One of my earliest memories of art that impressed me as a child was a photo of a pen and ink and watercolor of a rainy day city scene. I have no idea who the artist was but I have remembered that photo all of my life (I'm 65 now). I've tried pen and ink before but I've never been happy or satisfied with my work. As you mention in the video, I was trying to put too much detail into the piece. Frustration made me put it aside. You have inspired me to try again. Thanks Steve!!!
Love this episode! You really hit it when you talked about getting to know subjects. I'm taking a beginner drawing class because I realize that modern floral watercolor is richer if you truly know your subjects as opposed to copying someone else's interpretation of flowers. I'm looking forward to growing this year, and I truly appreciate you dedication to the arts!
I always considered myself null at pen and ink drawing. When I watched other youtube videos the demonstrator started straight with pen and ink. Now I see the process thank you.
I love your work, Steve. You finish things so well. At about 10:30 I would have been thrilled and may have quit there but you just keep patiently refining and finishing. Beautiful!
I love this picture. I have seen my grandma in this hat and using a pot like that. I don't remember if she was washing something or making soap....She grabbed her bonnet every time she walked out the door. :) Love the painting and I love that picture.
Thanks, Steve. I have been doing Inktober this year for the first time. I am only doing quick little sketches, but you have encouraged me to really go back to try to make a real drawing. I learned a lot from this video, and a lot about using ink. But that is always the way it is with your videos. Thanks, again.
Thanks for the instruction of illustration work. I would never have thought to use the non photo blue pencil for sketch work. I also like the history you presented with the re-enactments.
It was one of the most beautiful ink drawings I've seen this month and the motif was a superb choice, especially this photo will be interesting in any media. I would love to see you paint this motif in colors as well. I enjoy and appreciate your videos and I am looking forward to seeing more uploads from this channel in the future.
Can't thank you enough for getting me into Inktober. I'm having SO much fun and learning a lot too. It's fun being part of the community and seeing the work of others. God bless!
@@mindofwatercolor Just WoW! This is the best 'movie' I've seen for decades! I can't get over how exact this is and what a tiny nib. I need to play with my pens for a while before trying that thing. I did look at those same pads this morning thinking that I could use the watercolor paper for ink and maybe learn to do washes on them. I'm new to water color and am waiting for the paints to arrive. It used to be that I thought I was just using excuses when I would say to people that I needed to "warm up". Maybe it's not. Thanks for this. I've been semi-binge watching your channel since I found it.
Really excited to sit and watch this one, Steve! The piece is terrific, but really, it's your narrative that is so worth the watch! I've stuck with the prompts and one-per-day, but it's definitely been a challenge to keep up. So far so good! But, like you said, for me it's been nothing but fun so far. When it's not fun, I don't do it. Period. Anyway, I don't wish to "draw" out this reply, so I'll leave "well" enough alone before I come across "sketchy." Cheers and as always, a hundred thank you's! Cheers! :)
Thanks so much Mark! Glad it was a worthy listen. I often think I'm just rambling too much. And thanks for your compliments on the piece. Yeah, InkTober is a celebration of the medium for me and a chance to "brush" up on my skills. LOL! Thanks as always.
Watched in wonder and even though I watched it all was still amazed at the result. Have never done pen and ink, hope you do more and if possible get in closer.
Funny you should mention Cowpin. I was thinking about that area yesterday, my great grandmother is buried in a church cemetery in Cowpin. I remember going to the burial spot as a kid and the old church was just a rotted out building, overgrown with weeds and trees. The only other thing I had ever anyone mention regarding Cowpin was that the famous jazz guitarist Hank Garland was from there.
Sooo glad I found your channel! You're so funny and I absolutely love watching you draw and paint! I like to do more of an abstract or illustration type painting with watercolor or gouache but learning different style of watercolor with your channel is so much fun! Thank you :))
There's a lot of historical things in Boston that you would enjoy penning and painting. Even a nice view of the Charles River from many angles would be fun. You should visit here.
Oh yes! I'm sure. I would love to go. My wife was there a couple years ago on a business trip and kept texting me pictures and telling me how I need to go there and do some painting.
And be sure to visit the Mt. Auburn Cemetery. It was actually an arboretum and in later years they sold burial plots because of financial problems. They say it is more for the living than the dead. I go there to paint at least once a week in autumn. I don't paint the tomb stones but I've been there with other artists who have. It's unfortunate your wife didn't get more free time there. Business trips only give a very small percent of it all.
