NEW! I've rebuilt this from scratch for 2021 and fixed the audio mix, updated some graphics, added some notes, and maybe an easter egg. ua-cam.com/video/5sUDTNKM48M/v-deo.html
When the 4004 came out, I was 6yo. My first microcontroller was the 8749H NMOS single chip computer. The 80286 had just come out. To use 8749H, I first had to build my own serial programmer and write the PC interface in QBasic. All self-taught from Intel data books. I also built my own UV erasure box. I etched and drilled PCBs by hand. I took my projects to my job interviews and thus got hired into automotive electronics engineering. I've been programming microcontrollers for a living for the past 31 years. The first 10 years all in assembler. Talk about grudge work. High-level language compilers and IDEs have come a long way. I enjoy programming and making my PCBs do stuff.
This music is absolutely appropriate to the era the chip is from. Your voice work is also reminiscent of that era. I thought this was an archival video at first. I like it the way it is!
I started working with the 4004 when it was released. I still have a bunch of them. On the 8008 came out, I built the Mark 8 Minicomputer from Radio Electronics magazine. It was a fun thing to play with
I used to teach a course in university about single board computer design using 8-bit microprocessors back in the 1980s. Didn't realise that there was a 4-bit predecessor, so thanks.
@@sporegnosis it depends a high end 5 year old computer can be pretty good today but a low end peice of crap from 5 years ago is going to be terrible. But then if you only need to browse the internet a basic surfing computer you can just use a intel core 2 quad with a ssd and it should be more then capable with the modern web. The only computers that struggle with basic tasks are the old low end celerons , old atoms, and most cpus before around 2008.
It’s mind blowing that such primitive processor like the 4004 chip did had as much power as a whole room filled Iniac computersystem, that’s like shrinking down a whole room into a size not bigger then a small biscuit.
The mind blowing continues every year at smaller and smaller sizes almost impossible to understand. On this wikipedia page, it shows that the 4004 used a 10000nm process. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count On this news article, Intel says it will be down to 1.4nm in 2029. wccftech.com/intel-2021-2029-process-roadmap-10nm-7nm-5nm-3nm-2nm-1nm-back-porting/ It looks like they are on track this year 2021 at 7nm. hothardware.com/news/intel-has-resolved-its-7nm-chip-woes-alder-lake-on-track-for-2h-2021-launch I think that a transistor at that size is only 33 atoms wide. If they achieve 1.4, that is only 7 atoms wide. This is mind blowing.
Jeez you all. Every video can’t have a hip hop rhythm to the music soundtrack. This soundtrack is appropriate and complimentary to the subject matter. Open your mind and god forbid broaden your horizons.
The original model of the Boeing 737-200 was introduced into service in 1969 with lots of systems logic effected by discrete components, but not a single digital component on board. In the mid-1970s, a digital replacement for the aircraft's original CADC arrived. As I remember, it transmitted altitude information to the captain's altimeter via an ARINC 429 digital bus. Since that time, many hundreds of pounds of wiring, at least, have been replaced by digital buses in each airplane even as the airplane's systems have grown tremendously in functionality, flexibility, and reliability. And then there is fly-by-wire.
Yes, I know the music is annoying. And I agree. I get an email about it several times a week. Subsequent videos have addressed this, and it's been forefront in my mind in every video I've produced in the last ~6 years since someone first mentioned it. 😏 I can't replace the video without wrecking the stats, so sadly, it remains. A warning for future me. A bass-thumping scarecrow...
I think it shows how every advancement is only relative. Those who were doing it first with discrete logic first were more excited to get the 4004, but using tubes first makes the transistor logic gate extremely exciting
This is fantastic! Way back in the Ancient Era of the Nineteen Nineties, I took a class in Jr. High as an intro to computers, and we were reading the same kind of stuff in a text book; a Paper textbook, if you can believe in such a thing! This is a really excellent 3-minute piece, and I'll be showing it to my kids this afternoon.
In 1970, I was in sixth grade, and my father was employee #47 at a small memory manufacturer, in Mt View Ca. Yes, Intel Intel had their actual logo on the silicon wafer. Dad would bring bad wafers home, and I took a few to school, so the other kids could see the intel logo, on a microscope. One Saturday, dad had to go in to work, and he dragged me along. I got to meet Gordon Moore that day. Called my father by his nickname. (Dad's initials were GWS, which he edited to Gus. Gus Skouson.) steve
OpenGL4ever I've built PCs since seventh grade four years ago.I get this comment I am replying to about people not knowing how PCs work and they melt metal together until they get a picture is a joke but a bit if research and you get to know how each part works.
Actually computer hardware at the most base level is stupidly simple. It's just by combining these simple circuits en masse that we get the complexity of (modern) PC hardware. But honestly, it's not complicated at it's core.
The thing inside the F-14 cannot be counted for two reasons. First, what he developed was not a microprocessor chip but a micro processing set of chips. Second, Holt stands completely outside the stream of influence in computer science.
The 4004 is rather lovely to study and play with, you can read the datasheet and write code for it in raw hex in a matter of hours. What most people don't understand about the 4004 is it is less a general purpose CPU and more a "multichip microcontroller". The 8048 microcontrollers and beyond are spiritual successors to the 4004 I understand. The 8080, then 8086 that all our PCs hark from have their roots in the 8008 which was the first general purpose single chip CPU I think.
yeah the 8008 was probs the first true general purpose MPU and it was 8 bit which was enough for years. I checked online and the first version was clocked at 200 KHz. Contrast that with modern MPU's which are clocked at GHz! If I did the math right modern MPU's are clocked over 10,000 times faster.
