Optical fiber cables, how do they work? | ICT #3
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- Опубліковано 11 лют 2019
- Have you ever thought about how you get emails or any other information, from any corner of the world, within a blink of an eye? This has been made possible by a network of cables, which are laid under the ground and below the ocean. The cables, which carry most of the world’s data, are optical fiber cables. They are also used in medical equipment. Let’s learn how optical fiber cables work, and how they have revolutionized the world around us.
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There is a Hindi language channel, which does not have Bangla language in English language channel
Sir how you edit videos please tell us
We want a video in Bengali
Sir, you are a great Engineer, # I respect you ♥💛💋
Mistake at 6:25 - electrical signals are transmitted through copper at ~2/3rd the speed of light, almost the same as what fiber achieves. (Actually copper is slightly faster according to most sources since the light bouncing back and forth between walls will increase effective travel length further.) Electrons flow *much* slower, but that's not actually needed for a signal to pass.
The people who invented all of these are the true geniuses.
Yes they are the nerds who got bullied in schools , they are the unsung heroes of human civilization
Narinder Singh Kapany an Indian American engineer
It just came step by step nothing samrt at all
@@hashimal3bdali867 says the guy who cant spell "SMART"
Narinder Singh Kapany invented Optical fibre, the unsung hero.
What I learned from this video..
Optical fibers
1. thickness comparable to that of a human hair.
2. transfers data at a very high speed because of the use of the light as the carrier.(or we can say that they carry information in form of light),(due to this we are able to do this exchange of information in an only blink of an eye.)
Principle : It is based on the principle of Total Internal Reflection of light
TIR:
a) when light travels from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal.
b.) angle of incidence should be larger than the critical angle.
Critical angle: angle at which the refractive angle becomes 90 degrees.
structure of the optical fiber:
core: innermost part of the optical fiber. and light travels through this part of the fiber.
cladding : middle part of the fiber having refractive index less than the core in order for the total internal reflection to happen
sheath: the outside protective layer of the fiber.
material used: mostly these optical fibers are made of glass(silica) or plastic.
In case of using glass as the material, both the core and the cladding are made of the glass and some dopants are added in order to make cladding of lower refractive index.
attenuation: this is the loss of the power of signal. Could include various causes like scattering, absorption etc.
So there are amplifiers installed at certain distances to again power up the signal and cover up for the losses.
Now whenever you send some information through your phone, your information is converted into a code of 0's and 1's, based on already set parameters. This converted signal is send to the tower in form of a wave, where 1 is send a high frequency while the 0 is as a low frequency.
now at the tower if the electromagnetic wave is of high frequency then a light impulse is generated, otherwise for a lower frequency no impulse is generated.
As we also know that amplifiers are installed at certain distances to cover for the losses during the transmission (this loss we termed as attenuation), now the question arises how we will be covering up for this loss when these optical fibers are laid down under the sea and oceans .
Here the cable is much larger in diameter and only very small part of it is actual optical fiber that is carrying the signal. The outer part is the protective coverings.
so here a copper shell runs in the cable itself to supply power to the amplifiers.
optical fiber vs copper cables
1. as the speed of light is always more than the speed of electrons, the optical fiber cables transfer the information at much higher speed.
2. also the flow of electrons inside the copper wire produces a magnetic field and thus is at the risk of magnetic interference due to some outer field.
first the optical fiber were used in endoscopy, here the doctors can see what is happening inside the body of the patients.
(the reason to do this is to not just become a consumer of content, but to actually understand and write it in your own words so as to activate neural pathways in the brain).
You might as well also learn the true origin of this photonic marvel.
We acquired it not invented it. Big difference.
Remember this fact .
We are only 1% genetically different than Chimpanzees . If you think a little harder , you will be free of govt/ military propaganda .
Time to teach the children well.
You should make a good teacher
Supeb
What you did NOT learn: Narinder Singh Kapany (31 October 1926 - 4 December 2020) was an Indian-American physicist best known for his work on fiber optics He is credited with inventing fiber optics, and is considered the 'Father of Fiber Optics'. Fortune named him one of seven 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th century' for his Nobel Prize-deserving invention. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.