Hi! Thank you so much for the tutorials and all the great advice that you share. One of my goals this year was to practice my painting and drawing skills, and your videos have really helped! Tusen tack! (“A thousand thanks” in Swedish).
This was awesome to watch, it really gave me a lot to think about. I found it really helpful. I may not enter Inktober this year, but l will be drawing in Ink, and working with link drawing supply's.
I love the Kuratoga pencils!!! Zebra has a nice line also called the Dual guard I think it's called. Nice feel to it and the no beak lead feature works well.
Great video! I definitely need to get back to doing pen & ink drawings. I realize that this would be frowned upon, but my mom grew up in the days when school desks had an inkwell and people learned to write with a dip pen. She told me they would suck on the pen point before using it the first time. It actually works quite well, but now I just wash off the point.
I want to learn more about how to do a value study. I understand the meaning but when it comes down to actually trying one myself I am so lost. Any suggestions? I paint with watercolor and also use different pens to draw with. Thank you so much, love you and your channel and I learn something new every video. Sending best wishes from Northern Nevada -Leslie
Thanks for doing this video. I am doing the Inktober challenge this year and am having trouble some days coming up with something. On those days I just doodle. Thanks for saying "don't put pressure on yourself". It's gotta be fun right? :) So what I took away from this video was your idea to actually shade with pencil so you know exactly where you want to put your hatching. I started incorporating that as I listened to/watched your video! :D
The American Revolution was huge in South Carolina. I was told by a National Park Ranger that SC has the most battles and skirmish sites of any state in the country.
Indeed it was. I've been to at least 5 of the sites. The turning point for the war in the south was just 40 miles from me at the Battle of Cowpens. Some of that battle was very loosely the basis for the final battle in the movie The Patriot.
Here is the website that the National Park Ranger put together on every battle of the Revolution. He is the one that told me that SC had close to 650 to 700 battles and skirmishes. More than NY or New Jersey, the most in the US. gaz.jrshelby.com/
OK, cool! Thanks! Yeah there were a lot of skirmishes down near the Low Country plantations and the SC coast. Probably centered around Francis Marion's raids, The Swamp Fox (Mel Gibson's character, again, very loosely base on him). The rest of the skirmishes no doubt followed Cornwallis' army as it marched up through Columbia and the western part of the state.
The Mind of Watercolor Absolutely, I will check it out. I might even have to bring my ghost hunting equipment with me. It would be awesome to see you there :-)
Question: how often would a nib need to be replaced? I noticed the zebra Gs are sold in packs of ten. I have little experience with dip pens - just a cheap Speedball set.
They will ink for a long time without wearing out. I've yet to need replace one but then I don't ink in as often as say a comic illustrator. Often buying a pack is a good idea when you ink a lot because they are cheap and sometimes one nib will ink a bit different from another. Some pros will break in a whole group of several nibs, ink with each nib and see which one performs the best.
I don't see a link for the electronic eraser. Can you add it to the description? I have never seen these before, and it looks very useful! Thanks for listing & linking your supplies.
Thank you, Steve, for this excellent tutorial! I had never realized the many steps that could be part of the process for pen and ink. (Tiny correction: Inktober is a 31 day challenge.)
Lovely pen and ink drawing and some excellent tips. Thank you for sharing. I have been doing Inktober following the prompts. Sometimes it is a challenge to fit in with a full-time job but worth it.
Yes, it can be a daunting schedule. Glad you're attempting it though. Participating is for you and nobody else. No one will monitor your progress. What you learn is the most important part.
Really excellent vid Steve, Lot's of info, A question if I may, How would you (using pen & Ink) get distance in a drawing? for instance if you where doing a landscape or Cityscape (tall buildings in the background)?. Looking forward to you next vid. All the best, from over the pond (UK)
Just think of it as you would a gray scale rendering. More distant buildings would be lighter in tone wish less details and contrast. So your hatching would probably be lighter. I suppose they could also be darker and a sillouette. But the point is that you match gray scale value with a tone constructed of lines.
