@_FanZe_ even if he did like his own comment others followed suit, also imagine being toxic to a random person in a comment section. (I only did this to show how annoying this is ik 2 wrongs don't make a right but idk)
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 Of course there isn't. But this is a Western channel, and the West has their own outfit to promote, The Holy Roman Empire, which as as Voltaire quipped, was neither Holy nor Roman, nor an Empire. Just the simple matter that when Rome fell in 476, the Senate in Rome sent the Imperial Purple to Constantinople is enough to establish State continuity. This is the Cancel culture on historical scale, first conceived in 1557 by German historian Hieronymus Wolf, in Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ.
@ARYA : officials Eastern Roman Empire is a name made up by Historians too Bruh come on get it right lol. They were the 1 undivided Roman Empire, Eastern Roman is a newer term than Byzantine
I will say, the armor and outfits of the Byzantines and Sassanids in the 500s/600s is one of the coolest-looking military aesthetics in history. It's got the elegance of ancient and classical times but also the protection and sturdiness of the later middle ages.
After killing each other so much that Arabs could exploit the opportunity to take out Sassanid and seize like half of Byzantine territories. The people got tired of the long; costly war and welcomed the new overlords. Why the Sassanid Emperor the war anyway?
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 As stated at the video's beginning, historians are always keen to stress the point you've made, that so-called Byzantines were rather Romans. However, that doesn't mean Byzantine isn't a useful term to describe the Late Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman empire lasted so long that spliting it into distinct periods saves time and confusion. It's not a lie, but a tool.
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 They were the successor of Greece under heavy cultural Roman inputs. Legionnaires of the Empire were, on the other hand, almost all the time coming from the Italian peninsula. It then changed with the inclusion of barbarians and the East mobilised, but they weren't the same people nor the same traditions or state.
Not gonna lie, I think that Kings & Generals, Invicta and Historia Civilis could be assimilated into one ultra-Antiquity channel. They cross over similar or same subjects anyway.
I think I've listened to three audiobooks now, on the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. I always feel a sense of tragedy whenever I go down the rabbit hole. For an empire to have withheld for so long, against so many existential calamities, it truly is remarkable. So impactful that Tolkien used it as a baseline in developing the story of Gondor in the Middle Earth universe.
Amazing, so sad that most people back then until now in the last recent decade or so had not noticed much about Eastern Rome's influence in science fiction = it truly was a great empire in of itself.
Old comment but have ya listens to the history of Byzantium podcast? Is very informative covering everything from 472 to 1453. It has historians and theologians on it too
Thank you for making the byzantine empire known to the world. Although in Greece we studied it extensively, I feel that other nations haven't grasped certain aspects of this part of medieval history and its a shame. And thank you for always being scientifically accurate. Kings and Generals FTW!
Because the west (which is the one to hold the cards since the fall of the eastern roman empire) dont like the idea that the romans endured during the "dark ages" they enforced this idea during the whole renaissance to really say "they are greeks not romans and they are some kind of pagans usurpers of the values of the great roman empire" It is with this idea that the west florished under the renaissance and that the historians in the enlightement made up the term "Byzantine" to really deromanize it, therefore the fact that empire was a very seccesfull chirstian empire which didnt made crusades or enforced catholisism like the west did was a problem for the secular historians of the enlightements, like "ho but they got attacked by islam? They didnt do any chirstians conquest because they were orthodox? Naaaaahh we cant allow chirstianity to have a good light we must burry it" All of this combined make that even nowdays you will have a lot of western historians completly ignoring the "byzantine" claiming its just some ind of corrupt evil dark ages empire and was not roman....
@@AdriatheBwitch You inherit a really nice axe that belonged to your father and his father and so on for as long as anyone in your family can remember. You're out chopping wood or whatever and the blade breaks, there's no saving the blade so you end up replacing it. The next year you're using it again and the handle snaps, requiring you to replace that. At this point it is a completely different axe than when you received it, yet when you hand it down to your son you will tell him it's the family axe. The only reason we say its still the family axe(BYZ&Rome) is because a group of people say so. Its literally semantics
@@superm530 It is a bit more complicated, they do revere it but sometime they go as far as to claim they are its true successors or claim to be the true romans and like claiming that greeks didnt exist slavis were the first (you can see it with macedonia sometime)
@@shorewall Yes, its a lot having to do with religion the pope wanting to break away from the roman empire in the east and the authrotiy of the emperor and used/played on the pride of the germanic ppl such as franks to protect him and make him be a new pwoer
@@shahsaud2625 Byzantium survived both Arabs and Seljuks adapted and overcame the threat. The Crusaders in terms of tactics and the Venetians in terms of strategy dissolved the Byzantine empire. The Ottomans never faced a strong byzantine state but a remnant.
I love how King's of Generals subtly and intelligently claps back at people who believe that the Imperial Legions were the ultimate fighting force and all changes made to it, made the Roman army worse. When in fact it was the smarter move I really have been waiting for this one! Please do
No the archers part is correct, but the infantry of the old Roman Empire was more powerful. They were equipped with better armour as well compared to Limitanei and Comitatenses.
@@jonsnow1055 i agree legion was stronger, but that was because the legion were built for conquest, in the defensive war they were proved to be ineffecient and slow since the state had to rerecruit discharged veterans that were spread around the empire. There was also the issue of cost ineffective, but i think that was more because roman had antiquated financial system.
@@all-lowcostthenile6799 The other issue was that the quality of troops had degraded. Most Romans weren't even interested or motivated to join the army. This is due to Carcallas edict.
I disagree. So much. The Roman Legions would engage in battles outnumbered and would win. They should have kept the Basis of the Army the Heavy Infantry Soldier. But focused on increasing quality of arms and amor and improving logistics. As a result of this shift to defense Byzantines would struggle to mount any reconquests. While the Ottomans who were focused on offense were able to capture all of the old East Roman Territory within 300 years.
Change in military doctrine (esp. the shift in emphasis from the heavy infantry legions to the armored cavalry archers) didn't make the Eastern Roman Empire less Roman, anymore than the British Army's shift from redcoats to the khaki uniform didn't make it less British.
@SVS Thats literally nothing at all like the Romans situation, that comparison is really bad. Eastern Rome was already Roman territory it wasn't "retreat to somewhere else". Also Rome had ALWAYS been multiethnic. Read history dude. Gauls were romanized so were the Celts, that had become part of the Empire and adopted Roman traditions. Also Romans were constantly changing their tactics to adapt, that not de-Romanizing the Empire. Greek was already the lingua franca of the Eastern Provinces and the Greeks and other eastern ethnicites had become Roman centuries before. They adoped Roman tradtiiton and culture just like the Gauls and were just as Roman as the Italians, who themselves were part of "Byzantium" for more than half a millenia. I honestly think you either don't know about Roman history and are just speaking without any value or you have some wierd grudge about Greeks.
@SVS Besides what Runok said to counter you: 1-Roman culture by the High Empire was vastly different from the purely, latium based, original Roman culture from the 8th century BC, when Rome was founded. The High Empire was ultra hellenized compared to it. The greeks, on the other hand, were also heavily romanized. Rome culturally evolved since the start, they were not less Roman because of that. 2-On armies: The earliest recorded way the Roman army fought back in the old kingdom days was as...hellenic hoplites, lol. The classical image of the segmentata clad, roman legion only appeared by the times of Trajan more than 600 years later, and had been evolving for 4 centuries now. It had originated in the Polybian legions...which were based in the Iberian style of fighting with a large shield, javelins and short swords. Rome had always changed its fighting style and adapted foreign weapons/armour when evolution was necessary, like any other succesful power, like the British. They were not less Roman because of that.
@@Montechristoss the Muslims destroyed the Byzantine Romans, khalid ibn walid weakened them and broke their morale, and Muhammed Al Fatih aka (Mehmed the conqueror) finished them off
Those are more horse archers than expected. But one has to wonder, though. Given the influence of nomadic tribes of horse archers in Europe during late antiquity, why it didn't became an stablished practice during the early Middle Ages at least? In comparison with the front charge lance wielding knight that stablished later, I mean.
That is a good question. I think archers were more effective in huge numbers, but Germanic Europe went another way, where a small number of elite warriors ruled over the population. As a result, personal defence and shock factor became the most important thing for the warrior. Obviously, that wasn't the case everywhere. Spain, for instance, had a proud tradition of horse javelinmen.
Maybe training enough horse archers requires a large chunk of the (male) population to be doing both horseback riding *and* archery, and that might have just not happened. I mean on the steppe you needed a horse and a bow to live, but on a medieval manor you really don't. You might have a bow and be able to ride a mule, but shooting while riding is a different task.
Also, I think I read somewhere that because of Europes damp climate it was harder to maintain the deadly composite bows that made horse archers effective. The glue would quickly waste away making the hard to create composite bows useless after a short time. Instead Europe went for crossbows and Longbows which are way harder to use in a ranged cavalry like fashion.
Great video. The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 was a devastating defeat for Eastern Rome. The wealthiest provinces were lost forever. But, there was a silver lining to that defeat. The Theme System was developed in the Eastern Roman Empire. This allowed the empire to have an army that was more Roman (sharing a common language which was Greek) and Christian. The hiring of large numbers of mercenaries was expensive and their loyalty was always questioned. (Eastern Rome continued to have units of foreigners in their armies, but in a smaller number as compared during the time of Justinian.)
I hope we will see the post Justinian/Belisarius reforms of the Eastern Roman Military, moving onwards to the Middle Ages, in another vid. Excellent vid on the early ERE Army!