@@aerodynamico6427 thanku buddy 🤟🤟
My biggest question about fibre optic cables had always been "How does the information travel through the fibres?" Now I understand...when your device sends out your message (eg test message), nearby transmission towers convert it into binary numbers (1s and 0s), then every 1 travels as a light pulse and every 0 travels as the opposite of a light pulse (i.e no light pulse) through the fibres. On the other end, the receiver converts all light pulses into 1s and all no light pulses into 0s, then the ones and zeros are converted into machine code, which is then converted into human language that you can read. Amazing to learn this today.
Then stuff starts to get complicated once you get to compilers, software, web apps, streaming, and so on lol
Thanks broo
Really great information. Optical fibers really are quite fascinating! Another really cool thing is that you can use up to 80 or so different colors of light (or wavelengths of light) in a single fiber, it's called wavelength-division multiplexing and it increases the bandwidth by 80x!
Limit of fiber optic is not the fiber optic itself but rather everything on each end
You should also make a video on it.🙂
Same as using different radio frequencies. In fact, if we could make lasers that produce frequencies of our choice, we would be able to do much more than just TDM/FDM/WDM. The theoretical bandwidth of optical fibres is so high we haven't even begun to exploit it as a data transfer medium. Rather than using pulses of light, we could use other modulation methods like ASK, FSK, PSK, etc. The physics technology isn't there yet, and computers wouldn't be able to handle the throughput, but it's amazing to imagine the possibilities!
i like staring at lasers
Thank you for the valuable information.
fiber optic cable, high speed internet access
Please help me, I am from India, I have created a new channel, I also make videos on optical fiber cable
All Fiber Solution
youtube.com/@FIBERSOLUTIONSPLICE13884?si=V0hLFw_O5nOVdhD1
Every single time I hear some kid on the internet say:
"UA-cam is garbage, it's nothing but stupid trash meme videos and kiddy nonsense. You can't learn anything useful from UA-cam."
...I send them to this channel.
When the instructor said the light can only be sent 100km before needing to be re-amplified. I was wondering how do they get it across a whole ocean?
Man i was on the edge my seat till i got the answer. What great illustration of how this works. Thank you!!!!!😃😃😃😃🤪🤪
amplifiers are also put below the ocean
Two minutes and fifty-seven seconds in, and I was blown away. I've heard that engineers tend to think man can do anything, and no wonder! Look at what we do now!
Can we fly
@@tayvioncole8731 Yes
@@tayvioncole8731 In a plane, yes.
12 seconds in I had no clue that fibre optic cables stretched the ocean floor that am impressive concept
@@tayvioncole8731 There's a video of a guy paragliding on a sofa couch. Think that's close enough
I used to be a fibre splicer and it takes a lot of practice and patience to strip a piece of glass thinner than human hair. It’s fascinating to watch them join when the arc is fired by the machine. It’s just amazing.
Splicing now is really easy, just strip the outer layer clean it lay the fibres in the machine and shut the lid thats it the machine does the rest.
@@manleynet Its easy for us because we are used to it. Hand a beginner a fiber and a stripper and they will absolutely break it. It takes a few hundred splices to be comfortable with optic fibers.
Then you surely must question the fact that we could not have invented this technology, alone .
Think deeper, think harder .
I'm studying software Engineering in Zimbabwe with a local Varsity. I have a course on networking and um a week away from exams and this video just saved me. Good informative video. It answered a lot of my questions
good luck from america! hope you pass
It's great to hear that you're also learning about the hardware and conections that pass the information, and not just about things related to the software.
This was actually such a great video for people with no background in physics like me. Thank you!
1:49, just casually injecting some glass with dope
Lol
Thank you for the video. I am actually a medical doctor but really enjoy learning more about engineering! All the best!
Great video! There are some heavy inaccuracies though. The two big ones are:
-The speed at which information travels in the copper cable is not necessarily less than an optical fiber!!! Its speed is given by c/n, where n is the root of relative permittivity of the material, it has nothing to do with electrons!! The reason why optical fibers transmit more information is due to the fact that they have a much greater bandwidth.
-Copper cables are usually coated and do not leak EM fields, especially at higher frequencies.
But the rate of speed isn't equal to the speed a tiger can run. Even not the even level. The truth is rain because i had a dream last Night after taking medicine for a tumor in my GI tract. The negative reaction is on the negative side cause thinking is like playing Farmville. That is to say its confusing and i have a feeling even though they said they kept the tiger alive after he ran the cable to cabin to cabin, home to house, farm to ville. I think they put him down after because I do not hear about/from him anymore. Or maybe i just broke a arm again and forgot for a week
@@idlehour Your Point? Also, English please.
