km material), not a VEI 7, which is categorised as "colossal"?
Hey can you make a video about mt apo ?
This was the description, I have heard in 2003 by a geologist working ar Campi flehrei.p
If it does, its ok. Napoli finally won the league 🙌🏻
It is funny in a dark way that all these volcanic holes are surrounded by buildings and houses, even on the edge of the craters.
Hey! The rent is lot cheaper on the edge! Gotta factor that in!
Is vesuvius connected and possibly a pressure release for campi they are very close.
Vesuvius blew last in 1944; I'm sure Vulcan (god of Fire) is rubbing his hands with glee as he picks a day on the calendar.
Request for the "Nine Sisters" in SLO County, CA
Have there ever been proposals to drill into the upper chamber to relieve the pressure? The other option would be to drill many shallower "gas" wells to relieve trapped gases. Wouldn't this make sense to prevent an explosive event?
Pressure release trough a crack or a hole is exactly how some of the eruptions start. Small release of pressure leads to stirring and mixing of the melt and this releases more gases that increase the pressure and this release can be uncontrolled leading to a positive feedback loop.
They really wanted to drill into the caldera, to harness its geothermal energy. Thank God they didn't, one of the few things with a good ending in this country.
@@magman129 it wouldn’t of done anything though, and would of made energy
Now you sound like a B-movie plot, lol. You know what's gonna happen when they drill, right?
@@kpaasial The magma chambers are quite shallow. Letting the volume of gas build up in the magma until there is an explosive event makes no sense. The gases in the magma cause a decrease in the viscosity of the magma, so reducing % dissolved gases should help to reduce flow of the lava.
Dont have a specific volvano in mind. But out of curiosity, are there any Volcanos in the near future that you are personally worried about. Specifically the bigger volcanos or super
I bet Taal is the most dangerous.
A time bomb in my personal opinion. Can be Krakatau 2.0 near Manila
Iwo Jima, Japan.
@@filipesiegrist Taal has been a world-level menace for centuries. Mayon not much better
@@GeologyHub but that's at least far enough away from massive population buildup to buffer it. I mean it is a LOOOOOONNNNNNNGGGGG way from anything at all.
@@filipesiegrist Dangerous for oneself and dangerous for many people are two different things, though. Which one is it? (I'll most likely watch a video on it anyways)
the main question is,
does napolitan have a reallistic plan for evacute the city if the real deal happen?
and will they apply it in case of alert? or they will chill out due to the cost of evacuate a big city with doubt, wont they wait first explosion and death for act instead?
What did Pompeii/Herculaneum do early in the year 79CE? Rich people booked holiday time at the seaside I imagine.
Going to Capri this summer, hopefully it's not a spicy meataball when I'm trying to enjoy the Amalfi coast.... woof
Send us pics, won't you? The rest of us in Eastern Canada get to breathe wildfire smoke and can't even dip in Lake ONtario due to sewage.
Good!!!
Good Grief! They Built Homes All Over That Area! But Then Again My Home sits On The Steamboat Magma Chamber In South Reno, Nevada!
"hey, where do you want to build our house? how about over there near all those volcanos?"
Jumpin' Jack Flash, it's a gas gas gas! Rolling Stones in 1970 singing about volcanic eruptions!
I have a stupid question.
Wouldn't a bore hole relieve pressure???
No it wouldn't make any difference. Such a hole would too small to relieve pressure imo.
Maybe. But how FAST??!
My partner and I have stayed in 'The Campsite from Hell', (Camping Solfatara) within the Solfatara Crater. Half of the crater floor is lush and green, with a swimming-pool, and the other half is angry and hissing. The air is 'perfumed' strongly with sulphurous gases; and houses crowd to the very edge of the crater. We love 'volcanic' holidays!
Just been an Emergency Test Alert broadcast on the Italian Mobile networks, wonder if it's related?
Not somewhere I would feel comfortable using as a picnic site any century soon.
So a bore hole to "lessen the pressure" would accelerate gasses in the magma and lead to a explosive eruption? Is there anything humans could do to prevent an eruption?
You would make a weak point for the magma to travel upwards
The best things we can do, is simply evacuate the areas
Well, we had a good run.