Well, the 4004 is Turing Complete as far as I know, and can run all by itself so long as you have some way of getting data in and out of it (even if it's a panel of toggle switches and indicator lights); the ROM is only said to be "required" because almost all MPUs have some kind of ROM attached to them, providing the rudimentary system code they need to do any kind of useful work (even if that code does nothing more than run a loop that reads a program from paper tape into RAM, or similar). Which means that, given enough time and access to a suitably large external storage device, it can perform any task that a modern processor can (only way, _way_ slower), meaning it qualifies. Microcontrollers in the main are generally differentiated by a) having integrated ROM and RAM, and sometimes not even being able to access any external to their own (your only way of getting fresh code and data into them is to have their internal ROM burned with a program that can read bits from their sense pins and convert them into bytes in RAM), and b) having IO lines that can directly drive external devices and read from sensors without needing an additional interface. Unless you add the 4001, 4002 and 4003, the 4004 lacks all of those. Of course, if you bundled all those together onto a single die, you'd have a microcontroller, but the same would be true of any microprocessor architecture and its accessory ROM, RAM and IO chips. The 8048 might have been Intel's first microcontroller, but that doesn't necessarily mean that it's based off the 4004 or part of it's family. It is, after all, an 8-bit device (writ large at the top of its datasheet), has an 8xx8 code number, and claims compatibility with 8080/8085 devices (same as the 8088 does). If it's a spiritual member of anything, I would expect it to be the 8008 or 8080 families, though in truth it's the founder of its own line (ie, the 804x, distinct from the 8008, 808x and 80x8x) that just happens to have peripheral-level sideways compatibility.
@@dannygjk 200KHz*10,000=2,000,000KHz=2GHz=20 years old Pentium IV or Athlon XP... also its CPU not MPU and for real comparison of two CPU speed you need to multiply its number of Hz with that CPU IPC(instructions per cycle) as 2GHz Athlon XP is nowhere near as fast as Zen 3 CPU that is also using 2GHz clock.
@@Bialy_1 The CPU MPU distinction is not clear for comparing some processors. What criteria did you use for that? Also I am well aware of the instructions per second criteria I used to code in various languages even assembly language.
@@dannygjk I think the 4004 used a Harvard architecture and had no practical means for the CPU to update the contents of code storage. I think the ability to update code storage is an essential distinction.
Music was fine, I normally get annoyed by voice and music balance but this was fine. I did not read your pinned comment until after the video was over.
@@tomservo5007 You also need to consider that the 4004 couldn't be used in a vacuum: many other discrete ICs needed to be used to make a functional computer. The combined cost of all the chips you'd need to buy from Intel was likely much higher than that.
Nice memories, back in the early 70s I was building my first computer (years before the ALTAIR) and had finished the bead memory boards planning to make the CPU on 4 boards using 70xx chips. That was cut short by my father getting me somehow a 4040, which was the successor of this one and software compatible. It was not easy to get the 4040 to like my ferrite bead memory, but it worked. In fact it worked so good that I skipped the Altair completely and went on after a while with the Apple II
Was the computer you were building out of 70xx series chips a standard design, or was it your own creation? Do you still have the 4040 computer with magnetic bead memory?
@@gregorymalchuk272 no... thar cabinet was too cumbersome to move when I was living off Uncle Sam's Nickel... so it got scrapped in '79.. but sometimes I wish I did...
@@gregorymalchuk272 it was what I could compile from the (cheap) literature of the time, for example the bead memory was based on the German Siemens model, as it was the only thing I could find enough information for without spending all the money I needed for electronics on books. Growing up on a farm, sneaking into the next university library to read was not an option either, that was 50 miles away. One of the reasons I did not start with the CPU first was that I could not find enough reference material on the architecture. I had an idea on how it was supposed to work, but still had to learn the little tricks that makes it possible.
I'm post 4004 era.... but I've heard the way the "4004 generation" engineer's speak about it so I know it must have been something to behold :) Must have been a pivotal moment. Just missed it :\ Cheers!
Shima imagined handy calculator instead of desktop sized, and proposed a compact set of programmable logics in place of a large set of fixed logic devices.
My first was the 8088, and I still have that PC. It still runs, and the 20 MB hard drive from 1984 in there still works like a champ. I used it last night. They don't build stuff like they used to.
My first CPU WAS A 6507, An Atari 2600. I also had the BASIC programming cart and keyboard. The first CPU I programmed was the TRS Model 4 Z80. It was the machine of choice for the intro to programming at UNC in 1983 or 1984 ( can't remember exactly).
I am not sure I would call it a 'CPU' per se. That is such a modern term. It's a microprocessor. For instance, you would not call the USB microprocessor on your motherboard a 'CPU'.
Correction: The original Busicom chipset consisted of 7 chips, 3 of which were for the CPU and the other 4 for other functions. The Intel MCS-4 chipset simplified it down to 4 chips, 1 of which was for the CPU (Intel 4004) and the other 3 for other functions.
CPU => (C)entral (P)rocessing (U)nit "The MCS-4 (Micro-Computer Set-4) or 4000 Series or Busicom Chip Set was a family of 4-bit microprocessor chipsets developed by Intel. The entire chipset was made of four individual chips, including the 4004 CPU which became the first commercial microprocessor. MCS-4 was completed by March 1971, entered production in June, and introduced into the market on November 15, 1971. " "In order to limit production cost, Busicom wanted to design a calculator engine that would be based on a few integrated circuits (ICs), containing some ROMs and shift registers and that could be adapted to a broad range of calculators by just changing the ROM IC chips. Busicom's engineers came up with a design that required 12 ICs and asked Intel, a company founded one year earlier in 1968 for the purpose of making solid state random-access memory (RAM), to finalize and manufacture their calculator engine. People who were influential in convincing Busicom to switch to using microprocessors were Tadashi Sasaki and Robert Noyce. Intel's Ted Hoff was assigned to studying Busicom's design, and came up with a much more elegant, 4 ICs architecture centered on what was to become the 4004 microprocessor surrounded by a mixture of 3 different ICs containing ROM, shift registers, input/output ports and RAM-Intel's first product (1969) was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit SRAM. Busicom's management agreed to Hoff's new approach and the chips' implementation was led by Federico Faggin who had previously developed the Silicon Gate Technology at Fairchild Semiconductor. It was this technology that made possible the design of the microprocessor and the dynamic RAMs. The 4 ICs were delivered to Busicom in January 1971. In mid-1971 Busicom, which had exclusive right to the design and its components, asked Intel to lower their prices. Intel renegotiated their contract and Busicom gave up its exclusive rights to the chips. A few months later, on November 15, 1971, Intel announced the immediate availability of the first microprocessor chipset family, the MCS-4 micro computer set (all from the Busicom design) with an advertisement in Electronic News. "
@UCwudzuHTPlpLBJJN6sv8JMQ The basis for the microprocessor was MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) LSI (large-scale integration) technology. As MOS LSI chips had rapidly increasing MOS transistor density, it was inevitable that it would lead to the development of a microprocessor. There were several companies working on a microprocessor at the time based on MOS LSI technology, but Intel was the first to successfully apply it to build a working single-chip microprocessor, thanks to Federico Faggin's previous work on silicon-gate MOS technology.