@@Fedelisk480 This was typed in English. But because you are confused. And felt the need to question. It is. . . . Убийство во имя
Tysm, confusion get cleared
@@payindah4414 no problem, glad to be of help.
Amazing concept behind Optical fiber cables! Light, signal, Refraction, TIR, Modulation, bits, EMW are the core elements in OFC. Thanks for the wonderful explanation!
feeling naughty? go scuba diving and cut a fiber optic cable and take out a countrys wifi
Just a tiny note. The speed of electrons in copper cables is slow indeed, but it doesn't really matter for data transfer. What is important is the speed of electromagnetic pulse which is close to to the speed of light as in the case of optical cables. Still, optical cables are much more efficient than copper ones.
I cleared my uncleared topic for many years from school age to graduation thank u so much.
All your data is just instructions which can be translated in a light turning on and off. It's just amazing.
It was first used to make decorative lighting inside the home. I’m old.
While i remember the decorations as well, one must realize, this is not that type of cable. At that time is was plastic, and while it did a very similar transmission task, it was not as thin or as dangerous as the inner core of our fibers used for transmission of data. The inner core of data fiber is to be treated as very dangerous needles. They are hard to find once in-bedded in skin. And are now a flexible glass.
70ixlr8 Right on.
The decoration light is not optical fiber cable. That is made only for decoration. The one used in optical fiber is way too thin.
I was studying ray optics and this concept of Total internal reflection made me think of its application irl but i couldn't think of even one and when i searched it i found this and whoever invented Optical fibres is a Pure Genius.
0:06 I thought he were going to say SQUARESPACE.!
lol
too much linus
🤣🤣🤣
Yes
@@farel-168 Techically just about every UA-camr these days are getting sponsors from Squarespace and not just Linus. Other content creators are getting all sorts of sponsors to help promote their videos and their viewers.
Better than teaching in a classroom. Thanks for posting this knowleageable ideas.
I didn't major in engineering and don't know much about it. But I always have the curiosity. Thank you for this video!
All you have to know is that we did not invent this technology
I know it’s hard for you to believe other than what our govts tell us , but think a little harder before you declare how fabulous slightly advanced chimpanzees we are .
@@scundoorsup5342 We engineers really did invent pretty much the vast majority of technology we have today though, we are problem solvers and technological innovators, we are scientists but with practical and prospective concerns. Engineering is the profession why humanity is now a very technologically advanced specie and we take that for granted.
@@eren_yeager9927 while you may have found out how the fundamentals of certain laws of physics behave , you can’t with a straight face lay claim that all this technological convenience is human engineered . You must know this .or maybe not. Research graphene, holograms, cloaking , laser and laser projection etc etc
.
It’s like a pharmaceutical company claiming they have found cures or more accurately bandaids and symptom treatment for all of man’s ills. How is that working work us ??$$
Engineers are funded . Funding flows when results are in favour of the funder . This is well known. Sadly .
Do more critical thinking . Question outside your training parameters and for god sakes, believe in your instincts .
I knew I was a 'A' student if only my physics teacher was this audible... Look at me now trying to relate my wasted life because of the grade I got all thanks to the teacher whom I can still not understand... Thank you for the massage it's really helpful
Through your experience. Any advice? I am 16
Yeah...just be more ambitious with what you want to be...make it fun..work smart not hard...don't be be compromised by the negative energy👍👍👍
*"massage"*
@@humbleandsimple7903 Set a life goal, a mission of how you want improve the world, and focus on that, ignoring what anyone else has to say.
Thanks for this video~ I have a report on FDDI 2 and didnt have much information gathered online so i turned on how fiber optics transmit different types of data. I'll present this video in class it's great!
Thank you for giving this wonderful concept
Great video so far. I really love that channel and your projects.
high speed internet access
If ever there was an invention that embodied the letter and spirit of the phrase "captured lightning in a bottle," this is as close as I've ever seen.
That hello I said to my son via text traveled to his phone 200 miles away in about8 seconds because he sent hello back 15 seconds later….that is amazing!
I find hard to comprehend it's network and how on Earth any person think of inventing such thing... No words...
