Zombie Stars Discovered!
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- Опубліковано 3 гру 2024
- SciShow Space reveals the discovery of a whole new kind of supernova, and the undead stars they leave behind.
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Sources:
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4:22 "So basically, we're rethinking everything at this point."
And this is why science is awesome.
My first thought was:
Zombie star: Cooooressssss Coooooressssssss
+Faith Nicholas Lol That's Brillant xD
Well, that's funny.
my ocd was conflicting me to like this comment because i changed it from 100 to 101
I thought they would want Branes
Vaptin-Oreo Mafia my fake OCD urged me to tell you that's not what OCD is
"...sunscreen 60 spf for sure." I died! XD lololol
I suvided BuT cn spell
But..but you died....how did you comment...after..???....dying?
*Brain explodes*
+Anvay Bate He's a zombie :o RUN FOR YOUR LIFE! IT'S THE ZOMBIE APOCALYPSE, NO ONE IS SAFE, NO EVEN IN SPACE. WE ARE SO SCREWED.
+PronetoDeath Games WE ARE SAFE, INSIDE THE FUCKING EARTH!!¡!!
PeterPlays - Norsk Gaming BUT THE EARTH WILL BE DESTROYED BY THE IA SUPERNOVAS?!???!!????!!!!!
I'd just call it a sub-nova
Zombie Stars?
Zombie Star: STARS........STARS.....
STAR WARS
A real zombie doesn't is undead but drugged with scolopamine. Oh, oh, too much fiction has made people connect the term ZOMBIE with fiction instead with truth.
Everyone in this thread sounds incoherent and insane.
got my hopes up for radioactive space zombies for nothing.
Well, they didn't disprove that today, so chin up.
Twinkle twinkle ZOMBIE STARS MAUGGGhhhhhh!!!!!!
Lol
This might a depressing comment...but it's so true it's humbling. Space as in infinite abyss of wonders and awe-inspiring paradox's. We won't ever find the truth cause what we think we know ends up being wrong. But props to the minds trying to figure it, but even you can't match the wonders, let alone understand them. All we can do is admire them from afar and appreciate their existence.
paradoxes*
I think, while we may never discover all the secrets of the universe, I believe our species has 2 purposes: To explore and to learn. I think we should learn as much as we possibly physically can about the universe, simultaneously exploring it as much as we can. But that's just me; to understand the impossible and find the unknown.
+zackthekilljoy that's a very bold point. But I agree. And I hope we figure it out! 👍
The universe is just mocking us . Stopping us from continue while showing us what it has
"Sunscreen, SPF 60 for sure."
I lost it at that one. That is why I love Hank. He just has the little quips that catch you off guard and leave you laughing.
This video is almost three years old, and to this day I can't stop looking at that one loose lock in Hank's hair! The green screen's blur makes it come off his head like a solar flare, just baaack and foooorth
Man I love this channel. Awesome stuff! I want Moar. Feed my brain!
I got sunburnt last supernova I went to
Was it fun?
I've been thinking of going on holiday to one, is it worth the long trip?
kintai1000 I see what you did there. :D
kintai1000 I can definitely see it expanding in the future
Last time I tried I got sunburned not sunburnt but whatever floats for fusion drive
White dwarf zombie apocalypse on Steam early access.
You know what to do, game devs.
It's awesome how you always put sources, Thank You :)
now zombies are in space...
fuck
Now zombies are in space...
****
how are you supposed to headshot a sphere?
_looks at shotgun_
it's not big enough... *crap*
+Brian “334k” Z ready phasers!
Somebody get the COD devs
+Nuka Cola Yep,get the cod devs indeed.
Zombie stars...so cool! :-)
Do a video about the so called "pulsar" they found shining 10 million times brighter than our sun. Which supposibly is brighter than a pulsar should be which challenges the theories of a pulsars existance.
Saying a pulsar challenges theories is like getting a glass of water because you're thirsty. Truth be told pulsars are bizarre in that they are super dense starts that spin so fast they warp EVERYTHING about them........Pulsars are just weird man.......HANK DO AN EPISODE ON PULSARS!
agreed ...pulsars are awesome
EATSxBABIES the thing is, is it really possible for a star to be atleast 5 million times brighter than before it "died"?
Pulsars are weird because we thought of them in our dreams...
Do you know how long neutrons actually last in real life? How does that much matter manage to spin faster than a dentists drill?
Everything new age astronomers ever "teach" us comes with a giant asterisk* beside it. Why? Because they hang on to a flawed model based on Newtonian mechanics.. Do a show on that!