I used to work for Datapoint corp. We were told durning training that Intel had contracted with Datapoint to draft the layout for the upcoming 4004 chip since at that time Intel did not have the capability. One of the Datapoint engineers doing the drafting accidentally crossed two lines and the mistake wasn't caught until the chip was already in production, Everything appeared to work correctly. Later it was found that the crossed lines caused addresses to be stored low byte first instead of high byte first. Thus was born the little-big endian controversy.
1:27 Just a minor nitpick on the chart: Intel's 80386 never exceeded 33 MHz, while AMD's went up to 40 MHz. Removing Intel's name from that chart would easily remedy this.
@@chrisbryan2195 Wikipedia is rather unreliable / inaccurate at times (like when they destroyed a decent article on the IBM XGA adaptor and merged it in with video resolutions. They may have fixed it at some point and assumed all had 1MB but then had no info on the 512kB version which I have in possession, but I digress.) Intel stopped making 386 processors, topping out at 33 MHz, while AMD took it further to 40 MHz. But if you’ve encountered a genuine Intel variant at 40 MHz (and not overclocked), you’d have something extremely rare that I’m sure everyone would love to see!
Because the military required it for corrosion resistance, and to some extent for better heat dissipation. At this time, plastic DIP packages were somewhat porous and water could seep in and corrode the chip inside. The military, of course, could not accept this reliability issue, so they either demanded CERDIP (Ceramic DIP) or gold-plated ceramic DIP packages. The packages shown here are true ceramic packages with gold plating on the cap. Back then, when the military demanded a certain kind of package, and paid a king's ransom for their electronics, the electronics industry was glad to comply. You could sell one uP to the military for the same amount of money a consumer might pay for 100 of the same chip, but packaged in plastic. Since then, plastic has achieved "hermetic" status and is no longer the reliability problem it used to be. You seldom see ceramic packages anymore because they cost so much.
I read that the space shuttle program needs 8086 CPU in their instruments but it got harder to get spares as time go by. The old computers with 8086 worth a lot of money as a result (8088 was much more used than 8086)
But that was only a thought exercise. Same as with the TI processor, it doesn't count until it's made it not only out of your head and onto paper, but from the paper to a lithogram being used to produce semiconductor dies in a factory, and from there into a DIP container and into the hands of customers.
@@mspenrice The Turing machine can be built. The only thing that can't be reproduced is an infinitely long tape. That is nit-picking anyway. No MPU/CPU has anything infinite about it.
If my reading on the 4004 MPU is correct, the 8008 was the next step, to create an 8-bit system. It wasn't a great success, being 2 x 4004 on a single Cache9the 1st dual-core CPU?) but the 4040 and 8080 ranges solved that problem, with single-chip forms. That's what I read some time ago now.
i paid over $1000 (AUD) for an used SCSI 5.25 hard drive with 130Mb capacity for a Mac in the early 2000. Today any USB 256G thumb drive for $5 is 20x its capacity.
I remember reading about the slice processors when I was young, and a hobby computer project was building a 10 digit adder with discrete component flip flops, until TI made A j/k flip flop component available. I started in h/w lab with TI 9900 16 bit CPUs.while 8 bit cp/m hobbyist PCs were big. Had to make our own multitasking DOS.
I believe that was utilized in the Xerox Alto series and allowed them to be way ahead of their time with the GUI, or more importantly had the power to run the GUI properly.
Wow another company that we have heard for so long really didn't come up with the first micro processor. They had to leach off from another company to do there work. Top notch.
@@stargazer7644 Probably do. Thanks for the quality feedback. I have been needing to get behind the work that Biden is doing. He cares about the people so much he isn't taking a paycheck. Can't wait to see what he will do next. Guess I should have stayed away from Trump all these years. Man the Democrats really do care for each and everyone of us. I'm going to drop a Polosi on the throne for there great work.....
Yes, but only extremely slowly. Maybe one frame per hour, with the output going to a teleprinter and with much use of temporary storage on tape or disk.
I was expecting more on the 4004 itself rather than all the background on what a microprocessor actually is. I can see the thought process that led you to take that approach, but I don't think it does what you want it to, mostly because there isn't enough time to actually do a "what is a microprocessor" part effectively. If it was me, I would just stick to information about the 4004 itself and go more in-depth. You don't even need to talk about it's competitors or anything. But, hey, that's me.
The Texas Instruments TMS 1000 is not a microprocessor, it is a microcontroller. The difference being that a microprocessor needs additional external components, such as ROM and RAM memory, and input output circuitry to work. A microcontroller has some embedded memory already and input output circuitry making it a factory programmable "computer-on-a-chip" design. The TMS 1000 is famous for being the first "calculator-on-a-chip" from TI, with an integrated ROM containing code for operating as a calculator.
Dude. Even Celeron 266 from year 1998 beats this by so much. Even 386, 486, as you've seen on graphs. Don't have to impress us with your i3 shit, as every processor after it beats it by a huge margin.
