I was thinking that they are probably linked in some way. The bacteria ate some proto-eukaryotic bacteria and incorporated some of its components into itself. You figure, the jump had to occur at some point in the past, since we are here. No point in thinking that someone else isn’t trying to go it again in a convergent evolution moment.
@ gods are very much an 'idea', while physics is what we see and feel and what makes us see and feel, so I call that my 'god', appreciate your reply :D
The more of these video's I watch, the more I feel that I am no longer an individual... but instead I am simply a 'Universe" for a bunch of other life forms.
This helps explain why there still are such "simple" cells out in the world after all this time. Rather than package things together, as we Eukaryotes have done, they simply share things. On a higher level, I suppose that is like how we Eukaryotes often have commensal relationships, such as bees and flowers. They are sharing resources, and helping each other be able to reproduce, one way or another. It's amazing we Eukaryotes evolved at all, given how efficient it is to simply share with other cell types in an aqueous medium, versus having to maintain diverse cell types within individual forms, i.e., our bodies.
You make interesting points. We can also think like this, that human intelligent life is driven by competition but also cooperation. That's why we make assumptions that the intelligent form aliens must want to conquer everybody else. But what if the aliens in their natural environment don't have natural predators but rely solely on cooperation and sharing?
A fun fact about idiots: The term “idiot” in ancient Greek originally referred to a private individual or a common person who did not hold any public office or participate in political life. The Greek word _“idiōtēs”_ meant “private person” and was not inherently derogatory. In ancient Athens, the democratic faction valued active participation in public affairs and viewed those who only focused on their private matters as deficient for the democratic system. Over time, the negative connotation of the term “idiot” developed as it was used to describe someone who did not engage in public life, leading to the modern usage of the word as a term of insult for a foolish or stupid person. And also in classical Greek society, the concept of an “idiot” was closely tied to the importance of civic engagement. Earlier it also meant one cannot survive. Because a single human cannot survive all alone in a forest between the last glacial maximum right until the Greek dark ages. The most server punishment was casting out individuals. If you were an outcast, sent all alone to the mountain forests and shunned by your society, nothing good awaited you...
Anton, i cannot thank you enough for puting this amazing videos, having to know the progress of scientists is amazing knowledge, you deserve all praises for giving us the knowledge is a much more simple way
“ The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place”. G.B.S I wonder what kind of misunderstandings happen at the bacterial level of communication! Facilitating to ponder!
I'm struggling to learn Graph Theory, which deals with nodes (bacteria) and edges (microtubules) and the darn ancient cyanobacteria are already ahead of me.
AS well as the bio chem in your very informative videos, I always find watching Your Graphics is fantastic ! , there are out of sight ! Just know your graphics are not lost on us ! Really enjoy them !
I rememeber a story about cyanobacteria . A woman had her dog lick a wound she had and she got a one in a million infection by a cyanobacteria that made her lose all her arms and legs from necrosis.
For all we know, communication might be from all size scales from atoms to bacteria and humans to universes, it might take forms that is dependent on time scales from nanoseconds to billions of years.
Incredibly fascinating. Truly. Life seeking out other life, even on the most basic of scales. I feel like this whole concept is just the tip of the iceberg. I don't know what that iceberg is, but I feel it's important, somehow. 🧐
I remember a bunch of years ago a related story appearing. It mentioned one of the cocci viruses that they discovered were doing this, but they didn't know why. I'd never heard the word 'nanotube' by that time, but it's clearly what they were showing in the pictures. It's interesting that science has expanded quite a bit on this subject.
Perhaps multicellularity evolved through the connection of living & dead cells, creating a living structure independent of the life of its individual members, while still preserving the functionality, perhaps, of these dead cells.
I had a second total knee replacement. The infectious disease doc said it was because of the residual biofilm caused an implant infection on the first implant. There are thousands of different bacteria inside each of us. It is very complex!
