As an older and semi retired archaeologist who has traversed the Columbia Basin and the floodscapes many times, your UA-cam sharing and website have become important for my lifelong learning. Thank you.
Congratulations on your receiving the GSA Award honoring the many hours, weeks, months, and years you have invested in reaching the public with practical geological content. Bravo!
Second time through "A to Z", Nick, and it's an entirely different learning experience than the first time. Having just finished the series at "Z", I now have a deeper contextualization that informs the second pass through. Doing an episode per day also eliminates the short term memory loss issue for a 77 year old fan like me. It flows more smoothly, something like those lava floods from eons ago! I'm really enjoying this big time! Bear Owen Son of Colfax Resident of Broomfield, Colorado
WOO, Nick, thank you SO much for reading passages from Israel Russell's works for us, I feel like I could visualize what Russel saw, that wonderful views with you, wow, wow, wow!😃💞😏✨And, that's right, that old Columbia River Basalts, the sheets of German Chocolate Cakes!! 😆🎊 💗I can't wait to learn/relearn more of pre-IAF with you and Skye in the episode D on this Sunday at 9am Pacific!!🎊🎊😂 By the way, you/we got the green right to directly access Bret's library records through Nick's website, WOW, amazing!! What a community we have become, thank you all the viewers so much for supporting each other one way or another!!!😘💞💗✨
Thank you, Nick, for sharing the story about how the Bretz notes became available to the public, and thanks to you, viewer Ryan from Springfield, the University of Chicago library archives, the group of geologist researchers, and the great grandson of Dr. Bretz who made this possible. It's wonderful when people work together for such a great outcome. We are all better off for it.
Love the old stuff. The whole thing is like a big mystery who done it. The background of how the mystery was solved only helps contibute to perhaps new discoveries. I really appreciate that you make us all feel like we are part of the team. Cheers from Ontario Canada.
Way to go Professor. It's all coming together. The history and the hard work from these early "discoverers" need to be recognized. Thank you and enjoy your holiday.
Thank you professor. This was awesome!. Having you read us these old journal entries is great because I don't have time to sit and read them myself, but I do have time to drive and listen. That's not even the best part. The best part about having you read them is all of your interjections and comments and context which blended with the original journals becomes a confection of entertainment and education that is truly wonderful. Thank you for this. We love you.
Having driven back and forth between Seattle and Spokane dozens of times on I-90, I am moved by the poetry of the Israel Russell descriptions read around minute 58. I am now in Indiana and pine for that geologically stark transition between Snoqualmie Pass and bursting out into the basalt plains beyond Ellensburg, or going the other way, approaching Ellensburg and seeing the jumbled back side of the Cascades, so massive, extensive, majestic, so geologically lush it was freakin amazing and I would eagerly look forward to those views as they arose on the horizon. I love this Episode C!
I really enjoyed this episode. Lot’s of new information. Looks like geologists were snarky even before Bretz. They sure could write back then. It took me awhile to finish this one. I was interrupted by a 6.3 earthquake here in Thailand, and had to help get the students out of the school. :) No one was hurt, but the school was damaged. I got to use my knowledge gained in these classes, to explain how earthquakes and faults work. I had to use my hands to show India and Asia, slip faults, and normal faults. I had no food props. :)l
Nick, Past member of your backyard series in 2020 here. Loved every one of them. DON’T stop doing the “ Old timey “ stuff!! It’s part of the line of history that’s continuing to evolve. Very important. Am glad I found this new series. You rock 👍👍👍
I LOVE Geology! Your channel has taught me so much about Geology! I love US East Coast Geology since I live in Virginia. Keep doing what you are doing!!!
Many literary scholars love the study of poets' lives as much as the study of their poems. The history of scholarship is a beautiful pursuit. Those large-format monochrome photos are stunning. My hat is off to you.
Poetry can bring people together. During the filming of the movie The Cowboys Roscoe Brown played the cook driving the chuck wagon. He was not a fan of John Wayne. Different attitudes. Different politics etc. Yet he found that both he and Wayne had a deep life long love of poetry.
I'm loving this new series! I'm reading the papers and have even purchased a few books. I've never spent much time on this topic so it's all news to me! My son and I are already planning a few spring field trips to see some of these areas we're talking about.