Well you've got 4 lines to control. For each, aside from the logic, you've got buffering and voltage control and other stuff not directly related to the calculations
I believe the actual instruction set for the 4004 and 8008 was invented at DataPoint Corporation in San Antonio Texas. They went Intel to render their extant discreet hardware design into silicon and decided it was too expensive. "We can hire mexican women to stuff discreet processor boards a lot cheaper than that."
Pentium is the for st true x86 because I386 dose not have parallel support for a 2 algorithms at once because Dos is just the base for any 16 bit software and DOS software is just an extension of the same algorithm.
***** What I am saying is that unless your are using a modern version of linux a cpu older then pentium may not execute more then 1 high level programing at once unless its the same algorithm!
Damien Hartley "Pentium is the for st true x86 because I386 dose not have parallel support for a 2 algorithms at once because Dos is just the base for any 16 bit software "
I was a bit disappointed that you chose not to even mention the Z80 CPU. Although I believe it was made by a different manufacturer, it was still the spiritual successor to the 8080 and could run software written for the 8080 since its instruction set was a superset of the 8080's. Although not a powerful CPU by today's standards, it was still a very versatile CPU and definitely deserves a mention.
Given the time constraints I placed on myself for the topic, I didn't stray very far from an Intel-centric perspective. (The Z80 is actually my favorite processor, FWIW. ;))
The Zilog Z80 was designed by two of the Intel 4004's designers, Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima, both of whom also designed the Intel 8080. In other words, the lineage goes like this: Intel 4004 -> Intel 8080 -> Zilog Z80
![Lp. Сердце Вселенной #60 РОЖДЕНИЕ ЛОЛОЛОШКИ [Финал] • Майнкрафт](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YoR0pAV9FVQ/mqdefault.jpg)
NEW! I've rebuilt this from scratch for 2021 and fixed the audio mix, updated some graphics, added some notes, and maybe an easter egg. ua-cam.com/video/5sUDTNKM48M/v-deo.html
When the 4004 came out, I was 6yo. My first microcontroller was the 8749H NMOS single chip computer. The 80286 had just come out. To use 8749H, I first had to build my own serial programmer and write the PC interface in QBasic. All self-taught from Intel data books. I also built my own UV erasure box. I etched and drilled PCBs by hand. I took my projects to my job interviews and thus got hired into automotive electronics engineering. I've been programming microcontrollers for a living for the past 31 years. The first 10 years all in assembler. Talk about grudge work. High-level language compilers and IDEs have come a long way. I enjoy programming and making my PCBs do stuff.
Damn! Rock on Bill. 50yo here.
That's awesome!
So, what do you do now, besides reminiscencing in the good ol' times when we used to build our own computers.
This music is absolutely appropriate to the era the chip is from. Your voice work is also reminiscent of that era. I thought this was an archival video at first. I like it the way it is!
I thought the same until I saw the Core i7 processor
The music is appropriate, no doubt. Just too loud.
Fun fact the voice over is done by the intel 4004 microprocessor itself
Sounds like a running joke that goes over their heads if they're under 40 because everybody says it all the time
No...a T1000
I started working with the 4004 when it was released. I still have a bunch of them. On the 8008 came out, I built the Mark 8 Minicomputer from Radio Electronics magazine. It was a fun thing to play with
You have 4004's for sale ?
@@johnalfred7286 No. If I did, they would be 1000's of bucks.
@@n0tyham But you said "I still have a bunch of them." ?
@@ytytiuiu2590 yes, but they're not for sale.
I used to teach a course in university about single board computer design using 8-bit microprocessors back in the 1980s. Didn't realise that there was a 4-bit predecessor, so thanks.
Man "modern" really goes out of style quickly when it comes to computing.
What you bought 5 years ago, is now a dinosaur.
Married with children dealt with this issue eloquently
@@sporegnosis it depends a high end 5 year old computer can be pretty good today but a low end peice of crap from 5 years ago is going to be terrible. But then if you only need to browse the internet a basic surfing computer you can just use a intel core 2 quad with a ssd and it should be more then capable with the modern web. The only computers that struggle with basic tasks are the old low end celerons , old atoms, and most cpus before around 2008.
It’s mind blowing that such primitive processor like the 4004 chip did had as much power as a whole room filled Iniac computersystem, that’s like shrinking down a whole room into a size not bigger then a small biscuit.
The mind blowing continues every year at smaller and smaller sizes almost impossible to understand.
On this wikipedia page, it shows that the 4004 used a 10000nm process.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count
On this news article, Intel says it will be down to 1.4nm in 2029.
wccftech.com/intel-2021-2029-process-roadmap-10nm-7nm-5nm-3nm-2nm-1nm-back-porting/
It looks like they are on track this year 2021 at 7nm.
hothardware.com/news/intel-has-resolved-its-7nm-chip-woes-alder-lake-on-track-for-2h-2021-launch
I think that a transistor at that size is only 33 atoms wide. If they achieve 1.4, that is only 7 atoms wide.
This is mind blowing.
@@microdesigns2000 I doubt Intel or any other company will go below 2nm as it‘d lead to quantum tunneling
@@rchaykovskiy that's mind blowing too.
That's eniac.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer:- ENIAC
Jeez you all. Every video can’t have a hip hop rhythm to the music soundtrack. This soundtrack is appropriate and complimentary to the subject matter. Open your mind and god forbid broaden your horizons.
It’s entirely appropriate, just too loud.
Totally agree. The haters can go make their own videos if they hate the music so much
Every video can’t have a hip hop rhythm to the music soundtrack -- thank dog.
The original model of the Boeing 737-200 was introduced into service in 1969 with lots of systems logic effected by discrete components, but not a single digital component on board. In the mid-1970s, a digital replacement for the aircraft's original CADC arrived. As I remember, it transmitted altitude information to the captain's altimeter via an ARINC 429 digital bus. Since that time, many hundreds of pounds of wiring, at least, have been replaced by digital buses in each airplane even as the airplane's systems have grown tremendously in functionality, flexibility, and reliability. And then there is fly-by-wire.