The left lower part of the body in the sketch seems off. It looks narrow as compared to the photo I like the presented 3 step technique of drawing in ink though
The Mind of Watercolor See, these are one of the reasons why you're one of my favourtie YTer/artists. I'll keep trying! Eventually I'll be able to get crisp lines! Thank you. 😊😆
Hey Steve, my Urban Sketching beginner's book author suggests a Sailor Fude pen. I have it and Noodler's Bulletproof in my cart. Can you say whether I should start with a fude or a regular nib? Also, they come in 40, 55 degrees. I chose 40. Will my linework be better over the long haul?
I have a Fude nib pen but rarely use it. Its just preference as to whether you'll use it. It takes some practice to get the hang of the thick/thin strokes with a Fude, which is its primary feature. You can get some pretty cool strokes with them though.
Thank you for showing your specific process - very helpful! Does the blue erase readily? I thought that was for digital processing. In any event, I ordered some blue lead for my 2 mm lead holder.This is my first time doing the Inktober challenge and having a great time. Again, thank you.
It erases like colored pencil. Not great but ok if its not been put on too heavy. For the most part it was not meant to erase. I don't recommend using it on a watercolor painting, sketches and pen & Ink only. It was actually used for analogue graphic cameras back in the day. Graphics were shot on high contrast film and paper where everything came out either black or white and the blue completely disappeared. Digital cameras and scanning can actually pick up the blue pencil but it still makes adjusting out the color easier so you're left with just black. Illustrators, comic artists, animators and the like adopted blue pencils for sketching because it was cleaner than using just a graphite pencil, which smeared up the paper and needed more erasing when roughing out. Today its still used by illustrators along with red, orange, purple and even yellow pencils.
I completed my first Inktober this year! I wish I had found and subscribed to you before then, you explained things and showed me things that are really helpful. Thank you, I will be incorporating them in my daily art and in the next Inktober for sure. Also she is beautiful and I love Civil War stuff too.
Time primarily, plus I didn't want it to be too busy and confusing. Ink drawings can get that way real fast. You can still tell what she's doing in the drawing.
Platinum Carbon ink and Noodler's Bulletproof black ink. Although the later takes longer to dry. Both are suitable for fountain pens, although Platinum warns that Carbon should not be left in the pen for extended periods of time. I've done so and still not had a problem so I'm tempting fate a bit.
Thanks for the video, looked like you used one of your hand turned nib holder. It would be great to learn new things while you are having fun. Look forward to more videos. Essie/luv4art33
One of my earliest memories of art that impressed me as a child was a photo of a pen and ink and watercolor of a rainy day city scene. I have no idea who the artist was but I have remembered that photo all of my life (I'm 65 now). I've tried pen and ink before but I've never been happy or satisfied with my work. As you mention in the video, I was trying to put too much detail into the piece. Frustration made me put it aside. You have inspired me to try again. Thanks Steve!!!
Very nice ink work Steve. I so admire your realistic style in both ink and watercolour. I find drawing figures quite daunting.
Love this episode! You really hit it when you talked about getting to know subjects. I'm taking a beginner drawing class because I realize that modern floral watercolor is richer if you truly know your subjects as opposed to copying someone else's interpretation of flowers. I'm looking forward to growing this year, and I truly appreciate you dedication to the arts!
Your videos are terrific! And I look forward to reading the Scriptures at the end!! Thank you for helping me grow as an artist.
I love the Scripture at the end as well.
I always considered myself null at pen and ink drawing. When I watched other youtube videos the demonstrator started straight with pen and ink. Now I see the process thank you.
I love your work, Steve. You finish things so well. At about 10:30 I would have been thrilled and may have quit there but you just keep patiently refining and finishing. Beautiful!
I've been drawing inktober since day 1. New thing for me. Love trying only pen and ink.
I love this picture. I have seen my grandma in this hat and using a pot like that. I don't remember if she was washing something or making soap....She grabbed her bonnet every time she walked out the door. :) Love the painting and I love that picture.
Thanks, Steve. I have been doing Inktober this year for the first time. I am only doing quick little sketches, but you have encouraged me to really go back to try to make a real drawing. I learned a lot from this video, and a lot about using ink. But that is always the way it is with your videos. Thanks, again.
Yay! Glad to hear you're participating.
Thanks for the instruction of illustration work. I would never have thought to use the non photo blue pencil for sketch work. I also like the history you presented with the re-enactments.