Just had time to watch this Nick. One of my favorite things is geological history and how advances in observational accuracy change people's and watching your personal knowlege expand exponentially since I started watching you in your back yard. The fact that you are still in awe is awesome to the rest of us! Rock on! Dean in Littleton
Nick and All, I made a trip to my local Library, Columbia, Mo, and found two Bretz books in the reference section! One on the geomorphology of the Ozarks! This is so much fun, learning and connecting.
Great talk! Love the idea of the older papers, maps etc. Thanks for such great gathering - you put so much effort in and I really appreciate it, and I get to learn too! PS - I watch Just Icelandic too. Just amazing landscape, it just feels alive. All the best - enjoy your Thanksgiving break.
The poetic description of the landscape by Israel Russell is incredible! It is also amazing that they created such intricate maps in the old days; I guess they were using a clock and sextant to shoot the stars at night. They accomplished so much with so little technology!
Nick, I think all of this is so SWEET. The geology, the papers, all the people who are following and aiding the group, the Ellensburg lectures, the gal reaching out to you from the Inn. You are rocking this. I am envious.
Am carpenter from Id.Studied geology in late 70s in NH. Have become very interested in your western historical geological stories .They are great as are you.Maybe I retire and go back to school in Ellensburg.
I'm thrilled that you have this series. It looks like another excellent one! I've learned so much from your Nick from Home, these A to Z classes, as well as your public lectures, the 2 minute geology clips and your summer videos. Can't begin to THANK YOU enough for all of them!
Alright... next time...hit the double thumbs up and let the firework display commence! (stupid Zoom trick) These talks are just perfect! Keep on rolling!
Great episode! I like hearing about the pioneers of geology. It lets us know and appreciate where today's knowledge came from/or was inspired by. I hope you got your bag of emberlite rocks from Chris. They're unique and I really like them. Be well. 😀
It’s great to see you having fun and enjoying spreading knowledge to all of us. Love your positive attitude and keep killing it every video. Cheers Nick🍻🍻
Watching at 2:30 and believe you are exactly on the right track with Ice Age Floods A to Z. It's a brilliant approach to teaching geology and I love it.
Wow, I just finished reading/skimming Symons paper. Some fascinating stuff in there, such as running the rapids, native - white business and personal interactions, strange approaches to healing, why sagebrush is pushed out by bunch grass, the history of prior explorers to the area and much more. He is a captivating writer.
Loraine, I am a history major with a passion for geology. Symons' paper was a joy to read. It's reads like a brilliant novel written in the first person.
An excellent approach to historic, geologic observations and various schools of thought when compared to today's more precise observations. Like this format! KUTGW!
The format is coming together well Nick. You continue to provide quality information as we learn together…you keep me sane in this crazy world by providing the science of geology in all the best ways.
Amazing display of high quality research for people who find learning incredibly entertaining. The bibliography is totally awesome! No one does this much this well on youtube!
doing A to Z for the first time. Thanks for the reference to the rattlesnake video which I am enjoying. It is March here in Arizona and have not yet seen a rattlesnake. We are visiting from Virginia.
@@mpetersen6 He'd probably have been far too distracted noticing and analyzing the surrounding landscape and its features. "Here, you tale this ball. I have to get a better look at this rock" And, you know, I'd have rather have watched THAT than any ball game.
Thanks to Bretz family for allowing this. Those notebooks should not be kept so unaccesable to the general public. Maybe the library will put them on a digital format? ❤
Great episode Nick - love the history connections and am grateful for the access to the old papers. Looking forward to reading the IC Russell paper tonight, and very much looking forward to the Skye Cooley episode on Sunday. I am so curious about the old Columbia River drainage patterns over time, and how they may have created weaknesses that could be exploited by the glacial melting. I know you have done some prior shows on the ancient Columbia so I guess I just made my own homework, LOL.
Well I love history Russell’s paper easy to follow ..Nothing like the Baja Bc papers those were extremely challenging I read the abstract and the summary or conclusion I did my level best but I realized that they were written for Geologists I hung is there for all 26 episodes .I started this it and I wasn’t go to quite…Before I forget congratulations on getting to 80,000 Subscribers..
WELL THIS IS INVOLVING SOMETHING ELSE. MAYBE FOR YOUR THREE DAY TALK IN APRIL... YOU HAVE SUCH A LOVE FOR TEACHING GEOLOGY AND SO DO MYRON COOK AND SHAUN WILLSEY. IT'S TIME YOU THREE KINGS UNITE. IT WOULD BE WONDERFUL. SINCERELY, A FELLOW TRAVELER, KIM
Wallula Gap got ripped wide enough for Lake Lewis and Lake Condon to reach nearly the same level (I think Lake Lewis was 1250 ft. and Lake Condon 1200 ft. in the last large floods) ... hence the gap stopped widening because there wasn't enough hydraulic head to do any more cutting. The obstruction downstream of Lake Condon was the long canyon down to The Dalles, and 20 miles of canyon was simply too much for the floods to tear out in the time available. That's my thinking anyway.