Yes, I know the music is annoying. And I agree. I get an email about it several times a week. Subsequent videos have addressed this, and it's been forefront in my mind in every video I've produced in the last ~6 years since someone first mentioned it. 😏 I can't replace the video without wrecking the stats, so sadly, it remains. A warning for future me. A bass-thumping scarecrow...
I think the music is awesomely retro :D
whaaaaaaaaaa... is it me or this 7 year old video has just blown up due to the algorithm... completely exquisite
The music is too loud but not a bad fit.
Your voice work is fantastic. Is that a lot of sound processing in addition to training?
Is it worth keeping it? It kinda destroys your channel recommendation count. Nofi, but I don't want to see any of this again...
Whiners! - Enjoy the ride.
In college I worked on a project that first used a 4004. It was pretty minimal. We were excited when we got the 8008.
I think it shows how every advancement is only relative. Those who were doing it first with discrete logic first were more excited to get the 4004, but using tubes first makes the transistor logic gate extremely exciting
8008 was the first chip I used, but really got started with the Z80🙂
This is fantastic! Way back in the Ancient Era of the Nineteen Nineties, I took a class in Jr. High as an intro to computers, and we were reading the same kind of stuff in a text book; a Paper textbook, if you can believe in such a thing!
This is a really excellent 3-minute piece, and I'll be showing it to my kids this afternoon.
In 1970, I was in sixth grade, and my father
was employee #47 at a small memory
manufacturer, in Mt View Ca. Yes, Intel
Intel had their actual logo on the silicon
wafer. Dad would bring bad wafers home,
and I took a few to school, so the other kids
could see the intel logo, on a microscope.
One Saturday, dad had to go in to work, and
he dragged me along. I got to meet Gordon
Moore that day. Called my father by his
nickname. (Dad's initials were GWS, which
he edited to Gus. Gus Skouson.)
steve
Beautiful.. computer hardware is like magic
It is. Nobody knows how they work. They just melt metal together until a picture comes on the screen.
@Cinestar Productions
I know one guy that knows how they work. He built his own computer.
Prove:
/watch?v=0jRgpTp8pR8
OpenGL4ever I've built PCs since seventh grade four years ago.I get this comment I am replying to about people not knowing how PCs work and they melt metal together until they get a picture is a joke but a bit if research and you get to know how each part works.
Cinestar, they put transistors together, billions of them on a silicon chip, and then connect them with Micro-Sized wires.
Actually computer hardware at the most base level is stupidly simple. It's just by combining these simple circuits en masse that we get the complexity of (modern) PC hardware. But honestly, it's not complicated at it's core.
I actually thought the music sounded really retrofuturistic, definitely suits the subject imo :)
Great work of Dr. Shima.
The thing inside the F-14 cannot be counted for two reasons. First, what he developed was not a microprocessor chip but a micro processing set of chips. Second, Holt stands completely outside the stream of influence in computer science.
The 4004 is rather lovely to study and play with, you can read the datasheet and write code for it in raw hex in a matter of hours. What most people don't understand about the 4004 is it is less a general purpose CPU and more a "multichip microcontroller".
The 8048 microcontrollers and beyond are spiritual successors to the 4004 I understand.
The 8080, then 8086 that all our PCs hark from have their roots in the 8008 which was the first general purpose single chip CPU I think.
yeah the 8008 was probs the first true general purpose MPU and it was 8 bit which was enough for years. I checked online and the first version was clocked at 200 KHz. Contrast that with modern MPU's which are clocked at GHz! If I did the math right modern MPU's are clocked over 10,000 times faster.
Well, the 4004 is Turing Complete as far as I know, and can run all by itself so long as you have some way of getting data in and out of it (even if it's a panel of toggle switches and indicator lights); the ROM is only said to be "required" because almost all MPUs have some kind of ROM attached to them, providing the rudimentary system code they need to do any kind of useful work (even if that code does nothing more than run a loop that reads a program from paper tape into RAM, or similar).
Which means that, given enough time and access to a suitably large external storage device, it can perform any task that a modern processor can (only way, _way_ slower), meaning it qualifies.
Microcontrollers in the main are generally differentiated by a) having integrated ROM and RAM, and sometimes not even being able to access any external to their own (your only way of getting fresh code and data into them is to have their internal ROM burned with a program that can read bits from their sense pins and convert them into bytes in RAM), and b) having IO lines that can directly drive external devices and read from sensors without needing an additional interface. Unless you add the 4001, 4002 and 4003, the 4004 lacks all of those. Of course, if you bundled all those together onto a single die, you'd have a microcontroller, but the same would be true of any microprocessor architecture and its accessory ROM, RAM and IO chips.
The 8048 might have been Intel's first microcontroller, but that doesn't necessarily mean that it's based off the 4004 or part of it's family. It is, after all, an 8-bit device (writ large at the top of its datasheet), has an 8xx8 code number, and claims compatibility with 8080/8085 devices (same as the 8088 does). If it's a spiritual member of anything, I would expect it to be the 8008 or 8080 families, though in truth it's the founder of its own line (ie, the 804x, distinct from the 8008, 808x and 80x8x) that just happens to have peripheral-level sideways compatibility.
@@dannygjk 200KHz*10,000=2,000,000KHz=2GHz=20 years old Pentium IV or Athlon XP...
also its CPU not MPU and for real comparison of two CPU speed you need to multiply its number of Hz with that CPU IPC(instructions per cycle) as 2GHz Athlon XP is nowhere near as fast as Zen 3 CPU that is also using 2GHz clock.
@@Bialy_1 The CPU MPU distinction is not clear for comparing some processors. What criteria did you use for that? Also I am well aware of the instructions per second criteria I used to code in various languages even assembly language.