Mark C Neutrons last forever, or as long as universe will exist.
Ty for making us smarter with every video!
Very interesting stuff
"Were rethinking everything at this point " !!! I love it .
So, in other words, the astronomical findings which have been using Type IA supernovae as standard candles to measure distance are now highly suspect?
This is really major, because a Type 1A super nova is one of the better "standard candles" which is used measure distances in the universe.
Because its believed to be of known initial brightness then you can easily get its distance from the observed brightness. (observed brightness) = (initial brightness) / (Distance)^2. If there are larger error bars on that initial brightness then a bunch of stuff might change. Looks like I have some bed time reading!
After he talked smart stuff for about 2 minutes, then he said "And this is where the zombies come in" I cracked up
OH MY GOD!!! This is what my research is in :D (sort of) I'm studying CV's in the bulge, specifically novae with a red giant and white dwarf. This type of "zombie star" sounds exactly like a nova, how do they tell the difference? I guess these ones must cross then Chandrasekhar limit. But what then would prolong the inevitable collapse? Very confusing indeed. Sounds to me like a new nova/supernova crossover! Hopefully we'll learn more about the mechanics of supernovae from this (especially since we still can't make them explode in our models lol). Thanks for this episode!
You did check the sources in the description, right?
Yes I did. I know it is a type of supernova not a nova if your wondering about that. It is quite similar to them though in the sense that it's an explosion on the star without destroying the whole thing (at the time)
Naomi Williams The review by Maoz et al. states that in single degenerate Type Ia scenarios the supernova actually occurs due to carbon ignition before the chandrasekhar limit is reached.
I'm also still curious about where the dividing line is between a nova / Type Iax supernova occurs, but the carbon ignition in a Type Ia / Iax is in the interior and mixed throughout the star, and aren't the outbursts in novae and CVs mostly occurring on the exterior of white dwarfs?
Sarah Willis I'm very interested in what conditions turn them into nova or type Iax supernova. Both are in CV systems, so what happens to make them different from each other. Maybe I'll find one of these in my research!
***** Awe thank you :)
he's da face of explaining scientifical facts to masses. Great respect to you mister Green
This is amazing. The type 1A redefined.
It all makes sense now.
Humans come from normal star dust, and zombies from zombie star dust.
how about spf 60 milllion
Sammi Sydney
I was gonna say that lol.
I like anything that involves rethinking everything, and I say thankee sai.
Well, white dwarfs are already dead stars, so it's less like a zombie and more like a corpse getting nuked and it's head surviving unscathed
does this cast doubt o supernova type 1a being the standard candle for distance measurement? if so that changes a lot
I love SciShow Space!!! Booyeah!
How would this affect Type 1a supernovae being used as "standard candles", especially considering they were used as evidence to support the accelerating expansion of the universe?
Yay this video helped me with my astronomy test😄
Thanks guys and girls of sci show
I know this isn't what this video is about ,but what's at the center of our galaxy
Star and zombie in the same thing. PERFECTION.
And no I still hasn't watched the video.
Great, now I'm thinking that a zombie star might feast on other stars.
I love Hank so much
I can't hear about supernova without quietly thinking/singing to myself "Supernova Goes Pop" by Powerman 5000.
PM5K's frontman is Spider One. His brother is Rob Zombie.
I am now picturing the zombie star with a hobo beard and dreadlocks singing "Living dead star".
Also it wants to eat brains.
My brain is weird.
+Velox Raptor where can I get whatever you're on?;)
+theapr1 Probably from PurpleEyesWTF
Bwaaahahah! !!!
that's priceless never did I think that I would watch a video about science supernovas and general astrophysics and learn something new about Rob Zombie and his brother and his band what is it? powerhouse 5000 exclamation? I'll look it up... Also space is fucking cool eh!
+Jeremy Stuart hmmm powerman. C'est moi!
Jeremy Stuart
So cool it's zero Kelvin!
I love seeing news that involves discovering new things in space
Just for curiosity, if you had the chance to name a galaxy, what would you probably name it?
I'd probably go for "The Octopus Ballerina" Galaxy if it is a spiral galaxy...
The Throwing Star galaxy.
Home
I would rename the big dipper into the big black cocker
RuggedALAN You sir display the highest level of intelligence I've ever seen.
Rodney way thank you, you must be from the south in the u.s
**supernova happens**
**star dosent die**
Star: "I'll have to try harder than that"
Anyone else distracted by that hair bouncing around to the left? lol
Chris Cartwright now I am
Devan Basham lol same
Chris Cartwright no-one.
