Why It's HARD To Land on Mars
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- Опубліковано 20 чер 2024
- Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! / minutephysics
This video is about why it's harder to successfully land spacecraft and landers and rovers on Mars than on Earth, or Venus, or the Moon, or Titan, or asteroids. It all comes down to atmospheric density! When there's no atmosphere, you can do a powered descent in a flimsy tinfoil spacecraft like the Lunar Module, and when there's plenty of atmosphere you can do an unpowered descent via heat shield and parachutes like the space shuttle, Apollo command module, Soyuz, Huygens, etc. But on Mars with its thin air, you have to do both powered & unpowered descent, getting the worst of both worlds.
Thanks to Hoppy Price from JPL for fact-checking this video!
Link to Patreon Supporters: www.minutephysics.com/supporters/
REFERENCES
Spreadsheet to calculate landing success rates: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...\_wsyW3GD-qd9TAsaW1RPAiZ-1BCUaE/edit?usp=sharing
NASA Low Density Supersonic Decelerator Fact Sheets: www.nasa.gov/pdf/737628main\_Final\_LDSD\_Fact\_Sheet\_3-26-13.pdf
www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press\_kits/ldsd.pdf
LDSD Test Footage: www.nasa.gov/mission\_pages/tdm/ldsd/videos.html
More LDSD Test Footage: • Low-Density Supersonic...
List of Missions to Mars: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_missions\_to\_Mars
List of Missions to the Moon: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_missions\_to\_the\_Moon
List of Missions to Saturn: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explora...\_of\_Saturn
List of Missions to Venus: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_missions\_to\_Venus
Curiosity Rover Landing Overview: mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/tec...
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Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Created by Henry Reich - Наука та технологія
"This video was brought to you... by you"
You know patreon is doing great when you don't hear "audible" or "squarespace" in the outro :)
23 and me, and great courses plus
That, my friend, is capitalism at its best.
Fizzy 0:16 Titan is 100% because we only sent 1 lander ever.
Wow, haven't heard that in while.
Should have said This video was brought to you by the viewers, thank you.
Silly NASA.
You're supposed to quick-save in low Dunar orbit.
I read that in Scott Manley's voice
Silly NASA,
Why haven't you found a way to manipulate space-time in such a way that you CAN have the luxury of quick-saving?
N.A.S.A. :to quick save we need more than just systems we need much more a lot more me:SpaceX your turn
I’m sorry I don’t understand what game is this from
@@flameb0w402 Hello, there. It's from the game Kerbal Space Program, often abbreviated KSP. Duna is the equivalent of Mars in the game.
all you have to do is add more parachutes
~ksp
Matyniov the air is too thin so parachutes are near useless
Just follow the KSP philosophy and we'll get there eventually
If the surface area of your parachutes is larger than the planet, then I'm sure it'll work out somehow.
heh im member of the ksp community. when i land on duna, i use retroburning first, then drogue chutes, then parachutes and then retroburning again and then... LANDING!
"near useless" doesnt mean useless, we just need to add a LOT of it until it matter. This probably more complicated in real life, but in ksp there's no limit on how many chute you can install or and the trouble of deploying it.
You can simulate this by playing KSP and try landing on Duna, a planet inspired by Mars in real life. The game is nowhere near a perfect representation of real life scenario but will give you the idea of what a headache it is to land on a planet with a thin atmosphere that generate heat during entry and requires powered decent.
Alvin I just add more parachutes :)
mushroom grows just fine when I bang my head on a brick. what are you even talking about?
Jon Goat There's a big fucking difference between a shooting video game and a game that's a space simulation. The game is actually a very good way of learning orbital mechanics and basic spacecraft knowledge. I doubt you know anything about space, so you should pick up a copy of the game.
Jon Goat Flight Simulator doesn't make me a pilot but it makes me know more things about flying an aircraft. KSP makes me know more about orbital mechanics and controlling a spacecraft, especially with realism mods installed.
landed there many times :D
Every Kerbal player knows that you just need to use lithobraking.
haha
Thats actually what the inflatable bouncy-bubble-thing does, it slows down by lithobraking.
anyone who doesn't know what "lithobreaking" is is probably very confused, so...
lithobreaking is slowing down by hitting the ground. It's often a much nicer way to say "crash landing."