I just started reading The Strategikon of Maurice... and then I saw this episode. 😍 Please more episodes about the imperium GraecoRomano... we love it. 😁
We must recognize the fact that the video makers of Kings & Generals master the art of putting epic music but in a subtle way to make the video 10 times more interesting and memorable
The Romans up to the 5th century A.D. relied almost entirely on heavy infantry which used sheer and brute force to massacre in large numbers. On the other hand the Byzantines abandoned these old techniques in favour of strategic maneuvres like avoiding pitched battle wherever possible.They also invested in new cavalry battle styles (horse archery)and equipment which were adapted by the Avars from the 6th c. A.D.
Yep, this is the stark contrast to the ones we have in Attila Total War. In Attila Total War, particularly Western Roman Empire had the Cohors and Limitanei Border Guards as meat shields while Scout Equites as flankers.
@SVS the real buggery for the West happened hundreds of years later when the Mongols swept into Eastern europe and massacred, pillaged and no doubt raped Russians, Hungarians, Bulgarians and even Polish en mass before a stroke of luck (for Central Europe) saw them turn back due to infighting.
This is clearly not the case going by the Strategikon or Procopius. Mass infantry formations still formed the bulk of armies in the 6th century, and they were extremely well trained, armed to the teeth, and covered from head to toe in armor, and fought using very sophisticated tactics and formations that are a clear evolution of the earlier Roman Legions. In fact, the old Legions in the east all still existed in one form or another at the time of Procopius.
@@John-el. I know it isn't I was referring to the military tactics and professional training america has that has originated from rome and greece (not all methods but quite a bit was learned from them)
The Romans were masters of adaptation but the Eastern Romans were the peak of adapting. Horse Archers (Nomads), Long bowmen (Sassanids), Phalanx (Makedon), Hoplites (Greek ), Heavily Armoured Lancers (Parthia), and so many others.
All right, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us?
I hope you make a reference on the Τακτικά(Tactika) by Nikephoros Ouranos, one of the most underappreciated Byzantine commanders. Great video as always
@@imperialstormtrooper1054 I am Greek as well, and most likey Ouranos was too, but Greeks shouldn't take all the credit. Other peoples that lived within the empire (Armenians mostly) played a crucial role in the military prowess of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Finally we have finally reached the history of the byzantine military. Looking forward to newer documentaries about the themata system, basil's army, the komenian army and the palaogian army.
How was 10th legion last in service?And which 10th legion?People often talk about legion numbers as if they imagined it that each legion had its unique number.They dont.Several different legions often shared the same numerals.From that reason Romans also started to give additional names to legions so which 10th legion you have on mind?Moreover we dont know what legion was longest serving.We only have some accidently recorded for longer time than others but it does not mean they were necessarilly those really longest existing.Several legions from early Imperial times and earliest late antiquity are still known to exist by 6th century and some dating their regimental history even to republican times are still recorded even in 7th century.V MACEDONICA is best candidate as we have this regiment captured best in preserved records.III Cyrenaica lasted similarly long as Macedonica and there is also a chance that "Scythians" mentioned as garrison resisting together with Cyrenaica Muslim conquest were descendands IV Scythica although they might also be newer Legio Palatina formation named "Scythae" created in 4th century(perhaps as detachement from IV Scythica.
@@nikolamilosevski6424 He didn't said that he is EXCLUSIVELY interested or concerned with the history if the Eastern Roman empire. He simply said he is Greek and that he finds the video interesting. Do you need elaboration?
@@Georgios1821 Im glad you only said medieval roman empire, and not ancient latin rome. Because Italy in my opinion is the true heir of the legacy to ancient latin rome. But I also disagree on the whole barbarian overlordship. There were many latin states that were not created out of the hands of barbarians. First, venice which was created by roman refugees that fled the lombard invasions and managed to survive for over a thousand years remaining independent from the HRE. In fact, after 1453, the romans that fled the east came to venice in the thousands, some Venetians even nicknamed their state "second rome" but that was most likely just as a joke. Second, you have the Papal states. While yes they were ruled over by the franks as a form of protection, the papal states themselves were actually created out of the Exarchate of Ravenna (the roman government of italy after justinian's reconquest.) Plus, the papal states eventually achieved full independence. Then the giudicati which resided in sardinia and remained that way until the iberian dominion over the island. But overall, the common italian after they lost their roman identity didnt even lose their latin civilization. Every people that ruled over italy were either already latin or ended up latinizing due to being outnumbered by the native italic peoples. Even looking at the fall of the west, you have the two kingdoms of italy (odoacer and ostrogothic kingdom) which both rulers considered themselves kings of romans. Then of course italy was brought back fully under roman rule but shortly after the lombards came in and while they were a tiny minority in the vast italic population, they are the reason the roman identity faded away as they made the administrative changes occur. But latin civilization as a whole survived in Italy. In my opinion, the western roman civilization didnt fall at all, it just evolved into many branches, but at the cost of the imperial title being removed. My overall stance on the true heir of the roman empire is that there are absolutely no successors of the entire state's lifetime. The roman state in 1453 fell, and the rump states fell along with it in the following years. So, I normally divide up the roman legacy by the time periods. Italy gets 753 BC - 476 AD, italy AND greece are kind of merged on the roman claim during justinian because it was still transferring from latin to hellenic. But 620 AD (when the language went from latin to greek officially in the empire) and onward would belong to the peoples of the East.
@@adolphbismark4331 you really need to open a book and read about the history of the eastern Roman empire the were Greco Romans the spoke Greek they were Christians and they had Greco Roman culture . Futhermore you say that the emperors of eastern Roman empire were Anatolian Thracian Armenian but all people that you mention were Greco Romans who lived in Anatolia in Thrace , in Armenia and in Illyria
The videos on Byzantine history are such a great thing to listen too! I would love to hear more about Byzantine naval battles and just naval battles in general during the times of the ottoman Habsburg wars!
The Byzantine empire definitely didn't just give up on having a strong infantry core, case and point the Varangian guard. Nothing beats a good 'ol Dane axe on the front line.
Great video. The perception that Byzantine armies were weaker than classical Roman ones, is helped by the fact the Empire had plenty of defeats and was mostly one the defence in its later years. Incompetent rulers and limited expansion of the Empire also contribute to this idea.
This was an excellent video. As someone covering Byzantine history now, I really appreciate this. Instead of making fun of the Byzantines for their decline, we should admire them for how they held on to greatness for such a long time!
Yeah, Byzantine=Roman but the armies did change. Calling the Byzantines Romans every time you mention them confuses people because most people think of massive legions, Rome and eagles when they hear "Roman". They were different to the earlier Roman Empire in everything but heritage, and calling them Byzantines gives a nice division of who's who.
@@freddovich7925 Maybe the general public at large would have a more nuanced picture of "Roman" if we didn't resort to calling them Byzantine any time we refer to the Roman Empire post fall of the West.
Pressed Like even before watching!! Craved for more videos about Eastern Roman military for long time. There have been way too many historians purposefully ignore the eastern half.
I'm a greek (hellene) and I would like to express my point of view and how we greeks (hellenes) perceive history of byzantium. First of all Byzantine Empire is a post historic term was used by western european scholars of studying greek history of the former eastern part of roman empire. Either one refers to greeks or hellenes, romioi, yunans are the same term of people living in the current land of Greece and all of those people living previously in Minor Asia (Μικρά Ασία) or nowadays land of Anatolia Turkey. The term ''hellene'' ceased to be used almost from the third century because of the fact that this term meant someone to believe in 12 gods and not in christianity. The term ''hellene'' was revived again by greek and western political thinkers and revolutionaries in 17th-18th century. Instead of ''hellene'', the term ''roman'' citizen had started to be used in order to be self-proclaimed by any citizen of the Roman Empire (but in reality Eastern-Roman-Empire). It could be a greek, a former roman and latin citizen or an armenian or a slav or any other nationality to join the empire. Of course the majority of them were greeks, speaking greek and were christian orthodox and were guided in religioun by the patriarch of Constantinople ( the other pole of power along with the emperor). Most of the western powers at the time already called the realm Greek Imperium or Greek Empire but not Roman. In contrary to this, the greek-phone or ellino-phone people called themselves as roman citizen or ''romioi'' in greek language. Of course my predecessors were not roman (the modern italian people do not accept this term - they are right) but they inherited the roman structure, the roman power and roman continuity of an empire. The crucial historical point was the establishment of the new capital in the eastern part of the empire in the old greek town of Byzantion ( founded by ancient greeks in 7th century before Christ) with the name New Rome. This term was never be used for the descpription of the capital but the term (polis of Constantine - city of Constantine ) in other words Constantine-polis or Constantinopolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη in greek language was dominated from then until 1930 when the new-born country Turkey came up as the continuity of the former Ottoman Empire, had changed the name to Istanbul. Finally I would like to add the words of Helene Glykatzi-Ahrweiler born 1926 who is a Greek academic Byzantinologist of what Byzantine Empire was. Byzantium is divided in 3 periods of time, during 1000 years of its existence. The first period approximately (330AD - 680AD) Byzantium was a roman empire with roman structure, christian population under the dominance of the greek language, the second period approximately (680AD -1100AD) was a empire with christian structure, christian population and greek majority population and the third period (1100AD - 1453AD) was a greek empire with greek structure and greek -orthodox population.