Thanks Steve, I picked-up quite a few tips , plus I really enjoyed your commentary and taking in your drawing skills and techniques....thanks heaps.
Thanks Steve for posting this wonderful video, loved the progression from the non repro blue to the white gel pen.. Once again..elegant and inspiring.
It was one of the most beautiful ink drawings I've seen this month and the motif was a superb choice, especially this photo will be interesting in any media. I would love to see you paint this motif in colors as well. I enjoy and appreciate your videos and I am looking forward to seeing more uploads from this channel in the future.
Can't thank you enough for getting me into Inktober. I'm having SO much fun and learning a lot too. It's fun being part of the community and seeing the work of others. God bless!
Awesome to hear, thanks!
@@mindofwatercolor Just WoW! This is the best 'movie' I've seen for decades! I can't get over how exact this is and what a tiny nib. I need to play with my pens for a while before trying that thing. I did look at those same pads this morning thinking that I could use the watercolor paper for ink and maybe learn to do washes on them. I'm new to water color and am waiting for the paints to arrive. It used to be that I thought I was just using excuses when I would say to people that I needed to "warm up". Maybe it's not.
Thanks for this. I've been semi-binge watching your channel since I found it.
Really excited to sit and watch this one, Steve! The piece is terrific, but really, it's your narrative that is so worth the watch! I've stuck with the prompts and one-per-day, but it's definitely been a challenge to keep up. So far so good! But, like you said, for me it's been nothing but fun so far. When it's not fun, I don't do it. Period. Anyway, I don't wish to "draw" out this reply, so I'll leave "well" enough alone before I come across "sketchy." Cheers and as always, a hundred thank you's! Cheers! :)
Thanks so much Mark! Glad it was a worthy listen. I often think I'm just rambling too much. And thanks for your compliments on the piece. Yeah, InkTober is a celebration of the medium for me and a chance to "brush" up on my skills. LOL! Thanks as always.
Watched in wonder and even though I watched it all was still amazed at the result. Have never done pen and ink, hope you do more and if possible get in closer.
Love your work and how you simplify it for us newbies. Thanks
Phenomenal! Thanks for tutorials! I’m not much of a pen an ink artist but it doesn’t stop mr from learning! Thanks again😊
Funny you should mention Cowpin. I was thinking about that area yesterday, my great grandmother is buried in a church cemetery in Cowpin. I remember going to the burial spot as a kid and the old church was just a rotted out building, overgrown with weeds and trees. The only other thing I had ever anyone mention regarding Cowpin was that the famous jazz guitarist Hank Garland was from there.
Sooo glad I found your channel! You're so funny and I absolutely love watching you draw and paint! I like to do more of an abstract or illustration type painting with watercolor or gouache but learning different style of watercolor with your channel is so much fun! Thank you :))
Thanks, Steve for another lesson. They are always interesting, educational and artistic.
love pen and ink... i'm loving this video. it is amazing how different people's styles can be with the same medium
Love it Steve. Isn't it great to just do a little drawing like this? You did a fantastic job. Happy inktober my friend.
Hey thanks buddy. It was great fun to do! Happy Inktober to you also.
Good work... Very Inspirational....
There's a lot of historical things in Boston that you would enjoy penning and painting. Even a nice view of the Charles River from many angles would be fun. You should visit here.
Oh yes! I'm sure. I would love to go. My wife was there a couple years ago on a business trip and kept texting me pictures and telling me how I need to go there and do some painting.
And be sure to visit the Mt. Auburn Cemetery. It was actually an arboretum and in later years they sold burial plots because of financial problems. They say it is more for the living than the dead. I go there to paint at least once a week in autumn. I don't paint the tomb stones but I've been there with other artists who have. It's unfortunate your wife didn't get more free time there. Business trips only give a very small percent of it all.
Watching your process was fascinating. You are so talented. Just beautiful! 😃💖 P.S. Love the Scripture.
I always enjoy watching you work. I love the style. Thank you for sharing.
Beautiful work as always, you are so talented. The information is a real bonus as well! Thank you!
GOOD opening , too funny . its a spooky world out there is right
just love your art talent and appreciate you sharing great information!
Thank you for the history of the different colored pencils in illustration and animation. I always wondered that.
I enjoyed watching your process. It is a great drawing! Thanks.
