Understanding Transformer Losses in Transmission and Distribution System

Transformers play a critical role in the efficient and reliable distribution of electrical power in modern society. They are fundamental components of power distribution and transmission networks, facilitating the transfer of electrical energy between different voltage levels. Through electromagnetic induction, transformers enable voltage transformation, power loss reduction, electrical isolation, voltage regulation, and system flexibility. With their ability to step up or step-down voltage levels while keeping the frequency unchanged, transformers form the backbone of our electrical infrastructure, ensuring the safe and effective use of electricity in our daily live. Otherwise, the electrical current flowing in the coils and the magnetic field alternating in the core produces transformer losses. The losses associated with the coils are called the load losses, while the losses produced in the core are called no-load losses.
What Are Load Losses?
Load losses vary according to the loading on the transformer. They include heat losses and eddy currents in the primary and secondary conductors of the transformer.
What Are No-load Losses?
No-load losses are caused by the magnetizing current needed to energize the core of the transformer, and do not vary according to the loading on the transformer. They are constant and occur 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, regardless of the load, hence the term no-load losses. They can be categorized into five components:
Transformer losses have significant impacts on the efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of transmission and distribution networks. These losses occur in both the core and windings of the transformer and can result in various consequences throughout the electrical system.
1. Hysteresis Losses in Core Laminations
2. Eddy Current Losses in Core Laminations
3. Ohm's law Losses due to No-Load Current
4. Stray Eddy Current Losses
5. Dielectric Losses
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