@@dannygjk I think the 4004 used a Harvard architecture and had no practical means for the CPU to update the contents of code storage. I think the ability to update code storage is an essential distinction.
Music was fine, I normally get annoyed by voice and music balance but this was fine. I did not read your pinned comment until after the video was over.
$60 in 1971 so today that would be $375 about the same price as a high-end intel cpu. Feels like some kind of irony.
Or maybe what feels like reasonable value for a cutting edge piece of computer hardware has remained fairly constant over the last 47 years?
$375 for a high end cpu ?!?! That's lower-mid end
@@tomservo5007 You also need to consider that the 4004 couldn't be used in a vacuum: many other discrete ICs needed to be used to make a functional computer. The combined cost of all the chips you'd need to buy from Intel was likely much higher than that.
Tom Servo ye lol
its good
Still using it and it runs great!
Intel 4004 is running on my channel in 2021 to celebrate 50 years of this processor ❤️
great video mate !
Side fact - the 4004 was the first microprocessor in space...on the Pioneer Venus probe in 1978.
I dont mind the music, the vid is good so you got a subscribe.
Nice memories, back in the early 70s I was building my first computer (years before the ALTAIR) and had finished the bead memory boards planning to make the CPU on 4 boards using 70xx chips. That was cut short by my father getting me somehow a 4040, which was the successor of this one and software compatible. It was not easy to get the 4040 to like my ferrite bead memory, but it worked. In fact it worked so good that I skipped the Altair completely and went on after a while with the Apple II
Was the computer you were building out of 70xx series chips a standard design, or was it your own creation? Do you still have the 4040 computer with magnetic bead memory?
@@gregorymalchuk272 no... thar cabinet was too cumbersome to move when I was living off Uncle Sam's Nickel... so it got scrapped in '79.. but sometimes I wish I did...
@@TVPiles I see. Was the processor built from 70xx chips a standard design like the Kenbak-1 or the EDUC-8, or was it your own custom design?
@@gregorymalchuk272 it was what I could compile from the (cheap) literature of the time, for example the bead memory was based on the German Siemens model, as it was the only thing I could find enough information for without spending all the money I needed for electronics on books. Growing up on a farm, sneaking into the next university library to read was not an option either, that was 50 miles away. One of the reasons I did not start with the CPU first was that I could not find enough reference material on the architecture. I had an idea on how it was supposed to work, but still had to learn the little tricks that makes it possible.
Scrapped it in 79... the year I was born. 😊
Thanks, great informative piece.
The fact that I cannot recreate such a piece myself…
I'm post 4004 era.... but I've heard the way the "4004 generation" engineer's speak about it so I know it must have been something to behold :) Must have been a pivotal moment. Just missed it :\ Cheers!
I'm also from post 4004 era. My first processor was i7-4770k.
Shima imagined handy calculator instead of desktop sized, and proposed a compact set of programmable logics in place of a large set of fixed logic devices.
4004 visualizations!
Who else saw ice cream?
my first CPU was a 6502.
Atari tho
yep Atari 8bit PCs were light years better than the slow Commodore 64s, and was the precursor to the Amiga. RIP Jay Miner
My first CPU was an Intel 80286.
Loved it, sold it, bought an Intel 80486DX, loved much more, never sold it, still running today.
My first was the 8088, and I still have that PC. It still runs, and the 20 MB hard drive from 1984 in there still works like a champ. I used it last night. They don't build stuff like they used to.
I have had only one hard drive fail on me they are amazingly long lived in spite of having moving parts.
My first CPU WAS A 6507, An Atari 2600. I also had the BASIC programming cart and keyboard.
The first CPU I programmed was the TRS Model 4 Z80. It was the machine of choice for the intro to programming at UNC in 1983 or 1984 ( can't remember exactly).
i have a Intel 4004 in my CPU collection.
+Turborider Thats really cool, you should make a video about it
yes, i have already thought about that
nice
Turborider But what can you actually do with it?
I am not sure I would call it a 'CPU' per se. That is such a modern term. It's a microprocessor. For instance, you would not call the USB microprocessor on your motherboard a 'CPU'.
@3Minutes On: Seriously, the background music is to loud, it makes it hard to hear the narrator.
Correction:
The original Busicom chipset consisted of 7 chips, 3 of which were for the CPU and the other 4 for other functions.
The Intel MCS-4 chipset simplified it down to 4 chips, 1 of which was for the CPU (Intel 4004) and the other 3 for other functions.
CPU => (C)entral (P)rocessing (U)nit
"The MCS-4 (Micro-Computer Set-4) or 4000 Series or Busicom Chip Set was a family of 4-bit microprocessor chipsets developed by Intel. The entire chipset was made of four individual chips, including the 4004 CPU which became the first commercial microprocessor. MCS-4 was completed by March 1971, entered production in June, and introduced into the market on November 15, 1971. "
"In order to limit production cost, Busicom wanted to design a calculator engine that would be based on a few integrated circuits (ICs), containing some ROMs and shift registers and that could be adapted to a broad range of calculators by just changing the ROM IC chips. Busicom's engineers came up with a design that required 12 ICs and asked Intel, a company founded one year earlier in 1968 for the purpose of making solid state random-access memory (RAM), to finalize and manufacture their calculator engine. People who were influential in convincing Busicom to switch to using microprocessors were Tadashi Sasaki and Robert Noyce.
Intel's Ted Hoff was assigned to studying Busicom's design, and came up with a much more elegant, 4 ICs architecture centered on what was to become the 4004 microprocessor surrounded by a mixture of 3 different ICs containing ROM, shift registers, input/output ports and RAM-Intel's first product (1969) was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit SRAM. Busicom's management agreed to Hoff's new approach and the chips' implementation was led by Federico Faggin who had previously developed the Silicon Gate Technology at Fairchild Semiconductor. It was this technology that made possible the design of the microprocessor and the dynamic RAMs. The 4 ICs were delivered to Busicom in January 1971.