I agree. Also, the Wallula Ridge is an anticline fold of the basalt beds, not flat lava beds. The flood water spread out in the Columbia Plateau (Lake Lewis) upstream of Wallula and lost velocity. The Wallula Gap is 1.2miles or 2km wide so will handle a lot of flow.
The hotel promo is great. If I could come, I know where I would stay. Now when can we expect to see “NickZentner Signature “ rock hammers and rucksacks? You are you your way Boss!
Nick, you or someone up there in Washington who's watching these videos and really interested in this subject with all these old photos, should get their camera and go find the spots where these photos were taken then send them you so you can show us how things have changed and stayed the same.
...as well as eastern Oregon, western Idaho, and a small portion of northern Nevada, yes. Feeder dikes to the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) large igneous province facilitated magma transport through the shallow crust to the Earth's surface during the massive flood basalt eruptions emanating from the Yellowstone Hotspot. This is the same mechanism and process that is occurring above the Iceland plume. I couldn't agree more. It was an excellent recap of earlier sessions, plus an exceptional historical overview of early PNW geological works.
I was always under the impression Wallula Gap held up because the speed of the water had slowed down quit a bit. It also seems like a lot of the water overtopped it.
A sizeable amount of water found its way through the high overflow channels at Wallula Gap. However, it was insignificant relative to the total volume of water that was dammed up behind in Lake Lewis, or the amount that was gushing through the gap.
@@leestamm3187 the Wallula Ridge is an anticline fold of the basalt beds, not flat lava beds. The flood water spread out in the Columbia Plateau (Lake Lewis) upstream of Wallula and lost velocity. The Wallula Gap eroded to 1.2miles or 2km wide so will handle a lot of flow.
@@davidpainter9618 Correct. I live about 15 miles from Wallula Gap and am well aware of the local and regional geology. My house sits on a very thin layer of Lake Lewis sediment on the lower north slope of the Horse Heaven Hills Anticline, the eastern end of which is known as Wallula Ridge. The eastern extension of the Rattlesnake Hills anticline, hills known locally as "The Rattles," lies just north of my residence.
You can't understand the ice age glaciation and resulting floods without understanding how the rocks underneath shaped the ice and were shaped or left by the water. That's why the basalt formation is important to understand. After all, you don't build without understanding the substrate, whether building a structure, a road, or a hypothesis. Failure to do so usually ends in catastrophe.
Nick, Here is some food for thought when we get up to the carving of the coulees, and the question of older floods: This has been kicking around in my mind since watching one of your early Bretz videos from onsite in a coulee. Forgive me but I forget which coulee you were at. You were looking at a landform with a taller coulee wall, and a shorter one, and Bretz was implying that the shorter wall in the bottom of the coulee was carved by the recent floods, and the taller wall was carved by an older larger flood. I think we need to keep in mind the manner in which this chocolate cake erodes. It does not like to erode at the same rate downward as it does to the sides. When water cuts through homogenous substrate, it likes to cut laterally and downward at similar rates. But this chocolate cake basalt columns probably are very resistive to erosion across the top of flat basalt layer. Anywhere there is an erosion face, the columns can be taken away by toppling and plucking action, carving downward much faster than carving laterally given the presence of an initial erosive face to headcut. If multiple series of coulee walls are present such as there were in that video (sorry I don't remember which coulee you were in), one should examine the top of each wall and see if it aligns with at or near the top of basalt layer. It may be that the same flood or series of floods were eroding laterally through several exposed layers at the same time, then a new erosive face became exposed somewhere, allowing a rapid downcut and headcut through this next layer of cake during the same flood event. Given more time of that flood series it would possibly have widened this new downcut to match the existing coulee walls. If the top or base of these shorter walls that are incised within the larger coulee does not match with the surface of a particular basalt layer, then I would postulate that may lend evidence toward the downcutting happening asynchronously from the larger coulee.
That was Moses Coulee. And there had to have been previous flood episodes during previous Glacial Advances. The meltwater had to go someplace. Unless the ice just melted like an ice cube on the sidewalk.