... on this matter, there are still some questions unanswered; Question 1: Can one obtain an enriched fraction of a subcellular organelle or cell type? Question 2: How does one know that the disruptive procedure does not change the biochemistry of the fraction significantly? Question 3: Why does one assume that homogenisation and centrifugation do not change the entropy, and therefore the free energy and the equilibria of reactions in subcellular particles? Why are not controls always carried out for subcellular fractionation, except for total recoveries relative to the crude homogenates? Question 4: Why is it believed that each biochemical pathway or cycle has its own structural compartment when prokaryotes can carry out virtually all the same reactions in only one compartment? Question 5: Does the finding that a chemical substance or activity is located in the same subcellular fraction and a structure identified by electron microscopy mean that the same chemical activity was located in that particular organelle in the living cell of the intact animal or plant. Question 6: How is intracellular movement possible, and why is the viscosity of cytoplasm so low in the intact cell, if there is a cytoskeleton present? Question 7: Where do protein synthesis and acid hydrolysis occur in cells in which ribosomes and lysosomes cannot be seen? Question 8: What is the evidence that the microsomal fraction consists of cell membranes and endoplasmic reticulum? Question 9: Why is it assumed that homogenisation and centrifugation do not affect the chemistry of receptors, or their affinities for transmitters, hormones, drugs, ligands, toxins? Question 10: Can a particle and a vacuole both be lysosomes? Question 11: Can one calibrate substances originating from tissues using pure solutions in simple salines of approximately the same concentrations? Question 12: How can one study membranes by electron microscopy, when they are believed to contain lipids which the procedure extracts? Question 13: What is the real evidence that rapid deep freezing for electron microscopy causes less shrinkage and distortion of tissues, cells and organelles, than classical transmission electron microscopy? Question 14: Why do those who calculate dimensions from electron micrographs not take into account the shrinkage during preparation and examination of their sections, cells and organelles? Question 15: Do membranes in cells appear to be normal to the plane of section more often than solid geometry would permit? Question 16: Can one know the thickness in life of any biological membrane? Question 17: Why should it be necessary to tilt the stage of the electron microscope to see randomly orientated membranes in all orientations, when this is not necessary with the light microscope? Question 18: How can carriers assist the passage of ions, aminoacids, etc. across membrane, when the combination must be bigger than the substance carried? Question 19: Why have few or no carriers been isolated? Question 20: What is transport? Question 21: Why are receptors and channels, which have been characterised, sequenced and their sizes measured or calculated, not seen on membranes by transmission electron microscopy? Question 22: Can an electron microscopist looking at a metal deposit on a biological structure derive any information about its chemistry? Question 23: Why do the lamellae of the myelin sheath appear to be equal distances apart irrespective of the thickness or depth of the longitudinal section cut? Question 24: Is the repeating distance of the lamellae in the myelin sheath sufficient to regard it as a good model for the cell membrane? Question 25: Since the myelin sheath is believed to consist of a scroll of membranes, and membranes appear darker by light microscopy than cytoplasm, why does not the myelin sheath appear darker than the axoplasm? Question 26: Why is it assumed that the receptors for transmitters, hormones, messengers, antibodies, drugs and toxins are on the surface of the cell membrane? Question 27: How valid is the use of agonists, antagonists and ligands to detect receptors, instead of the transmitters, hormones, antigens, drugs and toxins themselves? Question 28: Why are the dimensions and numbers of synapses different by light and electron microscopy? Question 29: Why are there no light micrographs in the literature showing the connection of one cell body by a dendritic pre-synaptic fibre to a synapse on another cell body? Question 30: Does the chemical theory of synaptic transmission contain unprovable and unproved hypotheses? Question 31: Why is it assumed that evidence derived from experiments on neuromuscular junctions is relevant to transmission in the central nervous system? Question 32: If nuclear pores allow RNA to pass through, how do they prevent smaller molecules and ions going through at the same time, and why is there a potential difference across the nuclear membrane? Question 33: What is the evidence that each cell of a particular plant or animal contains the same quantity of DNA? Question 34: If the cell membrane is fluid mechanically, how can cells maintain their integrity? Question 35: In immunocytochemistry, is it assumed that the fixatives, dehydrating reagents, washings, and primary and secondary antibodies, do not change the reaction of the antibody to the antigen believed to be in a particular cell or part of a cell? Question 36: Is it reasonable to believe that processes or dendrites contain different antigens from the cell bodies from which they arise? Question 37: Under what conditions can tissue cultures be used in the study of the tissues from which they originated? Question 38: Is it warrantable to assume that growth of tissues in culture does not change their morphology, biochemistry, or immuno-reactivity? Question 39: Does not the use of the term neuroglia imply that the authors can not distinguish between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia? Question 40: Why are the individual types of neuroglial cells so rarely seen by light microscopy of healthy central nervous systems? Question 41: Since the latter three alleged cell types were described by classical histological techniques during the first half of the twentieth century, does this not imply that anyone using antibodies to mark them specifically must first identify them by these criteria? Question 42: Why is there no common agreement about the staining procedures, which are supposed to identify astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia histologically? Question 43: Why is it necessary to use tissue cultures of the alleged cell types to identify them and their markers? Question 44: If each cell in an organism contains the same DNA, but some produce different proteins, is the existence of suppressor genes the only possible explanation for the difference of the proteins? Question 45: In diseases believed to be auto-immune, either organ-specific or tissue-specific, why does the body not reject the specific organ or tissue, as it rejects incompatible transplanted hearts, or blood of the wrong group, often making the patients ill, or even killing them? Question 46: Why are pure proteins used for calibration, when different tissues contain different mixtures of proteins, which have different calibration curves? Question 47: Why do synapses seen by electron microscopy appear so much smaller than those seen by light microscopy?