Great video, Byzantine Empire and it's army are often overlooked in modern popular history so thanks for making this video. Hoping you do the whole evolution of the army up to the end of the empire.
@@samnatt248 defending their territory? Egypt sided with the losing side in a Roman civil war so Rome annexed them and Judea was an allied/tributary of Rome that was later annexed.
Thank you guys for this series. I've long needed a juxtaposition of the old empire to the western Roman's that followed. I look forward to more videos on this matter.
Great video l can't wait to see the evolution of the eastern Roman army ( theme system , Tagmata) cataphracts Varangian guard scutatoi and many more units
@@adolphbismark4331 hahahahahaha all can understand that you not have even open a book to study about them from what are you writing l am not going to reply again because obviously you are a troll or completely uneducated about the Varangian guard
They are the strongest in terms of military around (500-1071) even though their empire is in decline until the fall of anatolia were they are severely weakened in terms of military and population. The battle of manzikert was the final nail in the coffin
@@acrylic1176 No it wasn't. You completely forget the Komnenian dynasty and it's restorations, and during Manuel's reign, the empire was again the strongest on the mediterranean. Then there was the early Palaiologos dynasty wich also was a serious threat for turks.
Brilliant video! Genuine thanks for the quality and the brilliant exposition of the video. I had been wondering about the subtelties of the change in military doctrines of the Eastern Roman Empire, but had never bothered to properly look into it. If anyone happens to have good extra material on the topic I would love suggestions, the video made me really want to read up further on the topic
The HRE was only considered "Holy" as of the rule of Frederick Barbarossa, fyi. He added the "Holy" as a way of saying that the Emperor no longer needed the approval of the Pope to rule.
Great Channel im from eastern europe, and i adore Byzantine history! Thank you for making this videos, Side note : UA-cam commercials are gone crazy this days.... but your Channel is great tho !
@@ktheterkuceder6825 për çfarë po flet? së pari ju jeni i ri me siguri, së dyti kush ju tha që ne jemi apo nuk jemi ilirë une jam 17 vjec i lindur dhe i trazuar ne greqi, kurre nuk me eshte dhene rasti te mesoj historine shqiptare dhe as gjuhen sepse ne po mesonim greqisht dhe gjithmone flisnim ne greqisht ne shtepine tone arrita të mësoj historinë e vendit tim vetëm duke kërkuar albanologë të huaj pasi nuk e kam folur dhe ende nuk flas fare mirë shqip kërkova gjithçka vetë, madje shkova në fshatra arbëreshe vetëm për të folur me vendasit dhe për të blerë disa libra arbëreshë thesari ynë më i madh nga të gjithë është gjuha jonë që albanologët (historianë britanikë francezë italiane dhe madje edhe holandezë) e kanë lidhur gjuhën shqipe me mesapianin thrakioten dhe me illirin nga studimet për gjuhën mesapiane 2 vitet e fundit gjuha proto shqipe është më shumë se 3000 vjet e vjetër dhe nuk jam unë që e them atë, as nuk heq as mësuesit dhe historianët shqiptarë, por edhe mësuesit e huaj që punojnë në gjuhën shqipe dhe madje mësojnë gjuhën shqipe është kaq qesharake kur të huajt bien në dashuri me historinë dhe gjuhën e kombit tonë, por shqiptarët nuk e bëjnë këtë askush nuk po ju detyron të quheni shqiptarë nëse nuk ju pëlqen, madje edhe unë kam studiuar shumë për historinë ilire do të doja të dija më shumë për këtë popull
@@ktheterkuceder6825 së dyti, ilirët nuk ishin 1 njerëz, por flisen të ndryshme me gjuhë mjaft të dobët dhe sistem shkrimesh kemi arbanet ose arbret (latinisht: albanoi ne vitin150AD《ANO DOMINI》apo arber si a thonim ne i cili është ai nga vijmë ne edhe u bem arberia apo kingdom of arber si na thosin anglezët)pashtasj kemi taulant, dalmatia, dardania, ardiae dhe shumë më tepër mos u bë një antishqiptar, kërko historinë e prindërve të tu dhe më vjen keq që keni lindur shqiptar pasi jeni kaq antishqiptar por nuk është faji im dhe nuk kisha ndonjë dëshirë të keqe kur i rekomandova një nën-subjekt kings and generals Chanel sepse illyria është një temë që të gjithë interesohen ashtu si istoria thrakiote e cila është epike dhe dakia të cilën nuk e dëgjon shumë
@@ktheterkuceder6825 së pari nuk ka rëndësi nëse devijojmë nga ilirët ose thrakët apo dakët apo edhe nëse kemi ardhur nga mesapianët që ishin në thelb një pipulaton ilir i cili migroi në Itali kështu që nuk ka asnjë ndryshim ju mendoni se është nga trakët ose ilirët ose dakia apo çfarëdo tjetër? nuk ka asnjë ndryshim, fakti që ata besojnë se ne vijmë nga ilirët janë së pari historia e fisit tonë arbëri dhe së dyti fakti që skendergs flamuri përveç shqiponjës dykrenare ju mund të njihni fushën blu me një yll të verdhë me 5 majë i cili ju shihni në shumë flamuj të familjes shqiptare ky yll devijon nga ilirët sepse ardiae dhe shumë më tepër fise përdor një fushë blu me shumë yje të verdhë me 5 cepa mbi të gjëja e tretë është që fisi ynë të devijojë nga zona e cila atëherë quhej arbanon para Krishtit, kjo ishte fisi ynë që bëri hapat e tij të parë dhe ishte e pamundur që ne të ishim thrakas apo edhe një fis grek sepse nuk ka artikuj që njerëzit thrakë të migronin atë zonë gjithashtu në shekullin 7 dhe 8 pas Krishtit ne shohim Bizantinët që dokumentojnë faktin se gjithnjë e më shumë njerëz ilirë migruan në qytete si avlona arbanopolis dyrachium dhe kruja, kështu që edhe sikur të ishim thrakë ose dakë, ADN-ja jonë do të ishte përzier me njerëzit autohtonus, kështu që në thelb e njëjta gjë
@@ktheterkuceder6825 së dyti, nuk ka dyshim që gjuha jonë është e lashtë, gjuha proto shqiptare që qëndron në degën e vet si një gjuhë indoevropiane është larg një prej gjuhëve më të lashta indoevropiane gjithashtu, ju shihni faktin që gjuhët shqip kanë shumë ndikim nga gjuhët greke dhe latine ne fjalë për fjalë ndajmë mijëra fjalë me grekë dhe ka mijëra fjalë shqipe në gjuhën greke dhe unë e di që sepse studioj latinisht, unë jam një shqiptar që jetoj në greqi duke folur gjuhën greke gjuhësia shqiptare është një nga gjuhët e vetme që ka qëndruar e njëjtë kjo është arsyeja që ne mund të komunikojmë lehtësisht me arbëreshët, me arvanitas, arnautë dhe madje arbansi deri në urkaina nuk ka asnjë gjuhë tjetër indoevropiane që gjuha e saj nuk ka ndryshuar asnjë grek nuk është në gjendje të kuptojë më shumë se 40% në një libër grek të Bizantit, ndërsa edhe gjuhët sllave nuk duken asgjë si dialektet sllave të kishës, përveç shumë pak fjalëve që ata ende i kanë mbajtur anglishtja ka ndryshuar shumë dhe njerëzit e sotëm anglezë gjithashtu nuk do të kuptojnë asgjë nga një libër shumë i vjetër anglisht nëse nuk keni studiuar në të ashtu si mësuesi im i anglishtes amerikane
@@ktheterkuceder6825gjithashtu edhe një gjë që kur përmendët barthylli fola per Aristotelin Aristoteli në greqisht fjalë për fjalë do të thotë shkëlqyeshëm optimal Αριστοτέλης (aristotelis) në gjuhë greke tani nuk i thuhej telis po telios (τελιος=shkëlqyer) si the ti per (bard)yllin ki shot po e thaçim bardhylli nuk e kapa ate ki the prej shkoder bardthyli do me then ylli bardhe (white sun) sepse edhe ne gjuhen messape barda apo bard do me then white apo shqip bardhe edhe po e do dokumentin nuk kam as një problem shkup ki esht emri i vertet i dhen nga dardanet u bë skopjie nga maqedonas veriore në grekish i thaçin σκοπιά (skopia) si dhe ne anglishten per shkodrën nuk e kapa ça the por do te thoj un diçka Αθήνα (athina) ne grekish i koh i aristoteli e thaçin αθηναι apo athinae toponimet emrat dhe tjerat kan dyshuar në teter gjuhët e botës disa fjale kane ndryshuar menyren e shqiptimit ashtu si athinen qe kam thene me pare ndersa fjalet e tjera madje kane ndryshuar kuptimin ashtu si fjala γαμεω-γαμω qe dikur do te thoshte martese sot do te thote qifhsa dhe ta thas kete jo sepse me pëlqen kjo fjal po thjesht për të treguar se sa ka ndryshuar kuptimi i fjalëve gjithashtu gjuha greke është ndikuar shumë nga secili që ishte rreth tyre edhe fjala kalispera e cila dmth mirdita vjen nga kali (fjala greke) dhe spera (fjala latine) si dhe shumë më tepër fjalë të cilat devijojnë nga shqipja, turqishtja, frëngjishtja, anglishtja, persishtja etj.
Try the alternative history series by Eric Flint. It’s called the Belisaurius series. 5 books I think. It’s been a long time since I read the series but it was very entertaining.