If you shot heavy elements into the core of a star, would that force an explosion? How much would you need?
No. That's not how supernova work.
The reason is that the supernova is not caused by the heavy elements themselves, but because there is insufficient energy being generated by fusion in the core to support itself against gravity trying to crush it down to nothingness. Heavier and heavier elements need higher and higher temperatures to generate energy, and also less and less per nuclei. Once you hit iron, you can't get energy from fusion; if you tried to fuse two iron nuclei together, you actually lose energy, and it would cool the star down. So any iron sitting in the core doesn't really contribute to generating energy, kinda like ash. This means that once you collect sufficient iron ash in the core of the star, the star's core will try to burn that to generate energy, find out it can't, and the core will then start to collapse under its gravitational pull, heating the core up some more.
Then interesting things start to happen. Instead of fusion, like with the other lighter elements, the nuclei will literally start disintegrating as it absorbs high energy photons generated as the temperature soars. This further reduces the pressure to support its own weight as the nuclei absorb photons formerly providing radiation pressure, and you basically watch fusion play in reverse, as iron nuclei break down back to protons and neutrons. Then the pressures become high enough to become energetically favorable for neutrons to form from electrons and protons combining, further consuming more photons as the core collapses into a neutron star, where the collapse finally is stopped by neutron degeneracy pressure (pressure that inherently exists between neutrons because neutrons don't like to get too close to neutrons. If you want a more detailed explanation see the Pauli exclusion principle).
Meanwhile, the rest of the star hasn't realized what has happened to the core, as this happens in a fraction of a second, and now starts to fall down inward. The closest shell above the core's temperature soars, as it gains quite a bit of energy falling down the gravitational potential well, being compressed to high densities as it falls down, and interestingly enough, heating by neutrinos generated by the core collapsing and forming the neutron star. (see neutrinos). The inner shell's fusion rates then skyrocket and basically flash-fuse to generate the explosion that is the supernova.
And that explosion takes ~3 hours to reach the surface of the star. And contains about 1% of the emitted energy of the supernova. The other 99% is released in the form of neutrinos released by the formation of the neutrons.
tl;dr
If you were trying to force an explosion that way, you'd need a few solar masses of heavy elements into the core and displace its core. Effectively throwing another star at it and replacing the original's innards.
***** 'how much would you need'? i dunno....let me check out my charts and graphs over here.... answer: no one knows, so why ask that? you can/could only speculate
***** touchy, touchy.... someone's *obviously* on their period
rustledjimmies.com/
***** If you throw ENOUGH foreign matter of any kind into a star it will eventually explode.
I would personally suggest using some sort of laser system to super heat or cool the core.
Good video I love space
As I understand, Type1A SN are used as standard candles to measure intergalactic distances.... Does this "thinking it all over" he talks about mean we might have to review the measures for the whole Universe??
Not what they do; just how they form, so all the measurements are ok.
"Type1A SN are used as standard candles"
conjures up an image of astronomers with remarkable hubris :-)
natnew32 but some appear dimmer than they "should" so there is some inconsistency somewhere. I never understood the logic of using brightness to measure distance then determining brightness by guessing.
Dan Wald, Using brightness is one of the few ways to measure distance at that scale. The absolute brightness for a standard type 1A Supernova is the same for each one because they go off at the same mass (and size) wherever they are. They are not the only standard candles used and the non-standard type 1A supernovas were noticed before this discovery. We don't know the how and why of non-standard Supernovas but solving the problem means improving the models of supernova and better measurement from them.
And this is where the zombies come in -> 2:01
How much energy is released each second in the whole of the universe?
Too much to put into numbers/words.
BossesDream
There never is too much to put into numbers/words.
numbers and words can be expressed in exponential terms. Shit's so crazy we even have a word for "everything".
The sun emits 3.8 x 10^26 joules of energy per second. There are estimated to be 1 x 10^24 stars in the known universe. So not taking the different sizes of stars and everything else into consideration the amount of energy released in the universe per second according to my shitty calculation is (3.8 x 10^26)(1 x 10^24)= 3.8 x 10^50 joules per second.
All of it.
We've seen a few SciShow videos explaining what happens when a star makes iron in its core... But what about a video explaining WHY that happens at all. Why can't stars fuse anything heavier than iron in their cores?
At a basic level it is simply that merging hydrogen together results in helium and energy, merging hydrogen and helium results in lithium and energy, etc. However merging iron with hydrogen requires energy to create cobalt so the star would use up all the remaining energy generated by fusion very quickly.