Hi Nick, I am watching Session C on YT about 10 days behind your presentation. I wonder about the rate of erosion on the path of the floods and given that cutting of the loess layer would have been easy, how relatively difficult would it have been to cut channels into the basalt. Have you considered that many of the flood channels pre existed from either pre ice age times due to glacial action or other geological action?
The Wallula Ridge is an anticline fold of the basalt beds, not flat lava beds. The flood water spread out in the Columbia Plateau (Lake Lewis) upstream of Wallula and lost velocity. The Wallula Gap eroded to 1.2miles or 2km wide and so will handle a lot of flow.
I personally love the history of the early geologists. Whenever I go to Edinburgh (I live on the north side of the Firth of Forth) I see the famous volcanic group of Castle Rock, Calton Hill and Arthur’s/Archers Seat atop Salisbury Crags, where James Hutton did his early work.
I see Castle Rock I think of the one in Wisconsin. Wisconsin. Not exactly a hotbed of interesting geology. Especially in the SE corner where I live. Some moraines. Some drumlins, glacial till. And lots of limestone. Any signs of the collision that added the region to the Craton are buried under layers of sediment. I imagine there had to be some sort of oregeny in the region 1.4 to 1.8 BYA (Columbia Supercontinent Epoch). But it has long since been worn flat.
If the cut through the Cascade mountains wasn't there. It's called the gorge between Mountains Adams and Hood. Is there a way to tell just how deep the lake would be in Eastern Washington??? What would the elevation be when it over tops the hard rock??? Would that elevation follow the high water marks around the basin??? I would like to prove that the first flood was an enormous lake breaking through the mountains and suddenly draining. It carved the river drainage that other floods followed. All of the data by Bretz was gravels deposited after the channel was already cut. So it was cut prior to the Ice Ages. At least 2.6 million years ago. But after the Cascades were pushed up 5 million years ago.
Love the old timey background of data...sometimes a reality check, that in all of human history...this is not new but needs further investigation. The story never ends, time for new chapters.
You'll NEVER see a Nick Zentner "Why I quit teaching video"
Nick Zentner is what teaching should be about
An authentic educator
As an older and semi retired archaeologist who has traversed the Columbia Basin and the floodscapes many times, your UA-cam sharing and website have become important for my lifelong learning. Thank you.
Congratulations on your receiving the GSA Award honoring the many hours, weeks, months, and years you have invested in reaching the public with practical geological content. Bravo!
I am following you as a veteran geologist
Thank you for the
Videos provided on Rocky tectonics ,volcanos in northwest USA
Second time through "A to Z", Nick, and it's an entirely different learning experience than the first time. Having just finished the series at "Z", I now have a deeper contextualization that informs the second pass through. Doing an episode per day also eliminates the short term memory loss issue for a 77 year old fan like me. It flows more smoothly, something like those lava floods from eons ago! I'm really enjoying this big time!
Bear Owen
Son of Colfax
Resident of Broomfield, Colorado
Oh that's super interesting. I might do that!
WOO, Nick, thank you SO much for reading passages from Israel Russell's works for us, I feel like I could visualize what Russel saw, that wonderful views with you, wow, wow, wow!😃💞😏✨And, that's right, that old Columbia River Basalts, the sheets of German Chocolate Cakes!! 😆🎊 💗I can't wait to learn/relearn more of pre-IAF with you and Skye in the episode D on this Sunday at 9am Pacific!!🎊🎊😂 By the way, you/we got the green right to directly access Bret's library records through Nick's website, WOW, amazing!! What a community we have become, thank you all the viewers so much for supporting each other one way or another!!!😘💞💗✨
Thank you, Nick, for sharing the story about how the Bretz notes became available to the public, and thanks to you, viewer Ryan from Springfield, the University of Chicago library archives, the group of geologist researchers, and the great grandson of Dr. Bretz who made this possible. It's wonderful when people work together for such a great outcome. We are all better off for it.
Thanks Nick! Love the old journals & pics!
From St.John, WA. I took geology in 1970 at Central, where I graduated.
Love the old stuff. The whole thing is like a big mystery who done it. The background of how the mystery was solved only helps contibute to perhaps new discoveries. I really appreciate that you make us all feel like we are part of the team. Cheers from Ontario Canada.
Way to go Professor.
It's all coming together. The history and the hard work from these early "discoverers" need to be recognized. Thank you and enjoy your holiday.
"I want people to feel like they belong here."