In mid-1971 Busicom, which had exclusive right to the design and its components, asked Intel to lower their prices. Intel renegotiated their contract and Busicom gave up its exclusive rights to the chips. A few months later, on November 15, 1971, Intel announced the immediate availability of the first microprocessor chipset family, the MCS-4 micro computer set (all from the Busicom design) with an advertisement in Electronic News. "
@UCwudzuHTPlpLBJJN6sv8JMQ The basis for the microprocessor was MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) LSI (large-scale integration) technology. As MOS LSI chips had rapidly increasing MOS transistor density, it was inevitable that it would lead to the development of a microprocessor. There were several companies working on a microprocessor at the time based on MOS LSI technology, but Intel was the first to successfully apply it to build a working single-chip microprocessor, thanks to Federico Faggin's previous work on silicon-gate MOS technology.
Is it just me or I got this on my recomendation again?
Is that your voice as well? If so...JUST WOOOOOW!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I did some work on a 4040 system as an apprentice... 8" floppy drives.
I used to work for Datapoint corp. We were told durning training that Intel had contracted with Datapoint to draft the layout for the upcoming 4004 chip since at that time Intel did not have the capability. One of the Datapoint engineers doing the drafting accidentally crossed two lines and the mistake wasn't caught until the chip was already in production, Everything appeared to work correctly. Later it was found that the crossed lines caused addresses to be stored low byte first instead of high byte first. Thus was born the little-big endian controversy.
I never even knew there were CPUs that ran at the kilohertz range!
Only for first 30+ years of CPUs history... ;)
Cmos cpus can run at 1 Hz
@@lpi3 I have a 6502 demo board that can run at 1 Hz. You can watch the cpu click through the instructions.
It was even worse when they used relays as logic elements.
@@baruchben-david4196 what are relays?
1:27 Just a minor nitpick on the chart: Intel's 80386 never exceeded 33 MHz, while AMD's went up to 40 MHz.
Removing Intel's name from that chart would easily remedy this.
Wikipedia says 12 - 40 MHz, same as the chart.
@@chrisbryan2195 Wikipedia is rather unreliable / inaccurate at times (like when they destroyed a decent article on the IBM XGA adaptor and merged it in with video resolutions. They may have fixed it at some point and assumed all had 1MB but then had no info on the 512kB version which I have in possession, but I digress.)
Intel stopped making 386 processors, topping out at 33 MHz, while AMD took it further to 40 MHz. But if you’ve encountered a genuine Intel variant at 40 MHz (and not overclocked), you’d have something extremely rare that I’m sure everyone would love to see!
Do I'm missing some info like the 4004 is a 4bit CPU or so - isn't it? Best Regards Volker
Yes, it was 4 bits.
Thx for review my intel 😀
good youtube people, does anyone know who patented the intel 4004? :D
Music?
Is missing the Intel 8085 in the video.
0:44 WHAT IS THAT WEBSITE
Why were some older IC's and processors gold capped?
they robbed street bums outside the office block of their gold teeth.
Because at that time the didn't used to mount heatsinks, instread of them they used to build the ics with a good chassis
Because the military required it for corrosion resistance, and to some extent for better heat dissipation. At this time, plastic DIP packages were somewhat porous and water could seep in and corrode the chip inside. The military, of course, could not accept this reliability issue, so they either demanded CERDIP (Ceramic DIP) or gold-plated ceramic DIP packages. The packages shown here are true ceramic packages with gold plating on the cap. Back then, when the military demanded a certain kind of package, and paid a king's ransom for their electronics, the electronics industry was glad to comply. You could sell one uP to the military for the same amount of money a consumer might pay for 100 of the same chip, but packaged in plastic. Since then, plastic has achieved "hermetic" status and is no longer the reliability problem it used to be. You seldom see ceramic packages anymore because they cost so much.
Imagine a Beowulf cluster...
I would like to see a 3 minute video on visionaries like Federico Faggin or Chuck Peddle maybe even Jack Tramiel
Why the antiquated psuedo-modern robot disco dance house party soundtrack?
I love the million dollar vintage super computer just rusting away in a field
I read that the space shuttle program needs 8086 CPU in their instruments but it got harder to get spares as time go by. The old computers with 8086 worth a lot of money as a result (8088 was much more used than 8086)
Those chips aren’t used on the shuttle, they were used in ground support equipment.
Well done video thank-you for sharing. music was fine BTW.
that was the beginning... of uP era, 4004 and TMS1000...
On your graph the i80186 (iAPX 186) was exceeding the i80286 in performance 1:25 is that accurate?
Nice presentation btw. I also subbed.
Behold the start of the computer revolution.
The first MPU was 1 bit the Turing machine. XD
But that was only a thought exercise. Same as with the TI processor, it doesn't count until it's made it not only out of your head and onto paper, but from the paper to a lithogram being used to produce semiconductor dies in a factory, and from there into a DIP container and into the hands of customers.
@@mspenrice The Turing machine can be built. The only thing that can't be reproduced is an infinitely long tape. That is nit-picking anyway. No MPU/CPU has anything infinite about it.
Can i Play the witcher 3 4k on low Settings with this cpu ?
yes you can but on 4k max settings
Yes. You can play 8k at like 200fps it's so powerful
I'm running an 8086K in my pc :D
I bet that was a fun meeting . . . . . . "There is no way we can finish the Busycom project on time , unless we . . . . "
wats da music
If my reading on the 4004 MPU is correct, the 8008 was the next step, to create an 8-bit system. It wasn't a great success, being 2 x 4004 on a single Cache9the 1st dual-core CPU?) but the 4040 and 8080 ranges solved that problem, with single-chip forms. That's what I read some time ago now.