The Original: Roman Empire The Sequel: Byzantine Empire The wired spin off: Latin Empire The one that ruined it all: Ottoman Empire The weird fanfiction: Alexander's Empire
It has to be noted very importantly that there was never a “Byzantine Empire” but only a Roman Empire which we also say Eastern Roman Empire in order to differentiate it from classical Roman Empire As a historical channel I’d think you’d get that right and strongly stated it They called themselves Romans of the Roman Empire until it fell in 1453 and nothing else " byzant" is a terminology that was invented by German historians in the 16th century
@@ΓάιοςἸούλιοςΚαῖσαρ you have no idia from 212 AD all the people got the title/status of Roman... During the Roman Empire, Roman was just a title not an ethnicity.
@@ΓάιοςἸούλιοςΚαῖσαρ no all the people you mentioned including us simply had the Roman titile /nationality but Ethnically were non-romans.. cos Roman is NOT AN ETHNICITY... From 212 AD all the people from the Roman Empire gained the Tirile of Roman !!!.. so you could bw from The Hybirian peninsula and have thw Roma title that does not means that they were not ethnic Spanish or Portuguese....
@@ΓάιοςἸούλιοςΚαῖσαρ you are uneducated... even today people say romios but this is just a title not an ethnicity....diladi i melina merkouri nomizis pos enoouse pos einai apo tin romi italia eleos.... den meno ellada alla apo tis eidisis pou vlepo akoma kai o reportes tou skai pou vgeni apo tin konstantinupoli lei romioi fisika to lei afto den simenoi pos enooun pos einai romeoi apo ti romi i latinoi apo tin italia ... ELLINES EINAI stin ethnotita tous ... apla eixame to titlo gia tosa xronia... kai oi germanoi sto holy roma empire romeoi legane pos einai .. ara me to skwptiko sou romeoi einai kai oi germnoi.. ti na po diladi pigene vres germenous fanatikius tou HRE kai miliste re file gia tin agapimeni sas romi...
I really love all the Byzantine content. Rome will always be fascinating and seeing its evolution into something that lasted in one form or another for a thousand years past the fall of Rome is incredible. Especially seeing it through the lens of quality on this channel.
Imperial roman armies: A young fighter that can just body everyone else with his pure strength. Byzantine/eastern roman armies: A scarred and experienced fighter that has already aged but is ripe with experience and knows where and when to strike.
@@christermi yes Greek Fire also known as Υγρόν Πύρ (liquid fire) And "hand grenades" They made ceramic pots with flammable combustible liquid and had caltrops inside or tied together maybe
This was great! Can I make a suggestion? Can you please do a video on how mounted horse archers were defeated? There's so much on how these units were undefeatable, but clearly they were because the Great European Plain is not got a host of mounted steppe archers settled on them!
Something smart will be here
we shall continue this till 1453......oh god....i dont know if i can keep surviving.
1000 views 0 dislikes make sence
Hello
Do you think word got out to the Huns After the defeat of Rome in Persia By horse Archers
link is not working for me, says the "This campaign is no longer available due to content issues."
Omg we have lived long enough to witness a Byzantine Army and Tactics video!
Yeah, we're the ones that didn't kill our self during covid. (Feel free to delete this if it's on the edge before release lol)
@@Zantides whyyyy?
@@Zantides ..........
More videos about the Byzantines please
@@superm530 Is there some other kind?
Byzantines when they see something helpful in their enemies:
''Write that down, write that down!''
Nerd power
That was the roman mindset, which is how the empire lasted this long.
@_FanZe_ even if he did like his own comment others followed suit, also imagine being toxic to a random person in a comment section. (I only did this to show how annoying this is ik 2 wrongs don't make a right but idk)
@_FanZe_ xd, I live for randomness not gunna lie.
@_FanZe_ why would I care if I piss people off on the internet.
Barbarians: can we join your army
Byzantines: tell me a Reason
Barbarians: we like the color purple
Byzantines: you're in
By the way
The Romans Never identified themselves as Byzantines
We always identified and referred to ourselves as Romans
@ARYA : officials yeah i already know that
It's just that in school they always referred to Byzantium or just Byzantine Empire
Guys it was just a joke
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 Of course there isn't. But this is a Western channel, and the West has their own outfit to promote, The Holy Roman Empire, which as as Voltaire quipped, was neither Holy nor Roman, nor an Empire. Just the simple matter that when Rome fell in 476, the Senate in Rome sent the Imperial Purple to Constantinople is enough to establish State continuity. This is the Cancel culture on historical scale, first conceived in 1557 by German historian Hieronymus Wolf, in Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ.
@ARYA : officials Eastern Roman Empire is a name made up by Historians too Bruh come on get it right lol.
They were the 1 undivided Roman Empire, Eastern Roman is a newer term than Byzantine
I will say, the armor and outfits of the Byzantines and Sassanids in the 500s/600s is one of the coolest-looking military aesthetics in history. It's got the elegance of ancient and classical times but also the protection and sturdiness of the later middle ages.
Isn't that the time they lost to the Arabs?
After killing each other so much that Arabs could exploit the opportunity to take out Sassanid and seize like half of Byzantine territories.
The people got tired of the long; costly war and welcomed the new overlords.
Why the Sassanid Emperor the war anyway?
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 As stated at the video's beginning, historians are always keen to stress the point you've made, that so-called Byzantines were rather Romans. However, that doesn't mean Byzantine isn't a useful term to describe the Late Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman empire lasted so long that spliting it into distinct periods saves time and confusion. It's not a lie, but a tool.
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 Sir, this is a Wendy’s.
@@CatastrophicDisease Eastern wendy's*
Procopius was like: *THE FUTURE IS NOW, OLD MEN.*
Lmaoo that's a perfect quote Dewey would be pleased
@@Biggvs_dickvs lol
it's pretty funny that even in the middle ages historians were saying shit like "guys the middle ages are not as dark as you guys are saying"
@@kaloyanrosenov2123 They were the successor of Greece under heavy cultural Roman inputs. Legionnaires of the Empire were, on the other hand, almost all the time coming from the Italian peninsula. It then changed with the inclusion of barbarians and the East mobilised, but they weren't the same people nor the same traditions or state.
Or " Ok boomer"
Byzantine enemy: "My tactics."
The Byzantines: "OUR tactics."
"USSR anthem start playing"
COMMUNIST BYZANTIUM??!!
@@RexoryByzaboo Why yes, the bestzantium.
I think most of the people that have watched this are Byzantophile.
In Soviet Byzantium, arrows shoot you.
“Your tactics and weapons will be assimilated”
- Romans/Byzantine Empire probably
“We are the Romans, resistance is futile.”
Not gonna lie, I think that Kings & Generals, Invicta and Historia Civilis could be assimilated into one ultra-Antiquity channel. They cross over similar or same subjects anyway.
@@utubrGaming DUDE
That would be the best thing
"Here's your payment , now fuck off"
-Eastern Romans probably
@@utubrGaming Yeah, but they each bring their own fashion. I like each one for their own merits.
I love watching the Eastern Roman military and Eastern Roman Empire.
Yup. Whatever this fraud of a """Byzantine empire""" is can't even compete.
I love watching any videos of Eastern Rome. Battles , military , tactics
Varangian Guards and Cataphracts are the coolest things to ever exist
@@mrbeanbigpeanus6875 Who're you talking about?
@@mrbeanbigpeanus6875 I Wonder how Julius would feel seeing the modern day forces 🙂
@Metallus Zorax so you will call Roman state in times it controled for example only Italy plus some islands and territory in Hispania also amputated?
I think I've listened to three audiobooks now, on the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. I always feel a sense of tragedy whenever I go down the rabbit hole. For an empire to have withheld for so long, against so many existential calamities, it truly is remarkable. So impactful that Tolkien used it as a baseline in developing the story of Gondor in the Middle Earth universe.
Amazing, so sad that most people back then until now in the last recent decade or so had not noticed much about Eastern Rome's influence in science fiction = it truly was a great empire in of itself.
Old comment but have ya listens to the history of Byzantium podcast? Is very informative covering everything from 472 to 1453. It has historians and theologians on it too
@@croc24680 I'm getting to it.
I only just finished Mike Duncan's History of Rome podcast.
Thank you for making the byzantine empire known to the world. Although in Greece we studied it extensively, I feel that other nations haven't grasped certain aspects of this part of medieval history and its a shame. And thank you for always being scientifically accurate. Kings and Generals FTW!
Because the west (which is the one to hold the cards since the fall of the eastern roman empire) dont like the idea that the romans endured during the "dark ages" they enforced this idea during the whole renaissance to really say "they are greeks not romans and they are some kind of pagans usurpers of the values of the great roman empire" It is with this idea that the west florished under the renaissance and that the historians in the enlightement made up the term "Byzantine" to really deromanize it, therefore the fact that empire was a very seccesfull chirstian empire which didnt made crusades or enforced catholisism like the west did was a problem for the secular historians of the enlightements, like "ho but they got attacked by islam? They didnt do any chirstians conquest because they were orthodox? Naaaaahh we cant allow chirstianity to have a good light we must burry it" All of this combined make that even nowdays you will have a lot of western historians completly ignoring the "byzantine" claiming its just some ind of corrupt evil dark ages empire and was not roman....