Thank you so much. I really appreciate your effort of creating tutorial videos like this to spread your wisdom to the world. Please make more videos about networking, it's really helping me a lot. God bless ❤❤❤
Please help me, I am from India, I have created a new channel, I also make videos on optical fiber cable
All Fiber Solution
youtube.com/@FIBERSOLUTIONSPLICE13884?si=V0hLFw_O5nOVdhD1
Mistake at 6:25 - electrical signals are transmitted through copper at ~2/3rd the speed of light, almost the same as what fiber achieves. (Actually copper is slightly faster according to most sources since the light bouncing back and forth between walls will increase effective travel length further.) Electrons flow much slower, but that's not actually needed for a signal to pass.
you're right, electrons move very slow, ElectroBOOM made a video about how it's coulomb stuff that can calculate the slow electron speed, but the main reason for fiber optic supremacy is its lack of interference and its fast rise/fall times compared to copper
electrons travel very fast, they're just shy when you look at them
@Noorquacker exactly, it's the lack of interference that makes fiber optics so superior, but that's a different kettle of fish entirely to the speed that electrical signals travel at. Interference was actually mentioned in the video, so I'm satisfied enough on that point.
Aren't photons and electrons basically equivalent? To differentiate their speed does seem like a fallacy - I noticed this too
The increase in bandwidth also you can cram more pulses per second in a fibre cable without data corruption. They are working on fibres now which have a group velocity very close to the speed of light and a effective refractive index of less than one this would make fibre optics even faster. These fibres are called negative curvature fibres.
As someone who works in the industry I can tell you that this is an extremely simplified explanation. Still a good overview though.
The best lecture on optical fiber ever seen🔥🔥
we had taught this when I was doing my engineering. but I understand whole concept now. great explanation
Wow! Love the visuals. I really wasn’t familiar with optic fibers, now I’m beginning to understand.
I should have come across your channel when i was much younger. Thanks for your efforts
I still don't understand the internet. Like its literally just magic at this point
Check Lecics's video, the title is "How does the INTERNET work"
It’s complicated but not really. All the internet is, is a network of computers. You have to have server towers that have the data, that data is sent out to everywhere. The data is hosted wherever, think of Google. Everything with Google is stored at Google’s data center. When you look for something from Google you’re searching from their data and using the internet to receive the data(actively downloading as you’re searching different things.)
I’m not expert but this is a basic sum up of how it works. It’s a network of computers, you search for things or do things that’s connected to them even if it’s super far away. :)
I have a "optical fiber" course this semester ! Your video helped me to get an idea about it thank you !
Yes
Easy to understand by watching video rather than reading about optical fiber cables. Thanks.
Just saw this in my physics textbook and it looked interesting so I thought I should look into it......i don't regret one bit.
As a Fiber Engineer i approve this message!
And here I am with old dsl internet that’s wack
Will it be okay if I ask some questions sir Alex? 😊
@@joancarlopimentel3263 hahaha your DSL also uses fiber believe it or not
Very informative. I loved it and the power of simplicity.
Our IT teacher has tought us nothing, thanks to this I have some basic understanding.
Thinking about how flippantly it said “they are also used in medical equipment” made me laugh about how basic of an explanation this is. (Which is what I was looking for lol)
Beautifully explained!!
Awesome video! This really helped me understand just how these cables work. The chapter from my fiber optic textbook failed miserably at it.
good
your video helps me studying ict. this video says interesting understanding about optical fiber and the unseen.indeed we normal people use internet every time but know less about the actual science and technology , Thanksgiving for your hard work
yo dead ass great videos. i dont know how you guys do it but the way you explain it makes so much sense
This channel has really great content.
I thought I knew all of this from networking class in school, turns out i didn't, thanks!
Thank you. You clear all my quarries in single video.
The information this channel gives us is well prepared and the animations are too good...
This video is a masterpiece 👌
It deserves millions views
Thank you so much for these videos! Love it! ❤️❤️❤️
love your comment hey....
Excellent video! One minor correction - at about the 6:35 mark, the magnetic field does flow perpendicular to the flow of current. However, based on the direction of this current, the magnetic vectors should actually point in the opposite direction.
There can be no better explaination in this much limited time for this topic...very well explained...
Having seen this video, I have learnt much about optical fiber. Thanks. I am from Pakistan
understanding complex subjects of physics is necessary and helpful !! Your videos are nicely clear and well explained!!your efforts in preparing your videos are very grateful. Thanks very much. I subscribe, like and share. Good lucks.