R.I.P. 8086
to think the 4004 costed the equivalent of current i9 processers (as of this post) upon its release back in 1971
i paid over $1000 (AUD) for an used SCSI 5.25 hard drive with 130Mb capacity for a Mac in the early 2000. Today any USB 256G thumb drive for $5 is 20x its capacity.
Watching this video in 2021👍👍👍
the future of microprocessor in the past
I recall something called bit slice processors that engineers could connect and micro code its own assembly language.
I'm using them today reimplemented in fpga. Much more flexible and easy to use then pico/microblaze or neon cores
I remember reading about the slice processors when I was young, and a hobby computer project was building a 10 digit adder with discrete component flip flops, until TI made A j/k flip flop component available. I started in h/w lab with TI 9900 16 bit CPUs.while 8 bit cp/m hobbyist PCs were big. Had to make our own multitasking DOS.
I believe that was utilized in the Xerox Alto series and allowed them to be way ahead of their time with the GUI, or more importantly had the power to run the GUI properly.
Wow another company that we have heard for so long really didn't come up with the first micro processor. They had to leach off from another company to do there work. Top notch.
And thank God for that! Competition runs the gamut!
You might need to watch the video again.
@@stargazer7644 Probably do. Thanks for the quality feedback. I have been needing to get behind the work that Biden is doing. He cares about the people so much he isn't taking a paycheck. Can't wait to see what he will do next. Guess I should have stayed away from Trump all these years. Man the Democrats really do care for each and everyone of us. I'm going to drop a Polosi on the throne for there great work.....
A i7 ad played before this
Very interesting
Well, the 50th anniversary of the 4004 is coming up! Do we have a big bash anniversary party planned?
Can it run Doom natively without video cards?
No but it can simulate *your* brain.
Yes, but only extremely slowly. Maybe one frame per hour, with the output going to a teleprinter and with much use of temporary storage on tape or disk.
mspenrice I’m not sure it could detect enough tape/ram to make it capable of executing the instruction set.
Long live and prosper... Intel.
They're getting crushed now.
those things are really expensive on ebay right now
What speech synthesis are you using for your videos? Sounds nice.
I was expecting more on the 4004 itself rather than all the background on what a microprocessor actually is. I can see the thought process that led you to take that approach, but I don't think it does what you want it to, mostly because there isn't enough time to actually do a "what is a microprocessor" part effectively. If it was me, I would just stick to information about the 4004 itself and go more in-depth. You don't even need to talk about it's competitors or anything. But, hey, that's me.
The Texas Instruments TMS 1000 is not a microprocessor, it is a microcontroller. The difference being that a microprocessor needs additional external components, such as ROM and RAM memory, and input output circuitry to work. A microcontroller has some embedded memory already and input output circuitry making it a factory programmable "computer-on-a-chip" design. The TMS 1000 is famous for being the first "calculator-on-a-chip" from TI, with an integrated ROM containing code for operating as a calculator.
used to have a couple, not just the CMOS series!
I would like find a ram card for my 8088/8086, i now someone is making a new cards like emulators.
so i left it in between
Now... the first i3 beats this by so much
Dude. Even Celeron 266 from year 1998 beats this by so much. Even 386, 486, as you've seen on graphs. Don't have to impress us with your i3 shit, as every processor after it beats it by a huge margin.
Supprised a processor that basicly does nothing but add 2 numbers between 0 and 15 looks that complicated in the scematic
Well you've got 4 lines to control. For each, aside from the logic, you've got buffering and voltage control and other stuff not directly related to the calculations
but can it run halo ce?
No one that matters cares.
Ray Holt would like a word.
،،nice informations, thanks for sharing
Fun Fact: the Intel 4004 was part of the Palindrome Architecture.
Just kidding.
Cut the annoying "music", ok?
i hear id software are releasing DooM Eternal for i4004 machines soon
I believe the actual instruction set for the 4004 and 8008 was invented at DataPoint Corporation in San Antonio Texas. They went Intel to render their extant discreet hardware design into silicon and decided it was too expensive. "We can hire mexican women to stuff discreet processor boards a lot cheaper than that."
4-bit words… the horror!
I would like to buy one, anyone know where I could find one?
Ebay but there very expensive begins at 700$
Pentium is the for st true x86 because I386 dose not have parallel support for a 2 algorithms at once because Dos is just the base for any 16 bit software and DOS software is just an extension of the same algorithm.
+Damien Hartley and you dare call yourself a tech reviewer, holy shit
***** What I am saying is that unless your are using a modern version of linux a cpu older then pentium may not execute more then 1 high level programing at once unless its the same algorithm!
Damien Hartley Randomly throwing words together doesn't form a coherent sentence.
***** Dude just because you don,t know programing terms dose not mean you can troll.
Damien Hartley "Pentium is the for st true x86 because I386 dose not have parallel support for a 2 algorithms at once because Dos is just the base for any 16 bit software "
I was a bit disappointed that you chose not to even mention the Z80 CPU. Although I believe it was made by a different manufacturer, it was still the spiritual successor to the 8080 and could run software written for the 8080 since its instruction set was a superset of the 8080's. Although not a powerful CPU by today's standards, it was still a very versatile CPU and definitely deserves a mention.
JasonMasters it's worth noting that the Z80 was also designed by Federico Faggin. He left Intel and cofounded Zilog in the mid 70s if memory serves.
This video is about the 4004.
Given the time constraints I placed on myself for the topic, I didn't stray very far from an Intel-centric perspective. (The Z80 is actually my favorite processor, FWIW. ;))
The Zilog Z80 was designed by two of the Intel 4004's designers, Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima, both of whom also designed the Intel 8080. In other words, the lineage goes like this:
Intel 4004 -> Intel 8080 -> Zilog Z80
The Z80 is nice but the 8 bit processor I liked most was the 6809.
j'ai bossé dessus et aujourd'hui sur des 8 16 coeurs ça ne me rajeunis pas
*My 23 dollars Core i3*
Intel 4004: Am i a joke to you?
404 not found....... 😁
Excellent video.