Nick treats me better than my mom.
Rock On, Nick! 🤘😎🤘
No commercials this time!
I miss your pre show pep talks very much.
I love hearing about the old stuff!
Balloons and confetti to you Nick!
Just FYI, I for one enjoy the history lesson and the old pictures. Those folks laid the groundwork and should be remembered for their efforts.
Thank you professor. This was awesome!. Having you read us these old journal entries is great because I don't have time to sit and read them myself, but I do have time to drive and listen. That's not even the best part. The best part about having you read them is all of your interjections and comments and context which blended with the original journals becomes a confection of entertainment and education that is truly wonderful.
Thank you for this.
We love you.
Having driven back and forth between Seattle and Spokane dozens of times on I-90, I am moved by the poetry of the Israel Russell descriptions read around minute 58. I am now in Indiana and pine for that geologically stark transition between Snoqualmie Pass and bursting out into the basalt plains beyond Ellensburg, or going the other way, approaching Ellensburg and seeing the jumbled back side of the Cascades, so massive, extensive, majestic, so geologically lush it was freakin amazing and I would eagerly look forward to those views as they arose on the horizon. I love this Episode C!
I really enjoyed this episode. Lot’s of new information. Looks like geologists were snarky even before Bretz. They sure could write back then. It took me awhile to finish this one. I was interrupted by a 6.3 earthquake here in Thailand, and had to help get the students out of the school. :) No one was hurt, but the school was damaged. I got to use my knowledge gained in these classes, to explain how earthquakes and faults work. I had to use my hands to show India and Asia, slip faults, and normal faults. I had no food props. :)l
I cannot imagine just how big the Columbia Lava Floods were, it must have looked like Hell was coming from below.
Love your Talks Nick.
Nick, please bring the series just as you see fit. You are our teacher, and a great one!
Love from Dreischor in The Netherlands!
✌️😃✌️
Wonderful, inspiring, and fun! Your pacing is right on, in my humble opinion. Thanks for being you! You truly make the world a better place!!!
Nick, Past member of your backyard series in 2020 here. Loved every one of them. DON’T stop doing the “ Old timey “ stuff!! It’s part of the line of history that’s continuing to evolve. Very important. Am glad I found this new series. You rock 👍👍👍
I LOVE Geology! Your channel has taught me so much about Geology! I love US East Coast Geology since I live in Virginia. Keep doing what you are doing!!!
Many literary scholars love the study of poets' lives as much as the study of their poems. The history of scholarship is a beautiful pursuit. Those large-format monochrome photos are stunning. My hat is off to you.
Poetry can bring people together. During the filming of the movie The Cowboys Roscoe Brown played the cook driving the chuck wagon. He was not a fan of John Wayne. Different attitudes. Different politics etc. Yet he found that both he and Wayne had a deep life long love of poetry.
I'm loving this new series! I'm reading the papers and have even purchased a few books. I've never spent much time on this topic so it's all news to me! My son and I are already planning a few spring field trips to see some of these areas we're talking about.
Just had time to watch this Nick. One of my favorite things is geological history and how advances in observational accuracy change people's and watching your personal knowlege expand exponentially since I started watching you in your back yard. The fact that you are still in awe is awesome to the rest of us! Rock on! Dean in Littleton
Nick and All, I made a trip to my local Library, Columbia, Mo, and found two Bretz books in the reference section! One on the geomorphology of the Ozarks! This is so much fun, learning and connecting.
Russell's paper is like prose. Glad you read some of it!!
You really are onto something important. Thank you for all your hard work.
Love the black n white photos and old stories...thanks nick!
Rerun addict myself. Many hours of lecture. Thank you for the education.
This is great, Nick. You are exceeding our expectations. This is going to be a fantastic class. History of Science is so cool!
Great talk! Love the idea of the older papers, maps etc. Thanks for such great gathering - you put so much effort in and I really appreciate it, and I get to learn too! PS - I watch Just Icelandic too. Just amazing landscape, it just feels alive. All the best - enjoy your Thanksgiving break.
The poetic description of the landscape by Israel Russell is incredible! It is also amazing that they created such intricate maps in the old days; I guess they were using a clock and sextant to shoot the stars at night. They accomplished so much with so little technology!
Nick, I think all of this is so SWEET. The geology, the papers, all the people who are following and aiding the group, the Ellensburg lectures, the gal reaching out to you from the Inn. You are rocking this. I am envious.