@@AdriatheBwitch You inherit a really nice axe that belonged to your father and his father and so on for as long as anyone in your family can remember. You're out chopping wood or whatever and the blade breaks, there's no saving the blade so you end up replacing it. The next year you're using it again and the handle snaps, requiring you to replace that. At this point it is a completely different axe than when you received it, yet when you hand it down to your son you will tell him it's the family axe. The only reason we say its still the family axe(BYZ&Rome) is because a group of people say so. Its literally semantics
It all has to do with Religion, the Great Schism. I'm sure the Germanics didn't care, but the Catholic Church did.
@@superm530 It is a bit more complicated, they do revere it but sometime they go as far as to claim they are its true successors or claim to be the true romans and like claiming that greeks didnt exist slavis were the first (you can see it with macedonia sometime)
@@shorewall Yes, its a lot having to do with religion the pope wanting to break away from the roman empire in the east and the authrotiy of the emperor and used/played on the pride of the germanic ppl such as franks to protect him and make him be a new pwoer
Byzantine military: "Improvise. Adapt. Overcome".
@@ktheterkuceder6825 the classic "I'm gonna pay you 50 bucks to fuck off" strategy
Just like the old Roman army of the republic and early empire
Arabs and Turks :😂
@SVS true
@@shahsaud2625 Byzantium survived both Arabs and Seljuks adapted and overcame the threat. The Crusaders in terms of tactics and the Venetians in terms of strategy dissolved the Byzantine empire. The Ottomans never faced a strong byzantine state but a remnant.
Having a wallet as a sponsor for the byzantine army episode is oddly fitting
The only better sponsor would have been some fancy silk clothing commercial.
The next thing could be a flamethrower
@@Since-zx9js "Jack be nimble, Jack be quick, now your ship is a burning match stick" Unknown byzantine sailor
wallet, such an underrated Byzantine weapon, in the shadow of greek fire...
@@gorakoss the next one is τσιμπουκια με δοσεις...ο Θεοδοσης
I bring my PURPLE SILK as a tribute FOR THE KING AND GENERALS!!!!!!
The purple silk?
They are byzantines... they got enough of that!
How is this comment 15 hours old? What am I missing?
Lol!
@@lucimicle5657 patreon member
I love how King's of Generals subtly and intelligently claps back at people who believe that the Imperial Legions were the ultimate fighting force and all changes made to it, made the Roman army worse. When in fact it was the smarter move
I really have been waiting for this one! Please do
of course even though politics play a big role and empire cant survive on politics alone. The army played its role
No the archers part is correct, but the infantry of the old Roman Empire was more powerful. They were equipped with better armour as well compared to Limitanei and Comitatenses.
@@jonsnow1055 i agree legion was stronger, but that was because the legion were built for conquest, in the defensive war they were proved to be ineffecient and slow since the state had to rerecruit discharged veterans that were spread around the empire. There was also the issue of cost ineffective, but i think that was more because roman had antiquated financial system.
@@all-lowcostthenile6799 The other issue was that the quality of troops had degraded. Most Romans weren't even interested or motivated to join the army. This is due to Carcallas edict.
I disagree. So much. The Roman Legions would engage in battles outnumbered and would win. They should have kept the Basis of the Army the Heavy Infantry Soldier. But focused on increasing quality of arms and amor and improving logistics. As a result of this shift to defense Byzantines would struggle to mount any reconquests. While the Ottomans who were focused on offense were able to capture all of the old East Roman Territory within 300 years.
Change in military doctrine (esp. the shift in emphasis from the heavy infantry legions to the armored cavalry archers) didn't make the Eastern Roman Empire less Roman, anymore than the British Army's shift from redcoats to the khaki uniform didn't make it less British.
@SVS Thats literally nothing at all like the Romans situation, that comparison is really bad. Eastern Rome was already Roman territory it wasn't "retreat to somewhere else". Also Rome had ALWAYS been multiethnic. Read history dude. Gauls were romanized so were the Celts, that had become part of the Empire and adopted Roman traditions. Also Romans were constantly changing their tactics to adapt, that not de-Romanizing the Empire. Greek was already the lingua franca of the Eastern Provinces and the Greeks and other eastern ethnicites had become Roman centuries before. They adoped Roman tradtiiton and culture just like the Gauls and were just as Roman as the Italians, who themselves were part of "Byzantium" for more than half a millenia. I honestly think you either don't know about Roman history and are just speaking without any value or you have some wierd grudge about Greeks.
@SVS In the era of the video, Rome and Italy are still part of the empire.
@SVS Besides what Runok said to counter you:
1-Roman culture by the High Empire was vastly different from the purely, latium based, original Roman culture from the 8th century BC, when Rome was founded. The High Empire was ultra hellenized compared to it.
The greeks, on the other hand, were also heavily romanized. Rome culturally evolved since the start, they were not less Roman because of that.
2-On armies:
The earliest recorded way the Roman army fought back in the old kingdom days was as...hellenic hoplites, lol. The classical image of the segmentata clad, roman legion only appeared by the times of Trajan more than 600 years later, and had been evolving for 4 centuries now. It had originated in the Polybian legions...which were based in the Iberian style of fighting with a large shield, javelins and short swords.
Rome had always changed its fighting style and adapted foreign weapons/armour when evolution was necessary, like any other succesful power, like the British. They were not less Roman because of that.
Oh my god a Byzantine video from Kings and Generals? The Byzantophile in me is pleased
Well the rashidun Muslim literally defeat the byzantine empire
@@farhanraja7708 yeah they even beat the Sassanids/persians rome's long enemy
@@farhanraja7708 yes the rashidun caliphate defeat the eastern Romans but the caliphates that came after lost against the Byzantines
@@Montechristoss yes
@@Montechristoss the Muslims destroyed the Byzantine Romans, khalid ibn walid weakened them and broke their morale, and Muhammed Al Fatih aka (Mehmed the conqueror) finished them off
Those are more horse archers than expected.
But one has to wonder, though. Given the influence of nomadic tribes of horse archers in Europe during late antiquity, why it didn't became an stablished practice during the early Middle Ages at least? In comparison with the front charge lance wielding knight that stablished later, I mean.
That is a good question. I think archers were more effective in huge numbers, but Germanic Europe went another way, where a small number of elite warriors ruled over the population. As a result, personal defence and shock factor became the most important thing for the warrior. Obviously, that wasn't the case everywhere. Spain, for instance, had a proud tradition of horse javelinmen.
Maybe training enough horse archers requires a large chunk of the (male) population to be doing both horseback riding *and* archery, and that might have just not happened. I mean on the steppe you needed a horse and a bow to live, but on a medieval manor you really don't. You might have a bow and be able to ride a mule, but shooting while riding is a different task.
@@unnamedindividual7135 That is how the Maygars were defeated 955
I believe the lack of large, wide pastures west of Pannonia is also an issue in Europe.
Also, I think I read somewhere that because of Europes damp climate it was harder to maintain the deadly composite bows that made horse archers effective. The glue would quickly waste away making the hard to create composite bows useless after a short time. Instead Europe went for crossbows and Longbows which are way harder to use in a ranged cavalry like fashion.
Great video. The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 was a devastating defeat for Eastern Rome. The wealthiest provinces were lost forever. But, there was a silver lining to that defeat. The Theme System was developed in the Eastern Roman Empire. This allowed the empire to have an army that was more Roman (sharing a common language which was Greek) and Christian. The hiring of large numbers of mercenaries was expensive and their loyalty was always questioned. (Eastern Rome continued to have units of foreigners in their armies, but in a smaller number as compared during the time of Justinian.)
What’s a Byzantine battle cry?
"We'll pay you to leave us alone!"
Deus Nobiscum I think, meant God is with us
@@KingsandGenerals exactly
Several. I think Emperor Leo VI mentioned 'O Stauros Nika' ('the Cross conquers) in one of his writings.
@@KingsandGenerals based and roman-pilled.
This one is going to r/Byzantinememes
I see Eastern Roman videos and I give it a like.
I hope we will see the post Justinian/Belisarius reforms of the Eastern Roman Military, moving onwards to the Middle Ages, in another vid.
Excellent vid on the early ERE Army!
I just started reading The Strategikon of Maurice... and then I saw this episode. 😍
Please more episodes about the imperium GraecoRomano... we love it. 😁
Can you give PDF download please.
@@TERMINATOR-il6oe it's a book.
I love the Eastern Roman Empire I’m so happy you are doing more stuff about it
I whoud really want to see some movies or tv series about the Byzantium Empire
are their any? Besides propaganda like that one turkish movie
Would love to see a Byzantine TV series in the vein of HBO's _Rome_ , albeit more faithful to major historical events.
We must recognize the fact that the video makers of Kings & Generals master the art of putting epic music but in a subtle way to make the video 10 times more interesting and memorable
The byzantine empire, what an underrated and overlooked part of history...
The Romans up to the 5th century A.D. relied almost entirely on heavy infantry which used sheer and brute force to massacre in large numbers.
On the other hand the Byzantines abandoned these old techniques in favour of strategic maneuvres like avoiding pitched battle wherever possible.They also invested in new cavalry battle styles (horse archery)and equipment which were adapted by the Avars from the 6th c. A.D.
Yep, this is the stark contrast to the ones we have in Attila Total War. In Attila Total War, particularly Western Roman Empire had the Cohors and Limitanei Border Guards as meat shields while Scout Equites as flankers.
@SVS the real buggery for the West happened hundreds of years later when the Mongols swept into Eastern europe and massacred, pillaged and no doubt raped Russians, Hungarians, Bulgarians and even Polish en mass before a stroke of luck (for Central Europe) saw them turn back due to infighting.