This video combined with the video on photosynthesis that demonstrated that only one photon is needed to start the process makes me wonder if these bridges among bacteria share "light " information 🤔
this is actually pretty mind blowing, and I can't believe that some papers referenced that I followed go back to 2011 (i.e. Prochlorococcus bridging with E.Coli!) This is ... subtly altering my worldview
Bacteria form lattices between them like fungus and slime moulds if they are in the right environment. That's the fastest way for them to locate energy/food sources while using the least energy in the process
Bacteria be like: "The giant eye in the sky is uoon us , we must worship it our it will destroy us! Quichk, link tubes to signal that we will obey!" 😂😂😂
The question with “sharing” is always who starts taking and who giving, but in the end if small individuals combine in a superstructure it becomes us vs them.
Sounds like it's taking advantage of passive transport to establish equilibrium, basically they live together and die together. These tubes have no nothing pushing anything in or out. It's literally just a tunnel.
Okay. This video can explain a lot for the evolution of life. This can present a mechanism whereby multicellular organisms could have formed. It can also introduce a mechanism whereby chloroplasts were taken up by other cells. In such a way as to create oxygen producing organisms, such as plants. Maybe plant cells then also later lost their chloroplasts and became animal cells. For this, also mitochondria had to be enveloped into other cells. In this context, similar events as discussed in this video can count for mitochondria, which are closely related to cyanobacteria. Interestingly, mitochondria can connect to the outer cell membrane. From the inside of the cell of course. I have seen it myself in relation to my substance P electron microscope studies. Also interestingly, mitochondria can also connect to the cell nucleus, in a dynamic way, meaning: they can move physically from the periphery of the cell to the cell nucleus and then regulate gene expression. I have also seen that myself, in relation to my studies on cancer and neurodegeneration. To digress, there is only one eukaryotic cell species that doesn't have mitochondria, as far as we know, and it lives in the gut of animals. Again regarding evolution, it still can be a further development from predation, one cell forms a tube to insert it into another cell and suck it empty. When two cells do that simultaneously to eachother you have a symbiosis. Nice video this, it makes a lot of things explicable.
Whether we like it or not, this direct bacterial hook up is yet another feature of the cooperative nature of life and evolution. Whether it's proclorococcus in the oceans, to symbiotic microbes in our body, the earth is a superorganism; we are a superorganism. All life (and evolution itself) benefits and requires cooperation and communication to maintain the continuum.
Maybe the connection to each another is a common feature in all cells. Some connect "materially" by forming solid structures in higher organisms and some connect "informationally" by sharing information while exchanging substances. These connections might be a precursor of neuronal connections in a nervous system. The bacterial mats in my bathroom are thinking! O.O
7:50 I know this represents a specific structure of some kind, but I am really having a hard time taking it serious when it's pacman shaped, all I see is the pacman running around that cell wall munching on it XD
These microb videos make me feel like the eater of worlds everytime i bite an apple, i imagine millions of screams all to be quelled when they reach my stomach and just kinda vibe with their new cavernous brethren
There was a Special spot in a lake where the reflection and the wind and the Sunlight created an algae mat that I could lift up it was Square meters in size
Good video. Basis of all of it = Genetic behavior scripts adapted over time with calculated upgrades. Best case to see it on a more evolved level is Ants that kill their Queen. People try to say its rebellion but its not, you have to think like a machine. The universe is an animal and a machine when communicating with it. Go to free or paid for AI: "Ants kill queen to upgrade bioprinter." Why are they doing it? Because the DNA of the queen that made them unconsciously programmed them to, pre-birth authority. Ants have Transmission Control Protocols just like Human internet and the DNA in the background is running calculations. One of my favorite words slowly bleeding into Earth logic when describing DNA = Matrix. Updating the Queen means printing with more data leading to printing more effective ants for environment. Science: "We hunting Rabbit down the holes! We gonna make things the Rabbit never thought of!" Rabbit: "What's up Doc?" Science: "Wait minute.."