Am carpenter from Id.Studied geology in late 70s in NH. Have become very interested in your western historical geological stories .They are great as are you.Maybe I retire and go back to school in Ellensburg.
The reading of the journal added another dimension that brought their past to life!
Technologically, the best high wire act since the…Wallendas😂. The best narrative of historical figures of the “German chocolate cake”!! Thanks Nick.
Another great episode. Thanks as always for sharing these.
I'm thrilled that you have this series. It looks like another excellent one! I've learned so much from your Nick from Home, these A to Z classes, as well as your public lectures, the 2 minute geology clips and your summer videos. Can't begin to THANK YOU enough for all of them!
Alright... next time...hit the double thumbs up and let the firework display commence! (stupid Zoom trick) These talks are just perfect! Keep on rolling!
Love the old time stuff
Great episode! I like hearing about the pioneers of geology. It lets us know and appreciate where today's knowledge came from/or was inspired by. I hope you got your bag of emberlite rocks from Chris. They're unique and I really like them. Be well. 😀
I enjoyed every minute. TY & Just Icelandic also
It’s great to see you having fun and enjoying spreading knowledge to all of us. Love your positive attitude and keep killing it every video. Cheers Nick🍻🍻
What an interesting table setting episode. Love the history of geologists! They were a tough bunch of scientists.
I love your classes!!! Jennifer in Dallas!
I like the round window with you. I think better when I see a person narrating and the scene.
Watching at 2:30 and believe you are exactly on the right track with Ice Age Floods A to Z. It's a brilliant approach to teaching geology and I love it.
Wow, I just finished reading/skimming Symons paper. Some fascinating stuff in there, such as running the rapids, native - white business and personal interactions, strange approaches to healing, why sagebrush is pushed out by bunch grass, the history of prior explorers to the area and much more. He is a captivating writer.
Loraine, I am a history major with a passion for geology. Symons' paper was a joy to read. It's reads like a brilliant novel written in the first person.
An excellent approach to historic, geologic observations and various schools of thought when compared to today's more precise observations. Like this format! KUTGW!
I recognize that book! That was me. 😊. Tim from Bonney Lake (but now from Buckley). All the best.
GRACIAS Nick … I had fun with this … I learned a lot. I like the style … 🤠
The format is coming together well Nick. You continue to provide quality information as we learn together…you keep me sane in this crazy world by providing the science of geology in all the best ways.
“Just Icelandic” is great, I’ve been following him for several years now, Glyfi is a good guy, pretty level headed and not given to sensationalism 👍🏻
He is great!!!
Thank you so much for your dedication and passion - you make geology the coolest natural science ever!
Love all the history of geology & scientist. We can make it all work together with team work.
These are great! Thank You. More Imagery! A picture is worth a thousand words, and reading a story written by Bretz is phenomenal! Well Done!
Just an observation your a man with great energy but i have a habit of listening and at 1.5 times normal speed you are really energetic
Hi Nick, watching in replay on the slopes of Mt Agung in Bali
This was great!!! Thank you Nick!
Excellent work on this video. Keep smoothing, it helps. But, you basically knock it out of the park just doing the work. Thank you.
These just keep getting better! Thank you!
Thanks Nick
Amazing display of high quality research for people who find learning incredibly entertaining. The bibliography is totally awesome! No one does this much this well on youtube!
Hope to attend a lecture from Parksville in 2024.
OMG … I love the OFFICE !!! Love the students … the live shots outside so fun!!!
doing A to Z for the first time. Thanks for the reference to the rattlesnake video which I am enjoying. It is March here in Arizona and have not yet seen a rattlesnake. We are visiting from Virginia.
Outstanding show Nick as always!!! Can’t wait for Episode D.
excellent commentary
1:41:25 - question; How did the flood basalt get to Newport, OR? Does the coastal range in that area date from after the flood basalts?
I really appreciate the very real view. I love it!!
I did NOT realize Mr Zentner was 6'6". The build of the natural teacher - can be seen right from the back of the room!
I've wondered if he played football in school.
@@mpetersen6 He'd probably have been far too distracted noticing and analyzing the surrounding landscape and its features.
"Here, you tale this ball. I have to get a better look at this rock" And, you know, I'd have rather have watched THAT than any ball game.