Hilfigertout crashing with style?
MOAR STRUTS !!!
We have to send Matt Damon
I dont think Jason Bourne is qualified for the mission.
Hold My Cock and Watch This Cum:
I mean, he did so well on his own with basically nothing but potatoes, vitamins, a Mars car, a balloon house, some communications technology, a box of plutonium-238 and some stubborn astronauts.
Soufian 27 lmao yup
Soufian 27 MERT DERMEN!
I mean, an actor was made president of the United States... Why not start sending them to space too 😂😂
After playing more than a fair share of KSP + RSS i can confirm that "mountain skimming" is not a metaphor. You have to literally fly a few kilometers over the surface (at like a 3 km/s) if you want to land anything heavy.
Or use ballutes, but that's still theoretical.
Fantastic. I had never actually considered this. Thanks for making me Smarter.
smartception!!
hey destin!!
He does that "everyday".
Badumtss
90 likes lmao.
Your iq is 6000 now
Frickin Duna....I mean Mars >.>
ShumaiAxeman Duna hates landers... >:(
ksp player?
Spam chutes.
TFW you play too much KSP before watching a solar system related video
Duna's soo easy to land... You probably don't even need engines and you can land just on parachutes
When told about the difficulties of landing on Earth vs landing on the Moon, Mars just said "Why not both?"
+Alaska Skidood
Another point into why it is better to colony Venus instead of Mars, #occupyvenus
Joseph, Venus would be a terrible place to colonize because the surface is uninhabitable and even the upper atmosphere is very toxic. Much easier to colonize Mars, even if it is the hardest place in the solar system to land. (And it probably won't stay difficult for all that long).
+bwjclego
Toxic is quite frankly not very difficult to deal with. Toxic merely requires oxygen and a seal suit or even just a positive pressure suit. Lack of atmosphere means rapid depressurization if you get a leak, and requires maintaining a large pressure difference.
Mars is harder to land on, as seen in this video. Venus you merely need to activate your balloon at some point, and then you can just float to desired altitude.
Mars completely lacks a magnetosphere, which means a lot of dangerous cosmic rays and solar wind. Venus has a pseudo magnetosphere due to solar wind reacting with the thick atmosphere. Anything not stopped by the pseudo magnetosphere would still need to go through an Earths atmosphere worth of Venus atmosphere.
Mars has only 38% of Earths gravity, which causes many long term health effects. Venus has 91% of earths gravity, over double that of Mars, which means significantly less gravity related health effects.
Mars takes longer to get to, and takes more fuel. More time means more radiation received on transit, and more health effects caused by micro gravity. You also need more food.
Mars gets 4/9 of Earths sunlight, meaning a lot less power from solar panels, and larger difficulty with growing plants. Venus gets 90% more sunlight than Earth, and you can get reflected sunlight from below, a lot more power would be generated from solar panels, and you could grow more plants provided you diffuse the light.
Mars lack of atmosphere means more object colliding into the surface, along with being closer to asteroid belt and the wrecking ball of the solar system (Jupiter) increase chance of damaging natural kinetic bombardment. Venus's thick atmosphere would burn up space debris as well as Earth's atmosphere. You can also move your colony on Venus out of the collision path with an incoming object.
Yeah why does everyone like Mars? I am assuming surfacism.
There is an idea to have large floating constructs riding the up high on the dense atmosphere.
"and just to rub it in I'm close to Earth and decent compared to Venus so.... suck it up and deal with it Earthlings"
don't drink and land
Yellowstone
I think that's why I suck at Kerbal Space Program
Don't land. You will fail anyway :)
Yellowstone Please drink responsibly, meaning not at all.
You never get hurt when you're drunk ... or not as bad as when you're sober ... or maybe not haha?
another happy landing
*I demand more space content*
FYI PBS Space Time is a great YT channel covering space stuff (obviously, as the name suggests) though it can be a bit full on at times - for my limited intellect anyway.