It requires the gravitational collapse smashing all the nuclei together to convert that potential energy into the larger and heavier elements, like gold, uranium, platinum, plutonium, copernicium, etc. Makes it interesting that the rock in a ring just required a dime a dozen star, yet the band itself required a full blown supernova. :)
David Springgay I thought merging hydrogen and helium was an impossibility because helium fulfills the duplet rule. So it having its first energy level completely filled and being a Noble Gas would disqualify it from creating any atomic bonds... So how do hydrogen and helium merge together? I'm actually rather curious... Anyway, wouldn't it make better sense if lithium was made by basic hydrogen atoms bonding together three times and randomly gaining a neutron through the fusion reaction? I've actually been wondering this for a long time so I await your response. :)
As the duplet rule is for ionic bonds, not the fusion of the nucleus. Actually the process is a lot more complicated as I will show (or just read up on nucleosynthesis). First hydrogen slams into hydrogen becoming deuterium and releasing a positron and a neutrino. That deuterium slams into another hydrogen to release a gamma ray and become He-3 (one neutron and 2 protons). That slams into another molecule of He-3 to become He-4 and two Hydrogens. (So 6 H goes to 2H + 2 neutrinos + 2 gamma rays + 2 positrons + 1 He-4)
David Springgay Alright that makes more sense now. I appreciate the explanation.
Hang on a second... the Sirius System comprises of a white dwarf and an A-type orbiting each other. it's not that far away either...
If type 1A supernovae don't form like we thought we did, they may not be all the same like we thought. That has huge implications for their use as "standard candles". Do we have to start using the much rarer type 1AX supernovae instead?
Type Iax are more variable (bigger range in brightness and pretty much every other property) than standard Ia's, so they'd be more like a standard 'trick candle'.
Hunch: there are at least half a dozen more types of supernovae out there.
Maybe its that the white dwarf receives helium and heavy elements from an older star rather than hydrogen from young one. Without the nessary
energy the white dwarf expels radiation and a shock wake rather than a true explosion from the core leaving the iron and heavier element core intact being cooked by the remaining plasma possibly still forcing iron into fusion despite fusions natural curve
Wait.... weren't type IAs used by hubble (the dude, not the telescope) to originally measure the expansion of the Universe? doesn't that means that if some, fainter explosions can be mistaken to be IAs, we can all be wrong about the age of the Universe?
i need an adult....
Are you going to make a video about the recent launch explosion at NASA?
nice video. and what type did formed our solar system, that the sun has no companion star and gas giant (jupiter) had form far enough the distance to left us evolve in between? many system types have gas giants nearby or multi-star system, like keppler, is it possible to just search sol-like system? curious with astronomy
I like the language for stars. Living vs. dead.
Magnetar!
0:44 : No, no one can really imagine what it is to have the mass of the Sun compressed to the size of the Earth. Some of us can intellectualize it but not imagine it.
Somebody really needs to stop the Space Reaper
The yellow press called, they were talking about something along the lines of wanting their headlines back :D
Wouldn't the white dwarf continue to draw matter, burn again, and then eventually retrigger the explosion again until it no longer has enough mass to draw from said star or just falls into the larger star as its gravity pulls it in?
This was on my birthday! 🎂
What does that do to distance calculations?
Zombie stars? The future is bright.
"So, we´re thinking everything at this moment!":)
I also know someone who is almost inconceivably dense. Not a dwarf though.
HAHHAHAHHAA "Sunscreen SPF60 for sure." BUAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHA
A "new" type of supernova?
Jon will be so mad at you!
There go my plans for going to space in a zombie apocalypse.
MOAR Jumbie
Hang on, if things that look like standard candles are not standard candles, doesn't this mean we no longer know how far away things are?
Sucks to be able to see so much out there and never get to go there and take a look. Then again if I could go there whenever I wanted I would probably find it boring and routine and be looking for something else to dream of doing.
I wonder exactly how many thousands of years ago this actually happened as I imagine these stars are many thousands of light years away from us.
I don't know the equation, but I feel like it wouldn't be terribly complicated. Distance away from us divided by how far light travels in a year maybe?
The Random unannounced zooming makes me uncomfortable
I think any time someone asks you to "imagine the mass of the sun compressed to the size of the Earth", there should be at least an hour or so left for that imagining.
I don't think it's possible to realistically imagine that.
They would be better off saying a teaspoon of that matter would weight as much as......whatever it weighs the same as, (elephant, moon etc).
That's easier for us dumb non-scientists to understand.
George Smith Its 1000 Tonnes I believe.