THANKU SO MUCH...very simple way to understand
What an absolutely amazing video! Great job!
I got optical fiber today and the speed is so good and stable
Must be nice ☹️
Really nice information. Thank you so much for this video.... :) I always watch learn Engineering to improve my knowledge. Once again thank you so much for making these kind of videos learn engineering....
Thank you for the wonderful video. In 7.30 minute you have explained so nicely, one of the most important topic relevant in today's world.
Dr. Amit Kumar Agarwal
Great video. Thanks! This helps me studying my exam.
I don’t know why I clicked on this video but it was very interesting,
It is true that electrons move really slow in an electric circuit (something like 0,003m/s but it depends on some parameters) but the signal is transported with verry high speed because of the electrical field. The superiority of glass fibers is that, they don't have parasitic capacitence, inductence or resistence as metal wires do have
I am not a hater. The video is great and i gave you a like. That was just a small mistake you did. Trust me, i am not a hater
@@cddum4992 yeah good point. But do remember the electric field is slower than the speed of light (and hence the electric field) within the cable.
But apparently it is still faster than fiber according to this guy: networkengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/16438/speed-of-light-in-copper-vs-fiber-why-is-fiber-better
Really good read.
@@boggless2771 this is exactly what i wanted to say, the magnetic field is slower, but i didn't find mey words to say it.
@@boggless2771 Electric fields are not slower than light. They propagate at the speed of light because electric field and magnetic field are the things light is made of. Light is just electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space at c (speed of light).
Wow! How beautifully simplified.
Just amazing 😍After watching this video I got all answers of my questions which wondering in my mind
AMAZINGLY KNOWLEDGEABLE THANKS
The power of creativity in the human mind is limitless. Especially if you combine different creative ideas together. We have the power to bring life as well as destroy each other.
Please help me, I am from India, I have created a new channel, I also make videos on optical fiber cable
All Fiber Solution
youtube.com/@FIBERSOLUTIONSPLICE13884?si=V0hLFw_O5nOVdhD1
Best video in UA-cam about optical fibre 🫡🫡 thankyou very much please upload more videos of physics around us ♥️♥️♥️
Typically Optical fibers are 125 microns in diameter. That is just the glass not the 900 Micron protective coating. Multimode and single-mode. Multimode is used for short-distance single mode is used for long-distance, multimode is an LED single mode uses a laser. Multimode glass is expensive to create do to layers to keep internal refraction at a constant single-mode cable is cheaper due to it having a single path. Multimode components are cheaper connectors and equipment. Single-mode is more expensive due to the higher tolerances required for a laser.
Single-mode core has a diameter of roughly 8.5 microns, multimode has a inner diameter of 62.5 microns they both have the outer cladding to help keep internal refraction going.
Good job at explaining fiber optics are so fascinating
Electrons flow really slowly. Like in the order of mm/h. It's the electromagnetic waves that propagate down the line at some quite high fraction of c.
But atleast you don't need a high flow for them to do work :)
Yeah! good question
I also know that under normal household conditions
Drift velocity of electron is in 10 to the power -4 meter per second
I don‘t think, that‘s right. When there is an eletric potential (which is the case in our household electricity) electrons will move much faster.
LetsPlayTheMoment
I am not taking about the velocity of Valence electron .
But I am taking about drift velocity
That means
Velocity of Valence electron in the opposite direction of the electric field generated by applied potential difference
@@LetsPlayTheMoment In household electricity electrons won't flow at all since the it's ac-current.
Thank you for giving a really good animation video for better understanding of OFC.
amazing..!! this project should be financially supported by education agencies around the world (y)
Good information
during refraction when light travels from rarer medium to denser medium it bends towards normal and when it travels from denser medium to rarer medium it bends away from normal.Right!!!
Thank you for increasing my knowledge...
Keep it up
Where do they get the knowledge to come up with something like this ? Man's brain is truly amazing and beyond compare.
Low ping is achieved. But best routing is also important.
I learned all this in my final year semester..but now forgot most.
I've never seen such a great way of explanation ...
hello everyone my name is welcom
That's interesting. So now question is how the light is converted into electrical signal whenever the light is reached at the destination? what is the mechanism used to convert that light into data (e.g. 101100). Can you please make more detail on that topic in another video or if there are already made video please share.