Just thought I'd let you know :)
yeah but their content is alot more complicated :^))
i need to be actively thinking about what they say to just barely get it
El. Psy. Congroo.
I don't think they made a video on gravity assist, which they promised to make on the "hitting the sun is hard" video.
Yup I know... Kerbal Space Program taught me as much...
damn beat me to it
me too ksp brought me into rocketry
*insert Kerbal Space Program reference*
katyj98 add more boosters
What are you doing here Kat?
katyj98 Jeb heard someone wanted a ship to fly really damn low.....
On Duna....
katyj98 that game is a PAIN to land anything :/
Sinewave Eclipse I’ve landed on Eve and returned....
With MKS/USI-LS...
And with a large cargo bay with science shit....
In career mode...
I think I’m addicted.
KSP players be like:
Last year news
I'd so like to see Henry playing Kerbal Space Programm :-X
oh man, aero braking around mars would result in awesome video footage.
ruolbu And Coffee crisp
Fill mars with water then land on that water
Landing on water is a relatively bad idea, not just for the obvious reasons.
If a spacecraft has the wrong angle when landing, it would bounce off or hit the water like a solid stone wall, and given Mars´ low gravity, bouncing off of the surface would definately be the last time anyone will ever see that spacecraft.
Also, the entire planet is covered in rust, which would float in the ocean and most likely gather on the surface, creating at least one field of rust floating on water, which would mean that bouncing off of it wouldn´t be an option anymore, because anything that hit the rusty area would be done for. Then we´d have even more junk floating around the Red Planet that would destroy incoming spacecrafts.
That's not how orbit works...
Also, I do't think rust floats.
the water will evaporate because the atmosphere is too thin to support lqd water
>fill Mars with water
>land drone ship on that water
>land rocket, on the drone ship, on the water, on Mars
so efficient
WHY DONT WE JUST TAKE EARTH AND MOVE IT OVER THERE
+M1FF3D
We could but we would crash into Mars, and it wouldn't help you land there. Also you just reduce sunlight by about 57%, plants starve and Earth turns into a giant snow ball.
Joseph Burchanowski I mean I like snow.
+William Rogers
Lol. Oh don't hit read more, it will be a boring reply about me taking what William Rogers said too seriously.
It will be a little more than a snow ball, more like a permanent Ice age with no ocean and the majority of the light being bounced into space, making it even colder than just 57% less sunlight. You'd also lose the majority of your soil as it gets covered by miles and miles of ice (kilometers and kilometers if you international). You'd also get less snow as there isn't going to much water in the air precipitating. You'd effectively would have the entire Earth as a cold Frozen desert (deserts are classified by precipitation), with all the water in ice. I called it a giant snowball because it is called snow ball Earth, even though it is far more ice.
oh i see the spongebob reference ;)
We would freeze. Why not move Mars closer to Earth?
That last bit we've been doing that for years on Duna.
Though Kerbal Space Program is not entirely realistic.
DarkBabylon
Very interesting, quick and straight to the point video. This channel really never disappoints.
Just build the outer layer out of Nokias, that way you don't need heat shields, parachutes or rockets.
Awesome video. Really enjoyed it, thanks! 😊
Another awesome vid Henry! Thank you for your work.
3, 2, 1, liftoff!
deploys parachute before exiting earth
check your staging always
marlonyo Hehe always miss that...
Manasv Chhabra I seriously have never understood the joke about this, I've never had this happen to me. Only one time did I forget staging, and that was just launching main rockets in the wrong order.
i think it happens to a lot of people in the beginning. parachutes tend to go to the last states so this only happens in single state rockets in the beginning if you star playing without doing tutorials or watching videos it can happen
Why not use bubble-wrap?
Superior technology for a progressive age
so effiecient
They've already tried that :p (1:10)
Because astronauts would pop all the wrap during the long and boring flight.
well to be fair it did work fine for the spirit and opportunity
That's the best channel I've ever seen. It's perfect!! Educative and quick.