Hi! Thank you so much for the tutorials and all the great advice that you share. One of my goals this year was to practice my painting and drawing skills, and your videos have really helped! Tusen tack! (“A thousand thanks” in Swedish).
Amazing
This was awesome to watch, it really gave me a lot to think about. I found it really helpful. I may not enter Inktober this year, but l will be drawing in Ink, and working with link drawing supply's.
I love the Kuratoga pencils!!! Zebra has a nice line also called the Dual guard I think it's called. Nice feel to it and the no beak lead feature works well.
Zebra Delguard. Yes, also very nice!
Wonderful as always. Thank you!
I Bought some Japanese Brush Pens.... not sure how I feel yet, but I think I Like Em....
your drawing is amazing!
Great video Steve! 😁 This pen & ink came out beautifully. I love how you do your lines & shading. I hope you are doing well my friend. 🤗
Hi Val, doing well thanks!
Excellent. Thank you. I agree about the electric eraser - my Koh-i-noor is not reliable.
Wow
Great video! I definitely need to get back to doing pen & ink drawings. I realize that this would be frowned upon, but my mom grew up in the days when school desks had an inkwell and people learned to write with a dip pen. She told me they would suck on the pen point before using it the first time. It actually works quite well, but now I just wash off the point.
Oh wow. Don't believe I'll be trying that, LOL!
Excellent video.looks like fun
I want to learn more about how to do a value study. I understand the meaning but when it comes down to actually trying one myself I am so lost. Any suggestions? I paint with watercolor and also use different pens to draw with.
Thank you so much, love you and your channel and I learn something new every video.
Sending best wishes from Northern Nevada
-Leslie
Focus on the range. The darkest value then the lightest value. Study the shapes those values make.
💙 subject, drawing, size, supplies, Tshirt...Thanks!
Fantastic!
That's great!
Superbe, j’aime beaucoup.
Thanks for doing this video. I am doing the Inktober challenge this year and am having trouble some days coming up with something. On those days I just doodle. Thanks for saying "don't put pressure on yourself". It's gotta be fun right? :)
So what I took away from this video was your idea to actually shade with pencil so you know exactly where you want to put your hatching. I started incorporating that as I listened to/watched your video! :D
You got exactly. Is a process that has worked great for comic illustrators and works for all kinds of pen and ink art.
You live not too far from me! :O I'm in Charlotte!
Cool!
The American Revolution was huge in South Carolina. I was told by a National Park Ranger that SC has the most battles and skirmish sites of any state in the country.
Indeed it was. I've been to at least 5 of the sites. The turning point for the war in the south was just 40 miles from me at the Battle of Cowpens. Some of that battle was very loosely the basis for the final battle in the movie The Patriot.
Here is the website that the National Park Ranger put together on every battle of the Revolution. He is the one that told me that SC had close to 650 to 700 battles and skirmishes. More than NY or New Jersey, the most in the US. gaz.jrshelby.com/
OK, cool! Thanks! Yeah there were a lot of skirmishes down near the Low Country plantations and the SC coast. Probably centered around Francis Marion's raids, The Swamp Fox (Mel Gibson's character, again, very loosely base on him). The rest of the skirmishes no doubt followed Cornwallis' army as it marched up through Columbia and the western part of the state.
Just looked. His Google Earth map is amazing.
Amazing!!! And I only live about ten minutes from Cowpens, yet I have never been there. I am going to have to go check it out now for sure..
Aah! yes you must. Go during the anniversary celebration in January when all the re-enactors are there. Just Google their website for dates.
The Mind of Watercolor Absolutely, I will check it out. I might even have to bring my ghost hunting equipment with me. It would be awesome to see you there :-)
Question: how often would a nib need to be replaced? I noticed the zebra Gs are sold in packs of ten. I have little experience with dip pens - just a cheap Speedball set.
They will ink for a long time without wearing out. I've yet to need replace one but then I don't ink in as often as say a comic illustrator. Often buying a pack is a good idea when you ink a lot because they are cheap and sometimes one nib will ink a bit different from another. Some pros will break in a whole group of several nibs, ink with each nib and see which one performs the best.
I don't see a link for the electronic eraser. Can you add it to the description? I have never seen these before, and it looks very useful! Thanks for listing & linking your supplies.