Thanks for such exclusive interesting education.
A camera can take light ad use glass and mirrors to create a digital image. I don't know much about this stuff but i assume the same thing happens with the optical fiber, maybe it goes through mirrors and glass to be translated to digital
Does it not make you wonder that as we are only about 1% different, genetically than a chimpanzee and yet we have invented such a complex technology??
Think a little harder middle class robot
these optical cable is connected with network towers which pass a specific energy in light to convert it into a signal
In a simple way, I think the reciever at the destination end is designed with photodectectors and Electronic circuits that converts the optical signal to electrical signals
Thank you for this astonishing explanation.
You are born for teaching🎉
At 2:15 the information is wrong.
Total internal reflection does not take place at critical angle. It takes place at angles more than the critical angle.
The critical angle is the incident angle for which (when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium) the angle of refraction is 90°.
Md Amiruddin so smart
Yea that’s what they meant
He corrects it at 2:41
2:30 at critical angle light ray makes 90 degree angle with normal. When angle of incidence is increased beyond critical angle, the light ray comes back in the same medium.
You were incorrect man.
this is exactly what is wrong with the world today. you do 99 things correct and one "slightly" incorrect = you were incorrect man!!!
Very useful information every individual have to know,not as a subject but, as a knowledge
you people are doing great things! you made education so simple
omg.... I was really amazed that optical cables are also under the sea....
I’m far more amazed that in the 1850’s (not a typo ....the eighteen-fifties; 160 to 170 years ago) insulated copper cables were lain across the Atlantic between Great Britain and North America to host telegraph Morse code service. There was one, iron steam ship that could handle the job; multiple attempts were made that involved the line breaking while laying it, with subsequent recovery of broken cables and repair while at sea and a host of other problems to overcome that dwarfed the challenges of installing the current fibre optic submarine network in place. A 2-3 inch long section of the first trans-Atlantic 1853 insulated copper cable can be seen in The Museum of Science and Technology, Ottawa (Canada). When I learned it this was on display there (a few years before I managed to get to Ottawa) it was the first displayed item I checked-out. How they managed to accumulate that much copper; waterproof insulation (not rubber) manufacture, handle, transport load onto a huge iron, steam powered and sail assisted vessel in a length about 3,000 miles long and pay for it by collecting funds from private investors on both sides of the Atlantic back then, is mind-numbing staggering to think of. The men involved with this were very much, men...with testes...a fact that’s currently worth-while mentioning, especially if you’re a young man reading this and feeling as if society has taken a baseball bat to your knees in an attempt to re-define your natural potential and that of women.
I love in Argentina and the cable that connect whole south america is a few dozen kilometers from me lol
There's a website with a map that shows them all there is 400+ of them every continent on the planet has multiple cables going to them except for Antarctica because the penguins don't need that much bandwidth I guess.
Well illustrated :)
In your comparison between fibre optics vs copper (speed of light VS speed of electrons), I think I get how the information gets transformed into electric signals, but how does the information get transformed into light?
Lasers i think
True selection of optical fiber
Please continue with giving us such wonderful informations
it's very helpful. but i wanna know how can these cables be placed under the deep seawater.
Water proof casing
By ship optical fibers are placed under seas. I saw video about it
ALENS
I believe some aspects of this video are inaccurate: The speed of light in a copper (co-axial) cable is about the same as in an optical fiber. The speed of the electrons in a co-axial cable is irrelevant to how fast signals travel. Furthermore, around a co-axial cable there is no magnetic field, as it is shielded. In fact, around an optical fiber there is actually light bleeding out (albeit weak). The reason that optical fibers win over co-axial cables is that Ohmic losses (energy converted to heat) are much lower in the former.
Coaxial Cable needs a repeater station for every two kilo metres (requires a power plant , battery back up etc) where as for OF cable, in India we provide a repeater station at every 40 km approximately. Co-axial cable's capacity is very low when compared with OF cables. As per latest DWDM (Dense Wave Digital Modulation) Technology, each fiber of OF cable can be loaded up to 80 Gb (Each 2 Mb stream can handle 15 voice call channels and each call requires 2 channels, one for out going and One for incoming). Cost of OF cable is thrown away price and no one tries to steal it because it has no salvage value.