I already knew that, but great educational video! Keep this up man!!
Summary of the video : Space is fucking cool!
The good news is since we have such a strong focus on mars, all the easier to deal with atmospheres will seem like cake after mars.
Great channel, videos, explanation. Perfect for all ages
Really quick video, enough information. I like it.
omfg the way you say drag
"DRAIG"
just use lots of parachutes - it works in Kerbal Space Program :)))))
xkcd.com/1244/
Funny thing is, they use gravity assists for many of the probes.
That last solution, skimming across the upper atmosphere for a really long time, is exactly what I would suggest in Kerbal Space Program! 😊
Didn't Matt Damon colonize Mars already?
colonize? no dude, he came back and we promptly lost him on a planet near a black hole somewhere.
hes stuck in a library somewhere
the Martian and Interstellar huh?
No
No, but he pooped all over it.
This episode brought to you by Kerbal Space Program! Find out more about landing on Mars by visiting a "Duna" near you!
This video is amazing thanks Henry
As always I'm a big fan! Thank you for another nice video which I even understood from the beginning to the end this time! ;0
draeg
I thought the same thing.
airbaeg
I noticed that, where is he from? Sounds Midwestern?
wtf accent is that even?
I think he's got a cold.
it's even harder to land inside Area51.
Only aliens know how to do it
Just get a X-15 from a museum and fly at Area 51 at a few times the speed of sound.
*You may not survive to tell the tale
Those of you that are interested, Georgia Tech's aerospace engineering graduate program is the location where these hypersonic parachutes and inflatable heat shieldings are developed. Super cool stuff.
Nice Video !
I already knew the answer to this question, because of KSP.
I remember sending missions to Eve before Duna, just because of Eve's thick atmosphere.
We need to have controlled propulsive landing, like the dragon V2 spacecraft
im going to support you on patreon soon!! i just moved out and dont have a lot of money right now but ive paid off my debts and have enough income for this now!! ive wanted to support minutephysics on patreon forever and it feels great to finally be in a position to support you!!
So nice to hear your voice in these videos again. :)
minuteastronomy,minutemath
Cool
you should know that my mind is got throttled down every time i see your video but i kinda like how it feel and addicted to it
Great work !!
With NASA just quitting, I really hope SpaceX is up to the challenge. I want to see humans colonize Mars.
Why we don't colonize the moon first? It's easier i think
Because we never left our own atmosphere and we never will. The I.S.S. should be renamed the I.A.S (International Atmosphere Station)
+Things & Stuff Neil Armstrong walked on the moon and the moon is outside of Earth's atmosphere, is it not?
I doubt he did, if those missions happened we would be based there by now but instead we have N.A.S.A. telling us they don't have the technology to get through the Van Allen belt today and the technology that got us to the moon has been destroyed and it's too costly and painful to develop again. It was a Hollywood production and it cannot be faked again and that's why we don't go back. Maybe I'm wrong but I think they are all full of shit.
+Dudu Channel It's more difficult. Moon doesn't have an atmosphere and very low gravity. It's not possible to terraform either. The difference in energy to get to the moon and Mars is insignificant because vastly more energy is required just to break free from earth's gravity. This means that once you're in space, it makes more sense to try and colonize Mars than to colonize the moon.
Thank you patreons for making this video possible
Your explanation was pretty much what I thought it would be. I feel pretty smart right now. :)
1:34 That thing on the right looks like what everyone imagine when they think UFO...
....Earth is the Mars to those aliens who keep coming here. Just wrong, so they need those inflatable thingies to land. OMG.
Soon there will be a video called Why its hard to Enter the USA.
Mr IY lol
I doubt it because we won't know how hard it is as no one will be trying. why would anyone want to go to the cheeto dictatorship?
which is good way to stop stanization
Bacon
+Jumbo
Excuse me but .. stop what?
+Ascdren
Well there are enough people who think that despots what will bring their dream land..
