22. Mussolini and Fascism | World History

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A newspaper editor and politician named Benito Mussolini boldly promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces. He vowed to give Italy strong leadership. Mussolini had founded the Fascist Party in 1919.
He started giving stirring speeches in 1918, pleading for a dictator to rule the nation. He maintained that Italy’s post-war widespread unemployment, tumultuous political party rivalries, and socialist and communist strikes could only be solved by a strong leader who could unite the populace.
Milan, a city in northern Italy, was where Mussolini organized his fascist movement in 1919.
He organized groups of black-shirted street combatants.
His “Blackshirts” attacked socialists and communists, removing them from local governments, and then beating them up.
Only two years prior, Russia underwent a communist revolution. Anti-communist businessmen, property owners, and middle-class professionals like teachers and doctors swiftly joined Mussolini’s fascist organization.
Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party in 1921. He still lacked a definite fascist platform, though. He was certain of one thing only: he desired to dominate Italy.
In October 1922, he organized a march on Rome. The government of Italy did not show any sign of resistance against the volunteers of Mussolini.
Instead, the king of Italy invited Mussolini to join the government. Thus without firing a shot, fascists under Mussolini’s leadership came to power in Italy.
At age 39, Mussolini became Italy’s youngest prime minister on October 29, 1922.
The takeover of the government by fascists was followed by a reign of terror.
Mussolini was now Il Duce (ihl DOO chay), or the leader.
He abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists.
Secret police jailed his opponents. Government censors forced radio stations and publications to broadcast or publish only Fascist doctrines. Mussolini outlawed strikes.
He sought to control the economy by allying the Fascists with the industrialists and large landowners.
In 1935, Mussolini ordered the invasion of Ethiopia, a poor African country that had once humiliated Italy in battle.
In 1939, Mussolini and Hitler signed the so-called “Pact of Steel,” which committed each country to come to the aid of the other in war.
A few months later, Hitler invaded Poland and set off World War II. Mussolini, however, delayed joining Hitler until Nazi troops were just about to defeat France in June 1940.
Then, Mussolini decided to attack Greece. However, his army suffered a terrible defeat and needed German forces to rescue it.
He dispatched 200,000 of his forces in 1941 to assist Hitler in invading the Soviet Union. Numerous German and Italian soldiers were slain by the brutal winter and Soviet guerilla fighters.
By 1943, Mussolini’s army had been routed in North Africa, Sicily had been seized, and Rome had been destroyed. The Italian people gave up on Il Duce because they had had enough.
After Mussolini’s own Grand Council decided to call for his resignation, King Victor Emmanuel issued an order for his arrest and incarceration. However, German commandos assisted him in making his escape to Germany.
He returned to the north of Italy, close to Milan, a region that the Germans had seized, and formed a new fascist government. He was, however, nothing more than a Nazi puppet.
Mussolini attempted to flee as the Allies drew close to Milan. However, on April 28, 1943, Italian anti-fascist fighters arrested and killed him. Crowds rejoiced as Mussolini’s body was hung by its heels the following day in Milan, where he had launched the fascist movement 25 years before.
Under His Leadership, Italy became the model for Fascists in other countries. However, Mussolini never had total control achieved by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union or Adolf Hitler in Germany.

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