Thanks to Bretz family for allowing this. Those notebooks should not be kept so unaccesable to the general public. Maybe the library will put them on a digital format? ❤
Phinney Ridge is btwn Seattle and Ballard- near the zoo
Great episode Nick - love the history connections and am grateful for the access to the old papers. Looking forward to reading the IC Russell paper tonight, and very much looking forward to the Skye Cooley episode on Sunday. I am so curious about the old Columbia River drainage patterns over time, and how they may have created weaknesses that could be exploited by the glacial melting. I know you have done some prior shows on the ancient Columbia so I guess I just made my own homework, LOL.
Well I love history Russell’s paper easy to follow ..Nothing like the Baja Bc papers those were extremely challenging I read the abstract and the summary or conclusion I did my level best but I realized that they were written for Geologists I hung is there for all 26 episodes .I started this it and I wasn’t go to quite…Before I forget congratulations on getting to 80,000 Subscribers..
Saying hi from Red Stick, La. Just up from Nicholls in Thibodaux
WELL THIS IS INVOLVING SOMETHING ELSE. MAYBE FOR YOUR THREE DAY TALK IN APRIL... YOU HAVE SUCH A
LOVE FOR TEACHING GEOLOGY AND SO DO MYRON COOK AND SHAUN WILLSEY. IT'S TIME YOU THREE KINGS UNITE. IT WOULD BE WONDERFUL. SINCERELY, A FELLOW TRAVELER, KIM
The good old chocolate layer cake. Loved it
Wallula Gap got ripped wide enough for Lake Lewis and Lake Condon to reach nearly the same level (I think Lake Lewis was 1250 ft. and Lake Condon 1200 ft. in the last large floods) ... hence the gap stopped widening because there wasn't enough hydraulic head to do any more cutting. The obstruction downstream of Lake Condon was the long canyon down to The Dalles, and 20 miles of canyon was simply too much for the floods to tear out in the time available. That's my thinking anyway.
I agree. Also, the Wallula Ridge is an anticline fold of the basalt beds, not flat lava beds. The flood water spread out in the Columbia Plateau (Lake Lewis) upstream of Wallula and lost velocity. The Wallula Gap is 1.2miles or 2km wide so will handle a lot of flow.
Had to do replay this time
We need you to go there and do that
The hotel promo is great. If I could come, I know where I would stay. Now when can we expect to see “NickZentner Signature “ rock hammers and rucksacks? You are you your way Boss!
Only with Nick Zenter safety straps.
Nick, you or someone up there in Washington who's watching these videos and really interested in this subject with all these old photos, should get their camera and go find the spots where these photos were taken then send them you so you can show us how things have changed and stayed the same.
Are the feeder dikes in Washington state similar to what's happening under Grindavik in Iceland today?
Loving the recap!
...as well as eastern Oregon, western Idaho, and a small portion of northern Nevada, yes. Feeder dikes to the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) large igneous province facilitated magma transport through the shallow crust to the Earth's surface during the massive flood basalt eruptions emanating from the Yellowstone Hotspot. This is the same mechanism and process that is occurring above the Iceland plume.
I couldn't agree more. It was an excellent recap of earlier sessions, plus an exceptional historical overview of early PNW geological works.
I was always under the impression Wallula Gap held up because the speed of the water had slowed down quit a bit. It also seems like a lot of the water overtopped it.
A sizeable amount of water found its way through the high overflow channels at Wallula Gap. However, it was insignificant relative to the total volume of water that was dammed up behind in Lake Lewis, or the amount that was gushing through the gap.
@@leestamm3187 the Wallula Ridge is an anticline fold of the basalt beds, not flat lava beds. The flood water spread out in the Columbia Plateau (Lake Lewis) upstream of Wallula and lost velocity. The Wallula Gap eroded to 1.2miles or 2km wide so will handle a lot of flow.
@@davidpainter9618 Correct. I live about 15 miles from Wallula Gap and am well aware of the local and regional geology. My house sits on a very thin layer of Lake Lewis sediment on the lower north slope of the Horse Heaven Hills Anticline, the eastern end of which is known as Wallula Ridge. The eastern extension of the Rattlesnake Hills anticline, hills known locally as "The Rattles," lies just north of my residence.
You can't understand the ice age glaciation and resulting floods without understanding how the rocks underneath shaped the ice and were shaped or left by the water.
That's why the basalt formation is important to understand. After all, you don't build without understanding the substrate, whether building a structure, a road, or a hypothesis. Failure to do so usually ends in catastrophe.
Zentner seems to be a nice example of the American dream. Would love one of his wife's signed mugs...maybe a cool lookin cascades mountains one.