I think we in Europe got quite a lot people who're aiming for something similar and are dumb enough to not realise what is going on. Germany, France.. Polan not so much their Government does a pretty good job keeping their idiots fed up... Hungarian is even better at that and more or less the European resort for people looking for an autocratic 'light' concept.
While that might change in the future .. and i doubt that these kind of people would consider Turkey as possible home since most of them seem to have some Islamophobia.. which is also known as special combination of cowardice and Idiocy...
So maybe .. some of our low lifes might want to make their way to the US in the future... who knows.. you might wanna tell them that they won't get 500$, free health insurance and a place to live for free paid by all those people actually working ... that might change their minds.. not that i wouldn't encourage them to go maybe some of those guys dressed in white wearing one of those cornet shaped hats that look like some German kid got it as present for enrolling into school...
Good old Minute Physics video. Short, interesting, well made.
:)
space exploration really is fascinating
Play Kerbal space program more, will be easier to do in real life.
Djinn JP Rogue people at NASA actually play the game sometimes not to do anything real but just for like creative exercise but I'm sure some one has tested a rocket in the game
Can u do a video on complex differentiation?
Palaash Wakharkar I highly doubt he will do it. His channel is usually for general audience interested in physics/math. So his math is usually algebra and not so advanced. Although he might write some complex physics equations by the side, he usually won't go in-depth about them
Watch 3blue1brown he probably has a video on it.
A video about Delta V (Garbage into the Sun) and now one about landing on Duna......uh Mars. I know what you are playing in your spare time. Bravo. Keep em'coming.
Huh, the only GitS video i could find was a what if from about two years *_after_* this one (and presumably after your comment), and it used Trash rather than Garbage. And the only minutephysics video that might've been relevant about deltaV was "Hitting the Sun is HARD" from a whole year before (and strangely imo, it wasn't included in the playlist). Have i missed some other one?
Thank you!
2minutesphysics
Well NASA could stop using US customary units in their calculations! That would help.
That only accounted for one failure afaik, and I think it was an international project too, not sure., don't quote me.
Wow, 2min and 2 sec and i learned more than in three years of Physik in school, i like your Chanel 👌👍
"Skim past the tops of mountains for a really long time" this is me landing on Duna.
Those 9 dislikers are still think the earth is flat
P.S. : now it's 180
Who knows maybe NASA is lying to us, maybe the earth is flat. Has an astronaut came out and said the earth is round? I mean I believe the earth is round, but the government and NASA has lied before so....we should respect people theories.
Cassidy west Im going to assume you're joking, but if you're not: we have quite a lot of proof (besides images) that the Earth is round. For one, we would have to through modern physics straight out the window if the Earth was flat considering a flat Earth wouldn't be possible. There's also the ship argument, flying in a plane, etc. These are just some examples and there are already flat earth debunk videos that explain why it's not possible and the Earth is round way better than me.
nah I'm just joking and look at these two
suite hound your joking right ?
i know it might seem crazy but we can use giant inflatable landing pads that will make it easier to land? i mean just drop them before landing so you drop on them? just a thought
Tell Me This What? Why would you drop them once you inflated them on the bottom of the spacecraft if you want to land on them?? And gow do you want to aim and hit it?
i mean wouldn't it burn if it is being inflated at the bottom of the spacecraft? also, if you drop them you will have the option to use a really gigantic landing pad which wouldn't be so efficient if attached to the bottom of the spacecraft. lastly, i don't think it would be that hard to figure out where your spacecraft will drop?
You aren't falling straight to the ground, you have to aim them, and that's hard
It's like one of those wingsuit box landings. They don't know the exact location to land so the box stack has to span a large area just to make sure the person lands safely. Same thing applies here, the said cushioning pad should span a large area just to make sure the probe lands safely, and this already has some aiming done.
the trick is in order to get that there into position you would've have needed to land something there already. This works on earth since we can just drag it into the location we want but with mars we would have to launch it there using a massively expensive rocket. So why not save some billions of dollars and send the rover with the inflatable landing pad attached to it instead of 2 separate payloads?