In a world dominated by multicellular organisms, being a single cell organism means being at disadvantage. So what do the bacteria do? They organize! Kudos, little bacteria, very progressive👍
Bacteria 1: "You're so selfish, multiplying like that without thinking about the strain on our ecosystem!" Bacteria 2: "Big talk from someone who literally doubled their complaints since this started."
I’m presently providing my mouth the means to make more bio-film. Eating lunch while watching this post. And hoping any bacteria that lives in my body is at the moment saying nice things about me. That’s if the bacteria are on speaking terms ( communicating) today…… ⚛️☮️🌏
I remember learning about the exchange of dna through the bridges in microbiology class. I asked my professor how they knew to so that and she told me i should do the research and find out. 😂 This stuff is fascinating.
Where do you come up with this stuff? Talking Bacteria, I tried talking to bacteria living in my refrigerator (with the door open), no response! Not only that people watching this through I was "nuts!"
This, combined with that last video on Mitochondria, makes it feel like we're barely starting to discover what motivates the micro world
Parasite eve game plot gonna become real
I was thinking that they are probably linked in some way. The bacteria ate some proto-eukaryotic bacteria and incorporated some of its components into itself. You figure, the jump had to occur at some point in the past, since we are here. No point in thinking that someone else isn’t trying to go it again in a convergent evolution moment.
m i d i c h l o r i a n s
NOTHING "motivates" the microscopic world. They aren't sapient and don't make decisions. They have no goals or motivations.
{:o:O:}
So, question is do Mitochondria do this?
Hello, wonderful bacteria.
Zeep zeep
And to the top you go
😂
🎉 Yay
😂
You know Anton, with every video you post you leave behind evidence of how amazing life is.
🙏
And so... so complex. Who needs to create artificial 'gods' when nature and physics are so unbelievably complex and beautiful, imho.
@zachhoy i suppose the idea is god(s) created science, regardless i love your point
@ gods are very much an 'idea', while physics is what we see and feel and what makes us see and feel, so I call that my 'god', appreciate your reply :D
The more of these video's I watch, the more I feel that I am no longer an individual... but instead I am simply a 'Universe" for a bunch of other life forms.
It's crazy isn't it?
Twas ever thus.that seems to be a hermetic view.
Why not both :)
@@BrewedIn62 you are all of those things but methinks you should be you,first.
this is more or less the premise of the book "I contain multitudes" by Ed Yong. super good read
This helps explain why there still are such "simple" cells out in the world after all this time. Rather than package things together, as we Eukaryotes have done, they simply share things. On a higher level, I suppose that is like how we Eukaryotes often have commensal relationships, such as bees and flowers. They are sharing resources, and helping each other be able to reproduce, one way or another. It's amazing we Eukaryotes evolved at all, given how efficient it is to simply share with other cell types in an aqueous medium, versus having to maintain diverse cell types within individual forms, i.e., our bodies.
very well said!
Agreed.
And they not only do it for sex. They share with each other. Like birds or is feeding their babies. And helping each other.
You make interesting points. We can also think like this, that human intelligent life is driven by competition but also cooperation. That's why we make assumptions that the intelligent form aliens must want to conquer everybody else. But what if the aliens in their natural environment don't have natural predators but rely solely on cooperation and sharing?
So even single cell organisms benefit from cooperation! Take that, rugged individualists!
no one said individualists were uncooperative! you can be both at the same time.
A fun fact about idiots:
The term “idiot” in ancient Greek originally referred to a private individual or a common person who did not hold any public office or participate in political life. The Greek word _“idiōtēs”_ meant “private person” and was not inherently derogatory. In ancient Athens, the democratic faction valued active participation in public affairs and viewed those who only focused on their private matters as deficient for the democratic system. Over time, the negative connotation of the term “idiot” developed as it was used to describe someone who did not engage in public life, leading to the modern usage of the word as a term of insult for a foolish or stupid person.
And also in classical Greek society, the concept of an “idiot” was closely tied to the importance of civic engagement. Earlier it also meant one cannot survive. Because a single human cannot survive all alone in a forest between the last glacial maximum right until the Greek dark ages. The most server punishment was casting out individuals. If you were an outcast, sent all alone to the mountain forests and shunned by your society, nothing good awaited you...