Oh, right! I meant to include that. Here is a link. amzn.to/2xF8At2
Thank you, Steve, for this excellent tutorial! I had never realized the many steps that could be part of the process for pen and ink. (Tiny correction: Inktober is a 31 day challenge.)
Yes, I had a pop up on screen to correct myself, but its easy to miss.
I'm lousy at it but I'm having a blast doing Inktober!
I just realized that I already posted on this. :)
Thats the main thing. Have fun with it!
Lovely pen and ink drawing and some excellent tips. Thank you for sharing. I have been doing Inktober following the prompts. Sometimes it is a challenge to fit in with a full-time job but worth it.
Yes, it can be a daunting schedule. Glad you're attempting it though. Participating is for you and nobody else. No one will monitor your progress. What you learn is the most important part.
Thank you
Really excellent vid Steve, Lot's of info, A question if I may, How would you (using pen & Ink) get distance in a drawing? for instance if you where doing a landscape or Cityscape (tall buildings in the background)?. Looking forward to you next vid. All the best, from over the pond (UK)
Just think of it as you would a gray scale rendering. More distant buildings would be lighter in tone wish less details and contrast. So your hatching would probably be lighter. I suppose they could also be darker and a sillouette. But the point is that you match gray scale value with a tone constructed of lines.
Thanks Steve, Got that.
The left lower part of the body in the sketch seems off. It looks narrow as compared to the photo
I like the presented 3 step technique of drawing in ink though
I would love to try this but I am definitely not strong enough yet.
Give it a go. No one has to see your attempts but you. Best way to learn!
The Mind of Watercolor See, these are one of the reasons why you're one of my favourtie YTer/artists. I'll keep trying! Eventually I'll be able to get crisp lines! Thank you. 😊😆
enjoyed
Hey Steve, my Urban Sketching beginner's book author suggests a Sailor Fude pen. I have it and Noodler's Bulletproof in my cart. Can you say whether I should start with a fude or a regular nib? Also, they come in 40, 55 degrees. I chose 40. Will my linework be better over the long haul?
I have a Fude nib pen but rarely use it. Its just preference as to whether you'll use it. It takes some practice to get the hang of the thick/thin strokes with a Fude, which is its primary feature. You can get some pretty cool strokes with them though.
Thank you for showing your specific process - very helpful! Does the blue erase readily? I thought that was for digital processing. In any event, I ordered some blue lead for my 2 mm lead holder.This is my first time doing the Inktober challenge and having a great time. Again, thank you.
It erases like colored pencil. Not great but ok if its not been put on too heavy. For the most part it was not meant to erase. I don't recommend using it on a watercolor painting, sketches and pen & Ink only. It was actually used for analogue graphic cameras back in the day. Graphics were shot on high contrast film and paper where everything came out either black or white and the blue completely disappeared. Digital cameras and scanning can actually pick up the blue pencil but it still makes adjusting out the color easier so you're left with just black. Illustrators, comic artists, animators and the like adopted blue pencils for sketching because it was cleaner than using just a graphite pencil, which smeared up the paper and needed more erasing when roughing out. Today its still used by illustrators along with red, orange, purple and even yellow pencils.
Wow, thanks for the comprehensive response. And, I also enjoy the Scriptures at the end. Very uplifting.
👍
I completed my first Inktober this year! I wish I had found and subscribed to you before then, you explained things and showed me things that are really helpful. Thank you, I will be incorporating them in my daily art and in the next Inktober for sure. Also she is beautiful and I love Civil War stuff too.
Good for you and thanks for subbing!
why didn't you put all of her cooking implements in the sketch???? it lets you know more what she was doing!
Time primarily, plus I didn't want it to be too busy and confusing. Ink drawings can get that way real fast. You can still tell what she's doing in the drawing.
Do you know of an ink that is suitable for fountain Pen and will not bleed when water colour is applied over it??
Platinum Carbon ink and Noodler's Bulletproof black ink. Although the later takes longer to dry. Both are suitable for fountain pens, although Platinum warns that Carbon should not be left in the pen for extended periods of time. I've done so and still not had a problem so I'm tempting fate a bit.
Thanks for the video, looked like you used one of your hand turned nib holder. It would be great to learn new things while you are having fun. Look forward to more videos. Essie/luv4art33
Yes, I made that one. Thanks for noticing!
I CAN"T SEE YOUR NON-PHOTO BLUE .... oh.