Can you please talk about VJY Canis Majoris. Is it the biggest star in the universe? I watched a video that it is the biggest star in the universe.
how to prepare for a zombie star apocalypse? i think 12gauge wont do the job
I would have called them fenix stars what with the fire and all. Also, if we are allowed to guess about why the fusion reactions that trigger the supernova stops, I'd say it may be because of the heavy elements that start to take in more energy to fuse than they give off that stop the reaction.
So why are these stars undead zombie stars? Does the fusion reactions in them cease to occur, leaving it as just a hot dense mass of stuff slowly cooling off in space. Is just a typical white dwarf star that still sustains reactions that is just left there after a supernova when it should have been destroyed? How undead/alive is the zombie star?
0:40
A Neutron star says hi
OMG Zombie Stars! Get your stellar shotguns ready! I thought neutron stars were already called zombie stars?
is this super new and well timed or a cupple weeks old but now being brought to our attention because Halloween
Zink it's got lead in it and would shield you from
Radiation,it's the best sun screen.
they should start these episodes with : a long time ago in a galaxy far away
WE NEED SOLDIER STARS
How do scientists figure out which stars to study over a 5 to 10 year time span? Or to pick just "this" star or "that's the one" star. I sometimes think the picking process involves "eeny meeny miney mo..." What is the criteria of picking stars to study? and also, Who is authorized to use Hubble?
So what is left at the core of one of these half-dead stars? Nickel? Carbon?
White dwarf: gimme your hydrogen
Me: no
White dwarf: **drinks water in my body**
Me: bro u just eated oxygen
White dwarf: what? **explodes**
4:20 "So basically we're rethinking everything at this point."
That right there is what science denialists would zoom in on. 'Science doesn't know.'; 'They're full of hot air'; 'Those scientists are always arrogantly talking like they know everything. Ha ha, watch them eat crow now.'
No. First off, it's what caused us to think that which we are now revisiting that caused us to be able to actually know anything in science; and I shouldn't have to defend that science is necessary for humanity's well-being.
Second, the assumption that scientist are all arrogant is flawed on a most basic level but especially so in this case. Science approaches an unknown without bias or ego or an a priori take on things. In short, we have to be humble and acknowledge our ignorance so that we can effectively do everything we can to get rid of it.
And finally, the fact that science doesn't know exactly doesn't make some other authoritarian assertion or revelation any better or closer to the truth in any way. 2+2 not equaling 5 does not make it equal 3 either.
Also, Four-Hundred and Sixty-Nine Thousand Four-Hundred and Ninety people are actually interested in this channel and it's content ( including myself ). The rest of the world is just like, "nah man, nah"
Maybe hydrogen from the companion star semi recharges the white dwarf or something along those lines
"So basically, we're rethinking everything..." -my life in a nutshell
omg U too
Zombies are Everywhere!
So, is the "undead star" basically a brown dwarf? Or is it able to sustain fusion?
No, it's a white dwarf. They have all of the necessary components to maintain stability, but can't take in anything else. Well, without experiencing a big BOOM anyway.
1:48 The plural of supernova is not supernovi but supernovae! Cause like Latin.
So you can infect a blackhole (dead star)?
This is probably a stupid question but how can atoms (elements such as nickel and iron) form at the center of the sun when the sun is so hot that all the atoms are plasma? If it is plasma them isn't all the mass subatomic particles flying around?
It's a good question if you don't understand it. :-)
I'm not a physicist, but here is my relatively non-technical, simplified explanation. (Physicists, feel free to correct me.)
Plasma is formed when electrons dissociate from their atoms, and go whizzing around all of the nucleii in the plasma instead of one particular one. (I won't get into electron probability clouds here, because the electrons aren't that important to your question.) The protons and neutrons in the nucleii, however, aren't separated from each other, so each nucleus remains intact.
Those nucleii then go banging into each other, and stick together occasionally. This doesn't normally happen because the electrostatic repulsion will typically cause nucelii to repel each other before they can get close enough for the strong nuclear force to take over and bind the, together. But because it is so hot - meaning that the speed of the atoms is higher - they can fuse, and that's what we call fusion.
When two nucleii fuse, a lot of energy is released, and that is what powers the sun. And elements are basically defined by their nucleii, this is how heavier elements get created. All that is left is for them to attract some electrons once the plasma cools down sufficiently, say after a supernova.
Happy to help! No, I'm not Scott.
undead stars????, oh shit keep running!!!!
SPF 60 all anyone ever needs!
Wait, why do some novas have the same apparent brightness? Please do a video on this.
"Half dead but intact."