Love it 😂
So when a bunch of these bacteria get together they lay down phone lines. Very interesting. Great video.
Crazy. Bacteria which are effectively culturing their own bacterial 'farms', but in a way which predicates much more complex life.
Quorum communication has been known for years among bacteria' but I never thought about it being sort of like the cosmic web till just now.
Anton, i cannot thank you enough for puting this amazing videos, having to know the progress of scientists is amazing knowledge, you deserve all praises for giving us the knowledge is a much more simple way
I agree! I also love doing deep dives with the journals he references, this gives me purpose on so many days, and reason to ponder the great unknowns.
“ The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place”. G.B.S I wonder what kind of misunderstandings happen at the bacterial level of communication! Facilitating to ponder!
Have a wonderful weekend Anton, PEACE AND LOVE TO EVERYONE ❤❤.
I'm struggling to learn Graph Theory, which deals with nodes (bacteria) and edges (microtubules) and the darn ancient cyanobacteria are already ahead of me.
AS well as the bio chem in your very informative videos, I always find watching Your Graphics is fantastic ! , there are out of sight ! Just know your graphics are not lost on us ! Really enjoy them !
Humanity can learn from bacteria how to be civil, get along and lend a hand when one is reaching out for help.
Thanks for the content and energy Anton
Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. 🙂🫡
Thank you! That was fascinating.
So what i understand is that the interconnectivity between bacteria might be a good proof for the Gaya theory, that seems so outlandish esoteric
Gaia theory is far from esoteric.
Process and reality by Alfred North Whitehead explains it in a logical way all the way through!
This is a really cool one. Thanks so for sharing all this awesome knowledge!
I rememeber a story about cyanobacteria . A woman had her dog lick a wound she had and she got a one in a million infection by a cyanobacteria that made her lose all her arms and legs from necrosis.
Eek!
The things biologists are learning is so fascinating, and your way of weaving the whole story together is marvelous.
They heard they phrase, "Reach out and touch someone," literally took it to heart and dedicated their life to it!
For all we know, communication might be from all size scales from atoms to bacteria and humans to universes, it might take forms that is dependent on time scales from nanoseconds to billions of years.
So in these bacteria communication and sharing is part of their survival strategy. Humans, take note.
Incredibly fascinating. Truly. Life seeking out other life, even on the most basic of scales. I feel like this whole concept is just the tip of the iceberg. I don't know what that iceberg is, but I feel it's important, somehow. 🧐
Another fabulous show. Many thanks.
I remember a bunch of years ago a related story appearing. It mentioned one of the cocci viruses that they discovered were doing this, but they didn't know why. I'd never heard the word 'nanotube' by that time, but it's clearly what they were showing in the pictures. It's interesting that science has expanded quite a bit on this subject.
We aren't the only earthlings to evolve this far. thanks
Perhaps multicellularity evolved through the connection of living & dead cells, creating a living structure independent of the life of its individual members, while still preserving the functionality, perhaps, of these dead cells.
Fascinating. Thanks. And so well explained. Thoroughly enjoyed and appreciated
I learn so much from you Anton 😊
Nature is interconnected. The depth and breadth are hard to imagine!
Well, it's amazing to see how much we didn't know
Anton- you are a wonderful person! ❤❤❤❤❤❤
Fascinating, very interesting science,thanks👍❤
7:25 ok brushing my teeth again
Can you do mine too plz 🥺
As always - amazed,… need to re-watch some of your best episodes so, I can really appreciate your talent. Thank you.
5:50 Nom nom nom, oh here try this, nom nom nom, omg, that's so good here, nom nom nom, you want some, nom. Yuk. Here.
Wow! Thank you Anton.
It's fascinating how alien Earth's life can be.
I had a second total knee replacement. The infectious disease doc said it was because of the residual biofilm caused an implant infection on the first implant. There are thousands of different bacteria inside each of us. It is very complex!
Another great one Anton! Thanks! 🦠🤘
Anton is a skippity sigma
This could be related to the beginning of complex life...
Who knew? Cooperation and collaboration are the most effective means of survival!
Peace and love to all 😊
Cancer cells appear to do a very similar or same thing to exchange mitocontrial(?) material and/or nutrients.
I like your content, Anton. Are you on Bluesky?
