KUHLTHAU INFORMATION LITERACY MODEL | LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE | UGC-NET | BY NITIKA MAAM

KUHLTHAUINFORMATION LITERACY MODEL | LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE | UGC-NET | BY NITIKA MAAM
Kuhlthau developed a six stage model of the human information search process (ISP). The model includes human feelings, thoughts, actions, and strategies through six stages:
(1) task initiation,
(2) topic selection,
(3) exploration,
(4) focus formulation,
(5) information collection, and
(6) search closure.
At the first stage of the model, an individual becomes aware about the lack of information he or she needs in order to understand a problem or perform a specific activity. Feelings of uncertainty and apprehension are the common state associated with this stage. The second stage involves identification and selection of the general domain to be analyzed. The third stage, exploration, is usually the most difficult step for the user because the uncertainty and doubts frequently increase. This is also the most difficult stage for the designers of IS because the ambiguity about what information is needed makes it difficult to support the user-IS communication. The fourth stage of the model is formulation, a turning point of the process when feelings of uncertainty diminish and understanding increases. At the fifth stage of the model, an interaction between the user and an IS is most effective and efficient as the main task is to gather information pertinent to the problem. The last stage of the model, presentation, includes completion of the search and solving the initial problem.
Information search tactics
Search tactics and moves are the elements of information search strategies. Researchers have applied different definitions of tactics and moves in their papers. In some cases, tactics and moves are used interchangeably. Incorporating Bates’ (1979, 1990, 1992) and Marchionini’s (1995) definitions, Xie and Joo (2010) further define the meaning of the terms moves and search tactics. According to them, moves are basic thoughts or actions in the information search process, while search tactics refer to a series of moves, including search choices and actions, that users apply to advance their searches in the information search process.
Tactic research has focused on query formulation and reformulation. Fidel’s (1985) operational moves are characterized by reducing or enlarging the size of search results, and conceptual moves are exemplified by intersecting, narrowing, or expanding the meaning of queries. Other researchers discovered the following tactics: broadening, narrowing, searching for an author, term checks, changing topics, error, and repeat (Shute and Smith, 1993; Vakkari et al., 2003; Wildemuth, 2004).
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