This is clearly not the case going by the Strategikon or Procopius. Mass infantry formations still formed the bulk of armies in the 6th century, and they were extremely well trained, armed to the teeth, and covered from head to toe in armor, and fought using very sophisticated tactics and formations that are a clear evolution of the earlier Roman Legions.
In fact, the old Legions in the east all still existed in one form or another at the time of Procopius.
@@emerestthisk990 Lucky for Germany that Ögedei Khan died and his hordes were recalled for mourning.
@@histguy101 The infantryman's role was on a steady decline particularly after Basil's II death despite forming the bulk of the armies.
Every piece of documentary in this channel in my opinion superior to many tv documentaries, much more easy to understand and fun to watch.
Greek fire is the most powerful weapon of the Byzantine army🔥🔥🔥
Bruh the Arabs used it too, People exaggerate how much a role Roman fire played
@Souleiman the Great didn't the Romans actually called it liquid fire thou?
It was called Roman fire by the Eastern romans.
Υγρόν πυρ
Liquid fire (υγρόν πυρ)
Fun fact there was never a byzantine army but a late medieval roman army
ROMA INVICTA!!!
@@stephenkenney8290 YESS!!
The american army is actually the modern roman army. Rome will never give up
@@iambeloved496 it is not, but it is enough powerful to make people think that😂
@@John-el. I know it isn't I was referring to the military tactics and professional training america has that has originated from rome and greece (not all methods but quite a bit was learned from them)
The Romans were masters of adaptation but the Eastern Romans were the peak of adapting. Horse Archers (Nomads), Long bowmen (Sassanids), Phalanx (Makedon), Hoplites (Greek ), Heavily Armoured Lancers (Parthia), and so many others.
I'm loving the rotating diamond for showing off troops and equipment. An excellent design choice. Great work as always, I can't wait for the next one!
Great video as always.
I'm waiting for a video about Ottoman/Turkish armies evolution like in this video.
All right, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us?
Splitters!
Brought peace?
The latin alphabet
That seems to me like those nasty Judean People's Front propaganda...
_ROMANI_ _ITE_ _DOMVM_ !!!
I could be wrong in this assumption but I believe the fork
got a feeling this is gonna be my favorite series. Thank you
Kings and Generals!!!!
I LOVE the Late Roman Empire and the Byzantine period so much. Amazing video my friend.
The Byzantine Empire is my favorite faction in the Total War franchise. These videos are super enjoyable for me. Thank you Kings and Generals.
I hope you make a reference on the Τακτικά(Tactika) by Nikephoros Ouranos, one of the most underappreciated Byzantine commanders. Great video as always
@@imperialstormtrooper1054 I am Greek as well, and most likey Ouranos was too, but Greeks shouldn't take all the credit. Other peoples that lived within the empire (Armenians mostly) played a crucial role in the military prowess of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Looking SO MUCH FORWARD for Strategikon!
Finally we have finally reached the history of the byzantine military. Looking forward to newer documentaries about the themata system, basil's army, the komenian army and the palaogian army.
Hopefully, we'll see a video on the last Roman Legion in service, The 10th Legion.
How was 10th legion last in service?And which 10th legion?People often talk about legion numbers as if they imagined it that each legion had its unique number.They dont.Several different legions often shared the same numerals.From that reason Romans also started to give additional names to legions so which 10th legion you have on mind?Moreover we dont know what legion was longest serving.We only have some accidently recorded for longer time than others but it does not mean they were necessarilly those really longest existing.Several legions from early Imperial times and earliest late antiquity are still known to exist by 6th century and some dating their regimental history even to republican times are still recorded even in 7th century.V MACEDONICA is best candidate as we have this regiment captured best in preserved records.III Cyrenaica lasted similarly long as Macedonica and there is also a chance that "Scythians" mentioned as garrison resisting together with Cyrenaica Muslim conquest were descendands IV Scythica although they might also be newer Legio Palatina formation named "Scythae" created in 4th century(perhaps as detachement from IV Scythica.
Wasn't V Macedonica the last roman legion alive that was situated in egypt when the muslims invaded in 640 AD.
What 10th legion? Tell it's history
@@paprskomet I Wonder how Julius would feel seeing the modern day forces 🙂
@@bumblebeeeoptimus I Wonder how Julius would feel seeing the modern day forces 🙂
Am Greek and seeing this is extremely I interesting
This video portays Eastern Mediterranean history. Not some exclusively ethnic history.
@@nikolamilosevski6424 He didn't said that he is EXCLUSIVELY interested or concerned with the history if the Eastern Roman empire. He simply said he is Greek and that he finds the video interesting. Do you need elaboration?
I am Greek and i find this interesting too
(Also half Georgian)
@@Georgios1821 Im glad you only said medieval roman empire, and not ancient latin rome. Because Italy in my opinion is the true heir of the legacy to ancient latin rome. But I also disagree on the whole barbarian overlordship. There were many latin states that were not created out of the hands of barbarians.
First, venice which was created by roman refugees that fled the lombard invasions and managed to survive for over a thousand years remaining independent from the HRE. In fact, after 1453, the romans that fled the east came to venice in the thousands, some Venetians even nicknamed their state "second rome" but that was most likely just as a joke.
Second, you have the Papal states. While yes they were ruled over by the franks as a form of protection, the papal states themselves were actually created out of the Exarchate of Ravenna (the roman government of italy after justinian's reconquest.) Plus, the papal states eventually achieved full independence.
Then the giudicati which resided in sardinia and remained that way until the iberian dominion over the island.
But overall, the common italian after they lost their roman identity didnt even lose their latin civilization. Every people that ruled over italy were either already latin or ended up latinizing due to being outnumbered by the native italic peoples.
Even looking at the fall of the west, you have the two kingdoms of italy (odoacer and ostrogothic kingdom) which both rulers considered themselves kings of romans. Then of course italy was brought back fully under roman rule but shortly after the lombards came in and while they were a tiny minority in the vast italic population, they are the reason the roman identity faded away as they made the administrative changes occur. But latin civilization as a whole survived in Italy. In my opinion, the western roman civilization didnt fall at all, it just evolved into many branches, but at the cost of the imperial title being removed.
My overall stance on the true heir of the roman empire is that there are absolutely no successors of the entire state's lifetime. The roman state in 1453 fell, and the rump states fell along with it in the following years. So, I normally divide up the roman legacy by the time periods. Italy gets 753 BC - 476 AD, italy AND greece are kind of merged on the roman claim during justinian because it was still transferring from latin to hellenic. But 620 AD (when the language went from latin to greek officially in the empire) and onward would belong to the peoples of the East.
@@adolphbismark4331 you really need to open a book and read about the history of the eastern Roman empire the were Greco Romans the spoke Greek they were Christians and they had Greco Roman culture . Futhermore you say that the emperors of eastern Roman empire were Anatolian Thracian Armenian but all people that you mention were Greco Romans who lived in Anatolia in Thrace , in Armenia and in Illyria
The videos on Byzantine history are such a great thing to listen too! I would love to hear more about Byzantine naval battles and just naval battles in general during the times of the ottoman Habsburg wars!
The Byzantine empire definitely didn't just give up on having a strong infantry core, case and point the Varangian guard. Nothing beats a good 'ol Dane axe on the front line.
Indeed but the eastern Romans had their own heavy infantry furthermore the Varangian guard was a heavy shock infantry
And nothing beats some nice Lamellar or Scale armor
@@GanjaMasterBlaster oh yes three layers of amror for the Byzantine cataphracts the tanks of the medieval period
@@Montechristossi like to believe Cataphracts are the ancestors of the praised Knights and Winged Hussars
@@GanjaMasterBlaster well the cataphracts were co exist with the Knights for some time
Great video. The perception that Byzantine armies were weaker than classical Roman ones, is helped by the fact the Empire had plenty of defeats and was mostly one the defence in its later years. Incompetent rulers and limited expansion of the Empire also contribute to this idea.
I hope we get a video on Constantine V, he's a criminically underrated emperor.
Just like Leo III his father =/ Or Constantine IV but well, that is because "he was icnoclast so he is bad lul"
The OG Bulgar Slayer
This was an excellent video. As someone covering Byzantine history now, I really appreciate this. Instead of making fun of the Byzantines for their decline, we should admire them for how they held on to greatness for such a long time!
This is more than welcome! I finished an Eastern Rome campaign on Barbarian Invasion recently
Awesome video!
“How the Roman army became the Eastern Roman army” there fixed it for you
Doesn't matter if Rome still existed, I cry over the loss of OG Rome.
OG Rome died in 212 then bruh, Just 1 period of Roman History.
Could shorted this 18m long video to a couple of sentences:
"It didn't. The "Byzantine" Army IS the Roman Army."
Tell that to joan of arc
Yeah, Byzantine=Roman but the armies did change. Calling the Byzantines Romans every time you mention them confuses people because most people think of massive legions, Rome and eagles when they hear "Roman". They were different to the earlier Roman Empire in everything but heritage, and calling them Byzantines gives a nice division of who's who.
@Sacred Squadron SAS I would but he's dead
@@ecokanjukuoh4772 Why?
@@freddovich7925 Maybe the general public at large would have a more nuanced picture of "Roman" if we didn't resort to calling them Byzantine any time we refer to the Roman Empire post fall of the West.
how cheeky of you Kings and Generals! I can hear the Civ V Byzantine theme in the background!