Definitely do not stop at space science.The Is botanicals are fascinating jamie
Hi wonderful persons 👋🏽 live long and prosper 🖖🏽
Cancer cells too?
... on this matter, there are still some questions unanswered;
Question 1: Can one obtain an enriched fraction of a subcellular organelle or cell type?
Question 2: How does one know that the disruptive procedure does not change the biochemistry of the fraction significantly?
Question 3: Why does one assume that homogenisation and centrifugation do not change the entropy, and therefore the free energy and the equilibria of reactions in subcellular particles? Why are not controls always carried out for subcellular fractionation, except for total recoveries relative to the crude homogenates?
Question 4: Why is it believed that each biochemical pathway or cycle has its own structural compartment when prokaryotes can carry out virtually all the same reactions in only one compartment?
Question 5: Does the finding that a chemical substance or activity is located in the same subcellular fraction and a structure identified by electron microscopy mean that the same chemical activity was located in that particular organelle in the living cell of the intact animal or plant.
Question 6: How is intracellular movement possible, and why is the viscosity of cytoplasm so low in the intact cell, if there is a cytoskeleton present?
Question 7: Where do protein synthesis and acid hydrolysis occur in cells in which ribosomes and lysosomes cannot be seen?
Question 8: What is the evidence that the microsomal fraction consists of cell membranes and endoplasmic reticulum?
Question 9: Why is it assumed that homogenisation and centrifugation do not affect the chemistry of receptors, or their affinities for transmitters, hormones, drugs, ligands, toxins?
Question 10: Can a particle and a vacuole both be lysosomes?
Question 11: Can one calibrate substances originating from tissues using pure solutions in simple salines of approximately the same concentrations?
Question 12: How can one study membranes by electron microscopy, when they are believed to contain lipids which the procedure extracts?
Question 13: What is the real evidence that rapid deep freezing for electron microscopy causes less shrinkage and distortion of tissues, cells and organelles, than classical transmission electron microscopy?
Question 14: Why do those who calculate dimensions from electron micrographs not take into account the shrinkage during preparation and examination of their sections, cells and organelles?
Question 15: Do membranes in cells appear to be normal to the plane of section more often than solid geometry would permit?
Question 16: Can one know the thickness in life of any biological membrane?
Question 17: Why should it be necessary to tilt the stage of the electron microscope to see randomly orientated membranes in all orientations, when this is not necessary with the light microscope?
Question 18: How can carriers assist the passage of ions, aminoacids, etc. across membrane, when the combination must be bigger than the substance carried?
Question 19: Why have few or no carriers been isolated?
Question 20: What is transport?
Question 21: Why are receptors and channels, which have been characterised, sequenced and their sizes measured or calculated, not seen on membranes by transmission electron microscopy?
Question 22: Can an electron microscopist looking at a metal deposit on a biological structure derive any information about its chemistry?
Question 23: Why do the lamellae of the myelin sheath appear to be equal distances apart irrespective of the thickness or depth of the longitudinal section cut?
Question 24: Is the repeating distance of the lamellae in the myelin sheath sufficient to regard it as a good model for the cell membrane?
Question 25: Since the myelin sheath is believed to consist of a scroll of membranes, and membranes appear darker by light microscopy than cytoplasm, why does not the myelin sheath appear darker than the axoplasm?
Question 26: Why is it assumed that the receptors for transmitters, hormones, messengers, antibodies, drugs and toxins are on the surface of the cell membrane?
Question 27: How valid is the use of agonists, antagonists and ligands to detect receptors, instead of the transmitters, hormones, antigens, drugs and toxins themselves?
Question 28: Why are the dimensions and numbers of synapses different by light and electron microscopy?
Question 29: Why are there no light micrographs in the literature showing the connection of one cell body by a dendritic pre-synaptic fibre to a synapse on another cell body?
Question 30: Does the chemical theory of synaptic transmission contain unprovable and unproved hypotheses?
Question 31: Why is it assumed that evidence derived from experiments on neuromuscular junctions is relevant to transmission in the central nervous system?
Question 32: If nuclear pores allow RNA to pass through, how do they prevent smaller molecules and ions going through at the same time, and why is there a potential difference across the nuclear membrane?
Question 33: What is the evidence that each cell of a particular plant or animal contains the same quantity of DNA?
Question 34: If the cell membrane is fluid mechanically, how can cells maintain their integrity?