These old dudes wrote descriptions of geography like poetry
I thought the same thing
End point: My guess on Wallulla Gap is that the basalt there is back-stopped by hard rocks of the Cascades
Gotta admit your tech skills have come a long way since the days of balancing your iPhone on your step-ladder in your back yard. 👏👏😃
Nick, Here is some food for thought when we get up to the carving of the coulees, and the question of older floods: This has been kicking around in my mind since watching one of your early Bretz videos from onsite in a coulee. Forgive me but I forget which coulee you were at. You were looking at a landform with a taller coulee wall, and a shorter one, and Bretz was implying that the shorter wall in the bottom of the coulee was carved by the recent floods, and the taller wall was carved by an older larger flood.
I think we need to keep in mind the manner in which this chocolate cake erodes. It does not like to erode at the same rate downward as it does to the sides. When water cuts through homogenous substrate, it likes to cut laterally and downward at similar rates.
But this chocolate cake basalt columns probably are very resistive to erosion across the top of flat basalt layer. Anywhere there is an erosion face, the columns can be taken away by toppling and plucking action, carving downward much faster than carving laterally given the presence of an initial erosive face to headcut.
If multiple series of coulee walls are present such as there were in that video (sorry I don't remember which coulee you were in), one should examine the top of each wall and see if it aligns with at or near the top of basalt layer. It may be that the same flood or series of floods were eroding laterally through several exposed layers at the same time, then a new erosive face became exposed somewhere, allowing a rapid downcut and headcut through this next layer of cake during the same flood event. Given more time of that flood series it would possibly have widened this new downcut to match the existing coulee walls.
If the top or base of these shorter walls that are incised within the larger coulee does not match with the surface of a particular basalt layer, then I would postulate that may lend evidence toward the downcutting happening asynchronously from the larger coulee.
That was Moses Coulee. And there had to have been previous flood episodes during previous Glacial Advances. The meltwater had to go someplace. Unless the ice just melted like an ice cube on the sidewalk.
Restream, Cayucos, CA
Hi Nick, I am watching Session C on YT about 10 days behind your presentation. I wonder about the rate of erosion on the path of the floods and given that cutting of the loess layer would have been easy, how relatively difficult would it have been to cut channels into the basalt. Have you considered that many of the flood channels pre existed from either pre ice age times due to glacial action or other geological action?
Wow, I have wondered about the Wallula Gap for a while. What was so special about them that they did not erode?
The Wallula Ridge is an anticline fold of the basalt beds, not flat lava beds. The flood water spread out in the Columbia Plateau (Lake Lewis) upstream of Wallula and lost velocity. The Wallula Gap eroded to 1.2miles or 2km wide and so will handle a lot of flow.
I personally love the history of the early geologists. Whenever I go to Edinburgh (I live on the north side of the Firth of Forth) I see the famous volcanic group of Castle Rock, Calton Hill and Arthur’s/Archers Seat atop Salisbury Crags, where James Hutton did his early work.
I see Castle Rock I think of the one in Wisconsin. Wisconsin. Not exactly a hotbed of interesting geology. Especially in the SE corner where I live. Some moraines. Some drumlins, glacial till. And lots of limestone. Any signs of the collision that added the region to the Craton are buried under layers of sediment. I imagine there had to be some sort of oregeny in the region 1.4 to 1.8 BYA (Columbia Supercontinent Epoch). But it has long since been worn flat.
If the cut through the Cascade mountains wasn't there. It's called the gorge between Mountains Adams and Hood.
Is there a way to tell just how deep the lake would be in Eastern Washington???
What would the elevation be when it over tops the hard rock???
Would that elevation follow the high water marks around the basin???
I would like to prove that the first flood was an enormous lake breaking through the mountains and suddenly draining. It carved the river drainage that other floods followed.
All of the data by Bretz was gravels deposited after the channel was already cut. So it was cut prior to the Ice Ages. At least 2.6 million years ago. But after the Cascades were pushed up 5 million years ago.
Missed the live show thanks to a Windows update snafu. Suddenly I am wondering if Moses Coulee is older than the Coulee through Brewster.
I was surprised by how few people in the live chat noticed Nick outside at 10:55. Let me know if you noticed him! Thanks for a great episode.
I didn't see him. But he should have peeked around the window frame and waved. 😅
I want to walk by one day.
Good catch I barely recognized him
Love the old timey background of data...sometimes a reality check, that in all of human history...this is not new but needs further investigation. The story never ends, time for new chapters.