Pressed Like even before watching!! Craved for more videos about Eastern Roman military for long time. There have been way too many historians purposefully ignore the eastern half.
I'm a greek (hellene) and I would like to express my point of view and how we greeks (hellenes) perceive history of byzantium. First of all Byzantine Empire is a post historic term was used by western european scholars of studying greek history of the former eastern part of roman empire. Either one refers to greeks or hellenes, romioi, yunans are the same term of people living in the current land of Greece and all of those people living previously in Minor Asia (Μικρά Ασία) or nowadays land of Anatolia Turkey. The term ''hellene'' ceased to be used almost from the third century because of the fact that this term meant someone to believe in 12 gods and not in christianity. The term ''hellene'' was revived again by greek and western political thinkers and revolutionaries in 17th-18th century. Instead of ''hellene'', the term ''roman'' citizen had started to be used in order to be self-proclaimed by any citizen of the Roman Empire (but in reality Eastern-Roman-Empire). It could be a greek, a former roman and latin citizen or an armenian or a slav or any other nationality to join the empire. Of course the majority of them were greeks, speaking greek and were christian orthodox and were guided in religioun by the patriarch of Constantinople ( the other pole of power along with the emperor). Most of the western powers at the time already called the realm Greek Imperium or Greek Empire but not Roman. In contrary to this, the greek-phone or ellino-phone people called themselves as roman citizen or ''romioi'' in greek language. Of course my predecessors were not roman (the modern italian people do not accept this term - they are right) but they inherited the roman structure, the roman power and roman continuity of an empire. The crucial historical point was the establishment of the new capital in the eastern part of the empire in the old greek town of Byzantion ( founded by ancient greeks in 7th century before Christ) with the name New Rome. This term was never be used for the descpription of the capital but the term (polis of Constantine - city of Constantine ) in other words Constantine-polis or Constantinopolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη in greek language was dominated from then until 1930 when the new-born country Turkey came up as the continuity of the former Ottoman Empire, had changed the name to Istanbul. Finally I would like to add the words of Helene Glykatzi-Ahrweiler born 1926 who is a Greek academic Byzantinologist of what Byzantine Empire was. Byzantium is divided in 3 periods of time, during 1000 years of its existence. The first period approximately (330AD - 680AD) Byzantium was a roman empire with roman structure, christian population under the dominance of the greek language, the second period approximately (680AD -1100AD) was a empire with christian structure, christian population and greek majority population and the third period (1100AD - 1453AD) was a greek empire with greek structure and greek -orthodox population.
Before you read the comments I must warn you. You have now entered the byzantophile zone.
Thanks man
Beware, no. Welcome to the glorious byzantophile zone.
Medieval 2 Total War Players:
K&G: "..hippo-toxotai.."
Bizantine Players: "heavy breathing"
Venetian Players: "battle flashbacks"
Venetian Players : ah s**t Here we go again
Those Vardarotai were the best all around horse archers~
@@lyonvensaΝαί
Yes
I do agree
@@jasperdegraaf5254 i agree 100% percent
Great video, Byzantine Empire and it's army are often overlooked in modern popular history so thanks for making this video. Hoping you do the whole evolution of the army up to the end of the empire.
I have been wanting to see something like this for a while.
We want a video about how Kings & Generals became Kings & Generals
Always wondered what life in italy was like post western empire until justinian's reconquest... As in life, but especially military.
It’s just something about the Byzantine’s that draws you in
and you start rooting for them.
??
They were bloody murderers
@@samnatt248 so was literally everyone in history what’s your point?
probably coz most of the time they were on the defense.
@@branislavmarinkovic9227 defense? WTF were they doing in the levant and Egypt?
@@samnatt248 defending their territory? Egypt sided with the losing side in a Roman civil war so Rome annexed them and Judea was an allied/tributary of Rome that was later annexed.
Thank you guys for this series. I've long needed a juxtaposition of the old empire to the western Roman's that followed. I look forward to more videos on this matter.
Great video l can't wait to see the evolution of the eastern Roman army ( theme system , Tagmata) cataphracts Varangian guard scutatoi and many more units
Varangian guard was lame.
No victories and weak
@@adolphbismark4331 hahahahahaha all can understand that you not have even open a book to study about them from what are you writing l am not going to reply again because obviously you are a troll or completely uneducated about the Varangian guard
Nice to know the Eastern Roman Empire still had one of the best military system and armies at it's time
Because of the Illyrians such as Justinian the Great and Belisarius.
@@adolphbismark4331 agreed
They are the strongest in terms of military around (500-1071) even though their empire is in decline until the fall of anatolia were they are severely weakened in terms of military and population. The battle of manzikert was the final nail in the coffin
@@acrylic1176 No it wasn't. You completely forget the Komnenian dynasty and it's restorations, and during Manuel's reign, the empire was again the strongest on the mediterranean. Then there was the early Palaiologos dynasty wich also was a serious threat for turks.
The last time I was this early, Belisarius was still in Italy
My favorite empire in history.
Another amazing documentary, great job guys!
Brilliant video! Genuine thanks for the quality and the brilliant exposition of the video. I had been wondering about the subtelties of the change in military doctrines of the Eastern Roman Empire, but had never bothered to properly look into it. If anyone happens to have good extra material on the topic I would love suggestions, the video made me really want to read up further on the topic
The real reason Byzantine empire lasted so long : No Praetorian guard to guard emperor😆
Real reason greek fire
Roman fire
Theodosian walls
@@adolphbismark4331 greek fire
@@TartarusPyro Imperial Flamethrowers
Next: Why the Holy Roman Empire was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire
I think the Empire part is maybe true, just it was a smaller Empire :D
The HRE was only considered "Holy" as of the rule of Frederick Barbarossa, fyi. He added the "Holy" as a way of saying that the Emperor no longer needed the approval of the Pope to rule.
I love the Byzantine empire. The empire struggled till its last breath against the unciviled hordes.
This comes out just as I get to the last book in the Belisarius Saga. What perfect timing.
Great Channel im from eastern europe, and i adore Byzantine history! Thank you for making this videos,
Side note : UA-cam commercials are gone crazy this days.... but your Channel is great tho !
Procopius out here going "ok boomer" 1500 years before it was cool
But what about after the Arab conquests? What was the Byzantine army like in the 8th, 9th centuries before its Macedonian golden age?
hello im from albania and i really love your videos
may I ask you a question?
are you considering making some videos on illyrians and messapians?
@@ktheterkuceder6825 për çfarë po flet? së pari ju jeni i ri me siguri, së dyti kush ju tha që ne jemi apo nuk jemi ilirë une jam 17 vjec i lindur dhe i trazuar ne greqi, kurre nuk me eshte dhene rasti te mesoj historine shqiptare dhe as gjuhen sepse ne po mesonim greqisht dhe gjithmone flisnim ne greqisht ne shtepine tone arrita të mësoj historinë e vendit tim vetëm duke kërkuar albanologë të huaj pasi nuk e kam folur dhe ende nuk flas fare mirë shqip kërkova gjithçka vetë, madje shkova në fshatra arbëreshe vetëm për të folur me vendasit dhe për të blerë disa libra arbëreshë thesari ynë më i madh nga të gjithë është gjuha jonë që albanologët (historianë britanikë francezë italiane dhe madje edhe holandezë) e kanë lidhur gjuhën shqipe me mesapianin thrakioten dhe me illirin nga studimet për gjuhën mesapiane 2 vitet e fundit gjuha proto shqipe është më shumë se 3000 vjet e vjetër dhe nuk jam unë që e them atë, as nuk heq as mësuesit dhe historianët shqiptarë, por edhe mësuesit e huaj që punojnë në gjuhën shqipe dhe madje mësojnë gjuhën shqipe është kaq qesharake kur të huajt bien në dashuri me historinë dhe gjuhën e kombit tonë, por shqiptarët nuk e bëjnë këtë askush nuk po ju detyron të quheni shqiptarë nëse nuk ju pëlqen, madje edhe unë kam studiuar shumë për historinë ilire do të doja të dija më shumë për këtë popull
@@ktheterkuceder6825 së dyti, ilirët nuk ishin 1 njerëz, por flisen të ndryshme me gjuhë mjaft të dobët dhe sistem shkrimesh kemi arbanet ose arbret (latinisht: albanoi ne vitin150AD《ANO DOMINI》apo arber si a thonim ne i cili është ai nga vijmë ne edhe u bem arberia apo kingdom of arber si na thosin anglezët)pashtasj kemi taulant, dalmatia, dardania, ardiae dhe shumë më tepër