Question 35: In immunocytochemistry, is it assumed that the fixatives, dehydrating reagents, washings, and primary and secondary antibodies, do not change the reaction of the antibody to the antigen believed to be in a particular cell or part of a cell?
Question 36: Is it reasonable to believe that processes or dendrites contain different antigens from the cell bodies from which they arise?
Question 37: Under what conditions can tissue cultures be used in the study of the tissues from which they originated?
Question 38: Is it warrantable to assume that growth of tissues in culture does not change their morphology, biochemistry, or immuno-reactivity?
Question 39: Does not the use of the term neuroglia imply that the authors can not distinguish between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia?
Question 40: Why are the individual types of neuroglial cells so rarely seen by light microscopy of healthy central nervous systems?
Question 41: Since the latter three alleged cell types were described by classical histological techniques during the first half of the twentieth century, does this not imply that anyone using antibodies to mark them specifically must first identify them by these criteria?
Question 42: Why is there no common agreement about the staining procedures, which are supposed to identify astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia histologically?
Question 43: Why is it necessary to use tissue cultures of the alleged cell types to identify them and their markers?
Question 44: If each cell in an organism contains the same DNA, but some produce different proteins, is the existence of suppressor genes the only possible explanation for the difference of the proteins?
Question 45: In diseases believed to be auto-immune, either organ-specific or tissue-specific, why does the body not reject the specific organ or tissue, as it rejects incompatible transplanted hearts, or blood of the wrong group, often making the patients ill, or even killing them?
Question 46: Why are pure proteins used for calibration, when different tissues contain different mixtures of proteins, which have different calibration curves?
Question 47: Why do synapses seen by electron microscopy appear so much smaller than those seen by light microscopy?
This video combined with the video on photosynthesis that demonstrated that only one photon is needed to start the process makes me wonder if these bridges among bacteria share "light " information 🤔
this is actually pretty mind blowing, and I can't believe that some papers referenced that I followed go back to 2011 (i.e. Prochlorococcus bridging with E.Coli!) This is ... subtly altering my worldview
Bacteria form lattices between them like fungus and slime moulds if they are in the right environment. That's the fastest way for them to locate energy/food sources while using the least energy in the process
Quantum sensing is a key capability that can signal changes in bacterial Behaviour!👍
Did you mean quorum sensing? If so then yes absolutely
@Oops! I did indeed. 🙂
Is that like what happened in the Andromeda effect movie?
@ The Andromeda Strain?
Peter Kropotkin being proven right over and over again
Bacteria be like: "The giant eye in the sky is uoon us , we must worship it our it will destroy us! Quichk, link tubes to signal that we will obey!" 😂😂😂
Bacteria are wild ! I so underestimated them …..
Life, it Finds away.
Are they evolving right under our nose?? Fascinating
9:50 Yes. 🌻
The question with “sharing” is always who starts taking and who giving, but in the end if small individuals combine in a superstructure it becomes us vs them.
What I find most interesting about this is that the bacteria must be using some chemical signal which is not "fake-able" by noncooperative bacteria.
At least you can take comfort in the fact that after you die, you'll at least continue on as a cyanobacteria
With so much new knowledge that simple cells are way more complex, maybe the idea of intelligent design should be reconsidered.
They were sharing amino acids, sharing proteins, and in some cases, even sharing Netflix accounts.
Any sharing of microtubules for orc/or?
Sounds like it's taking advantage of passive transport to establish equilibrium, basically they live together and die together. These tubes have no nothing pushing anything in or out. It's literally just a tunnel.
We come from the micro world and live as giants
We should put a collection of Anton’s videos on a satellite and send it into space like that seti probe!
Okay. This video can explain a lot for the evolution of life. This can present a mechanism whereby multicellular organisms could have formed.
It can also introduce a mechanism whereby chloroplasts were taken up by other cells. In such a way as to create oxygen producing organisms, such as plants. Maybe plant cells then also later lost their chloroplasts and became animal cells.
For this, also mitochondria had to be enveloped into other cells.
In this context, similar events as discussed in this video can count for mitochondria, which are closely related to cyanobacteria. Interestingly, mitochondria can connect to the outer cell membrane. From the inside of the cell of course. I have seen it myself in relation to my substance P electron microscope studies. Also interestingly, mitochondria can also connect to the cell nucleus, in a dynamic way, meaning: they can move physically from the periphery of the cell to the cell nucleus and then regulate gene expression. I have also seen that myself, in relation to my studies on cancer and neurodegeneration.