I always wanted to know why it's so hard to land on Mars but I don't have more than 2 minutes and 2 seconds time. You're a life saver. Not that I understand a word you say.
hi loved the video
but it is harder to escape friendzone
When you is in a friendzone you never wil escape...It is like a black hole
jerico mendo success rate is more like 1%
jerico mendo
No,it is emotionally harder to land on mars not just physically!
If you don't want to enter the friendzone then just don't become friends with anyone! It's that easy. Or better yet, just don't talk to any girls.. ever. I speak from experience here and it works 100 %
Pff. You're just not trying are you? ;p
I mean, my boyfriend was a friend...
But you take a risk, telling your friend you like them. And often, it ends badly if you do.
So either accept that you'll be in the friendzone forever, or actually take the damn risk you wimps. ;p
A lot of drayg
Both manned slow down techniques sound incredibly fun and terrifying.
Oh come on Henry! Saying the success rate on Titan is a 100%... The only attempt, the Huygens Probe, was successful, so of course the success rate is 100%.... lol :'D
Apart from that, great video as always :D
So....humans will be in the UFO? So then mars aliens can report on human UFO sightings?
Yes indeed my friend.
How to land in North Korea?
Rathr "How to escaep from Noth Korea?"
Jon Goat you must be fun at parties
don’t be american
STOP JOKING!!!!!!
The Dragon 2 capsule basically uses the aerodynamic properties of the capsule to create lift, so while it has heat shields and a powered descent it is able to get away with a lot less of either because it has some in-air control to slow down as much as possible just using the atmosphere before using the retro rockets.
very cool.
FIRST VIEW!
landing on venus?
Landing on venus isn't the hard part, it's atmosphere is so thick that you wouldn't face the problems of not being able to slow down nearly as much as on Mars or even Earth. The toughest part is keeping the device that has landed on Venus intact, which for obvious reasons is difficult to do.
Yeah, we've sent several probes to Venus! Despite Venus being a total hellscape, landing there is actually easier then landing on mars. However, the heat and pressure are so high that the probe will not last very long at all before being destroyed by the ambient background of the planet's sheer harshness.
acid clouds, lead melting point at surface...
Soviets were there!!
JiaMing Lim Briefly, before the lander incinerated.
"Mountain skimming" too dangerous in KSP, too dangerous on Mars.
the last was me in my last successfull duna landing.
most often it ends up in the 'hectic fireing of the engines at full thrust in the last moments before "ground-breaking" and sometimes getting the timing right combined with quick save'-aproach though
You know, I'm not sure I've ever watched an episode of minute physics that was only 60 seconds long.
Hi henry, your video has really inspired me and I am now working on a school project to show my peers why is it so hard to land on Mars. was wondering if you have any links that could aid me in my calculations of the drag force/ pressure/ heat that spacecrafts experience in Mars that makes it different from other planets like Earth. thanks in advance !
Finally a patreon \o/
I like your name. Great video also, subbed. 😃
just saw vsauce3 video why mars and after it finished i got the notification that a mars video by you is out xDDDD
Could you do a video about Ion engine propulsion; such as Hall effect thrusters?
Please make longer videos
Love it
i was just thinking before you said it , just keep going around and around until you eventually slow down
The movie reference, i like it :)
more astronomy stuff like this k thx
Could you cover lifting bodies? I've heard them described as a method of doing without significant heat shields and parachutes on bodies with a reasonable amount of atmosphere. Could a lifting body help land large vessels on Mars?
The way is to spend as much time in the upper atmosphere using the aerodynamic proprieties of the spacecraft to slow as much as possible before using chutes and rockets
The problem with high atmospheres is that, per m/s of deceleration, you get much more heat than if you were simply lower down, meaning you need much more heat shielding, adding weight and cost and further compounding the problem.
Oh cool. I never knew that. I wonder when we'll get there :o
not first but still I'm here, great video
Hey Henry, the LDSD project was cancelled last year after two attempts in two previous years. I haven't heard news of it since sadly.
was that reference to Star Trek Generations at the end?
"Eh, just add more engines"
-Every KSP player ever