mos u bë një antishqiptar, kërko historinë e prindërve të tu dhe më vjen keq që keni lindur shqiptar pasi jeni kaq antishqiptar por nuk është faji im dhe nuk kisha ndonjë dëshirë të keqe kur i rekomandova një nën-subjekt kings and generals Chanel sepse illyria është një temë që të gjithë interesohen ashtu si istoria thrakiote e cila është epike dhe dakia të cilën nuk e dëgjon shumë
@@ktheterkuceder6825 së pari nuk ka rëndësi nëse devijojmë nga ilirët ose thrakët apo dakët apo edhe nëse kemi ardhur nga mesapianët që ishin në thelb një pipulaton ilir i cili migroi në Itali kështu që nuk ka asnjë ndryshim
ju mendoni se është nga trakët ose ilirët ose dakia apo çfarëdo tjetër? nuk ka asnjë ndryshim, fakti që ata besojnë se ne vijmë nga ilirët janë së pari historia e fisit tonë arbëri dhe së dyti fakti që skendergs flamuri përveç shqiponjës dykrenare ju mund të njihni fushën blu me një yll të verdhë me 5 majë i cili ju shihni në shumë flamuj të familjes shqiptare ky yll devijon nga ilirët sepse ardiae dhe shumë më tepër fise përdor një fushë blu me shumë yje të verdhë me 5 cepa mbi të gjëja e tretë është që fisi ynë të devijojë nga zona e cila atëherë quhej arbanon para Krishtit, kjo ishte fisi ynë që bëri hapat e tij të parë dhe ishte e pamundur që ne të ishim thrakas apo edhe një fis grek sepse nuk ka artikuj që njerëzit thrakë të migronin atë zonë gjithashtu në shekullin 7 dhe 8 pas Krishtit ne shohim Bizantinët që dokumentojnë faktin se gjithnjë e më shumë njerëz ilirë migruan në qytete si avlona arbanopolis dyrachium dhe kruja, kështu që edhe sikur të ishim thrakë ose dakë, ADN-ja jonë do të ishte përzier me njerëzit autohtonus, kështu që në thelb e njëjta gjë
@@ktheterkuceder6825 së dyti, nuk ka dyshim që gjuha jonë është e lashtë, gjuha proto shqiptare që qëndron në degën e vet si një gjuhë indoevropiane është larg një prej gjuhëve më të lashta indoevropiane gjithashtu, ju shihni faktin që gjuhët shqip kanë shumë ndikim nga gjuhët greke dhe latine ne fjalë për fjalë ndajmë mijëra fjalë me grekë dhe ka mijëra fjalë shqipe në gjuhën greke dhe unë e di që sepse studioj latinisht, unë jam një shqiptar që jetoj në greqi duke folur gjuhën greke gjuhësia shqiptare është një nga gjuhët e vetme që ka qëndruar e njëjtë kjo është arsyeja që ne mund të komunikojmë lehtësisht me arbëreshët, me arvanitas, arnautë dhe madje arbansi deri në urkaina nuk ka asnjë gjuhë tjetër indoevropiane që gjuha e saj nuk ka ndryshuar asnjë grek nuk është në gjendje të kuptojë më shumë se 40% në një libër grek të Bizantit, ndërsa edhe gjuhët sllave nuk duken asgjë si dialektet sllave të kishës, përveç shumë pak fjalëve që ata ende i kanë mbajtur anglishtja ka ndryshuar shumë dhe njerëzit e sotëm anglezë gjithashtu nuk do të kuptojnë asgjë nga një libër shumë i vjetër anglisht nëse nuk keni studiuar në të ashtu si mësuesi im i anglishtes amerikane
@@ktheterkuceder6825gjithashtu edhe një gjë që kur përmendët barthylli fola per Aristotelin
Aristoteli në greqisht fjalë për fjalë do të thotë shkëlqyeshëm optimal
Αριστοτέλης (aristotelis)
në gjuhë greke tani nuk i thuhej telis po telios (τελιος=shkëlqyer) si the ti per (bard)yllin ki shot po e thaçim bardhylli
nuk e kapa ate ki the prej shkoder
bardthyli do me then ylli bardhe (white sun) sepse edhe ne gjuhen messape barda apo bard do me then white apo shqip bardhe edhe po e do dokumentin nuk kam as një problem
shkup ki esht emri i vertet i dhen nga dardanet u bë skopjie nga maqedonas veriore
në grekish i thaçin σκοπιά (skopia) si dhe ne anglishten
per shkodrën nuk e kapa ça the por do te thoj un diçka
Αθήνα (athina) ne grekish i koh i aristoteli e thaçin αθηναι apo athinae
toponimet emrat dhe tjerat kan dyshuar në teter gjuhët e botës
disa fjale kane ndryshuar menyren e shqiptimit ashtu si athinen qe kam thene me pare ndersa fjalet e tjera madje kane ndryshuar kuptimin ashtu si fjala γαμεω-γαμω qe dikur do te thoshte martese sot do te thote qifhsa dhe ta thas kete jo sepse me pëlqen kjo fjal po thjesht për të treguar se sa ka ndryshuar kuptimi i fjalëve gjithashtu gjuha greke është ndikuar shumë nga secili që ishte rreth tyre edhe fjala kalispera e cila dmth mirdita vjen nga kali (fjala greke) dhe spera (fjala latine) si dhe shumë më tepër fjalë të cilat devijojnë nga shqipja, turqishtja, frëngjishtja, anglishtja, persishtja etj.
I am just amazed with this topic, keep making more like these. Excelent job guys, we are happy to have you!!!
More cavalry oriented over the time but with the same stress on strong infantry. I can't wait for the episode on strategikon.
Have been saved Greek folk songs with the achievements of the border guards of the "Byzantine" Empire !
I forgive the Romans harsh treatment of my people in antiquity, but only because they're so damn fashionable
@@QualityPen they would be in massive debt. (Ik your comment is a joke)
Really wish there was more good fantasy with a Byzantine-inspired setting.
Try the alternative history series by Eric Flint. It’s called the Belisaurius series. 5 books I think. It’s been a long time since I read the series but it was very entertaining.
This new series is exactly what I've been hoping to see. Excellent work.
Found this channel and it looks like i found a precious treasure chest of knowledge
Roman Legionary on foot: Who are you?
Byzantine Soldier on a horse: I'm you, but from a richer and more flexible Roman Empire
The Original: Roman Empire
The Sequel: Byzantine Empire
The wired spin off: Latin Empire
The one that ruined it all: Ottoman Empire
The weird fanfiction: Alexander's Empire
So original.
It has to be noted very importantly that there was never a “Byzantine Empire” but only a Roman Empire which we also say Eastern Roman Empire
in order to differentiate it from classical Roman Empire
As a historical channel I’d think you’d get that right and strongly stated it
They called themselves Romans of the Roman Empire until it fell in 1453 and nothing else
" byzant" is a terminology that was invented by German historians in the 16th century
ROMAN IS NOOOT AN ETHNICITY.... Just a TITLE this is basic history....
@@ΓάιοςἸούλιοςΚαῖσαρ you have no idia from 212 AD all the people got the title/status of Roman... During the Roman Empire, Roman was just a title not an ethnicity.
@@ΓάιοςἸούλιοςΚαῖσαρ no all the people you mentioned including us simply had the Roman titile /nationality but Ethnically were non-romans.. cos Roman is NOT AN ETHNICITY... From 212 AD all the people from the Roman Empire gained the Tirile of Roman !!!.. so you could bw from The Hybirian peninsula and have thw Roma title that does not means that they were not ethnic Spanish or Portuguese....
@@ΓάιοςἸούλιοςΚαῖσαρ you are uneducated... even today people say romios but this is just a title not an ethnicity....diladi i melina merkouri nomizis pos enoouse pos einai apo tin romi italia eleos.... den meno ellada alla apo tis eidisis pou vlepo akoma kai o reportes tou skai pou vgeni apo tin konstantinupoli lei romioi fisika to lei afto den simenoi pos enooun pos einai romeoi apo ti romi i latinoi apo tin italia ... ELLINES EINAI stin ethnotita tous ... apla eixame to titlo gia tosa xronia... kai oi germanoi sto holy roma empire romeoi legane pos einai .. ara me to skwptiko sou romeoi einai kai oi germnoi.. ti na po diladi pigene vres germenous fanatikius tou HRE kai miliste re file gia tin agapimeni sas romi...
I really love all the Byzantine content. Rome will always be fascinating and seeing its evolution into something that lasted in one form or another for a thousand years past the fall of Rome is incredible. Especially seeing it through the lens of quality on this channel.
The music used here is magnificent! It really creates a Byzantine atmos...
"Join Kings and Generals once again?" Bruh at this point you don't even need to ask; you're like welcome friends to all us History lovers on UA-cam.
Imperial roman armies: A young fighter that can just body everyone else with his pure strength.
Byzantine/eastern roman armies: A scarred and experienced fighter that has already aged but is ripe with experience and knows where and when to strike.
For anyone who likes Byzantine history, check out "The history of Byzantium" podcast! Good stuff that'll last you for ages!
Excellent Video!!! I've been looking for a great summary of the Byzantine army! Nothing better than getting it from my favorite history channel!
One of my favourite videos in a long while :)
Isnt the Byzantine army a direct continuation of Diocletian's reforms?
Up until Heraclius 640 it was the same after Heraclius the new theme system reforms began
Varangian Guards and Cataphracts are the coolest things to ever exist in The Byzantine Empire
That's why Basil II was so badass during his reign.
@@nielsatoyab6065 i agree
And don't forget even Harald Hardrada was a Varangian Guard
Greek fire was also pretty cool, right?
@@christermi yes
Greek Fire also known as
Υγρόν Πύρ (liquid fire)
And "hand grenades"
They made ceramic pots with flammable combustible liquid and had caltrops inside or tied together maybe
It was called Roman fire by romans themselves.
Only westerners called it " greek fire".
Arabs and persians called it Roman fire for example .
All the way from Kenya 🇰🇪🇰🇪🇰🇪🇰🇪. We are one in History.
Yay, my boi Maurice is finally gonna get some love next episode. Very underrated emperor from the end of antiquity imo.
This was great!
Can I make a suggestion? Can you please do a video on how mounted horse archers were defeated?
There's so much on how these units were undefeatable, but clearly they were because the Great European Plain is not got a host of mounted steppe archers settled on them!