To digress, there is only one eukaryotic cell species that doesn't have mitochondria, as far as we know, and it lives in the gut of animals.
Again regarding evolution, it still can be a further development from predation, one cell forms a tube to insert it into another cell and suck it empty. When two cells do that simultaneously to eachother you have a symbiosis.
Nice video this, it makes a lot of things explicable.
Whether we like it or not, this direct bacterial hook up is yet another feature of the cooperative nature of life and evolution. Whether it's proclorococcus in the oceans, to symbiotic microbes in our body, the earth is a superorganism; we are a superorganism. All life (and evolution itself) benefits and requires cooperation and communication to maintain the continuum.
Life uses quantum phenomena, could we use the tubials to GMO these microbes for quantum computing?
Hello wonderful person, thank you.
They share DNA when they do battle, as well.
Don't open the door when mommy and daddy are "fighting."
Hello wonderful Anton
Maybe the connection to each another is a common feature in all cells. Some connect "materially" by forming solid structures in higher organisms and some connect "informationally" by sharing information while exchanging substances. These connections might be a precursor of neuronal connections in a nervous system. The bacterial mats in my bathroom are thinking! O.O
Bacteria are just dragon quest slimes. Got it
7:50 I know this represents a specific structure of some kind, but I am really having a hard time taking it serious when it's pacman shaped, all I see is the pacman running around that cell wall munching on it XD
These microb videos make me feel like the eater of worlds everytime i bite an apple, i imagine millions of screams all to be quelled when they reach my stomach and just kinda vibe with their new cavernous brethren
I cant find the link to the studies
There was a Special spot in a lake where the reflection and the wind and the Sunlight created an algae mat that I could lift up it was Square meters in size
“We are going on an adventure” - the bacterias.
Makes sense that they might chat along the way.
Some microbiologists believe there is only one species of bacteria because they can so easily share DNA - and mating is one definition of species
If only humans would take a lesson ...
Thank you, Anton.
In filamentous cyanobacteria one filament is one organism, cell is just a part of an organism. Not all cyanobacteria are unicellular
Good video. Basis of all of it = Genetic behavior scripts adapted over time with calculated upgrades. Best case to see it on a more evolved level is Ants that kill their Queen. People try to say its rebellion but its not, you have to think like a machine. The universe is an animal and a machine when communicating with it. Go to free or paid for AI: "Ants kill queen to upgrade bioprinter." Why are they doing it? Because the DNA of the queen that made them unconsciously programmed them to, pre-birth authority. Ants have Transmission Control Protocols just like Human internet and the DNA in the background is running calculations. One of my favorite words slowly bleeding into Earth logic when describing DNA = Matrix. Updating the Queen means printing with more data leading to printing more effective ants for environment.
Science: "We hunting Rabbit down the holes! We gonna make things the Rabbit never thought of!" Rabbit: "What's up Doc?" Science: "Wait minute.."
All the magical and Sci Fi movie universe . My movie universe is turning out to be most real of all
In a world dominated by multicellular organisms, being a single cell organism means being at disadvantage.
So what do the bacteria do? They organize!
Kudos, little bacteria, very progressive👍
Sounds like bacteria are single cellular with multicellular capacity if proximity allows. Absolutely fascinating it can happen between species.
Biomats r awesome !!!!
Bacteria 1: "You're so selfish, multiplying like that without thinking about the strain on our ecosystem!"
Bacteria 2: "Big talk from someone who literally doubled their complaints since this started."
I’m struggling to find a “new journal”. Do you have a link somewhere?
I feel like this us how our cells formed together to larger organisms. We are basically a big clump of cells communicating with each other.
I’m presently providing my mouth the means to make more bio-film. Eating lunch while watching this post. And hoping any bacteria that lives in my body is at the moment saying nice things about me. That’s if the bacteria are on speaking terms ( communicating) today…… ⚛️☮️🌏
I remember learning about the exchange of dna through the bridges in microbiology class. I asked my professor how they knew to so that and she told me i should do the research and find out. 😂 This stuff is fascinating.
They have devolved into simplicity and efficiency. We are the a.i.
Proto muliti cellurality.
I think it's by choice. By putting out extra fuzz there telling passengers by. Hey this is a nice place grab on.❤️✌️🤓🤓😽🖖
😳😊🍔
Where do you come up with this stuff? Talking Bacteria, I tried talking to bacteria living in my refrigerator (with the door open), no response! Not only that people watching this through I was "nuts!"