The Most Useful Fossils in the World
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- Опубліковано 30 вер 2024
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For decades, one of the most abundant kinds of fossils on Earth, numbering in the millions of specimens, was a mystery to paleontologists. But geologists discovered that these mysterious fossils could basically be used to tell time in the deep past.
Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: spinops.blogspo...
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References:
Agematsu S, Uesugi K, Hiroyoshi S, Sashida K. 2017. Reconstruction of the multielement apparatus of the earliest Triassic conodont, Hindeodus parvus, using synchotron radiation X-ray micro-tomography. Journal of Paleontology.
doi.org/10.101...
Briggs DEG, Clarkson ENK, Aldridge, RL. 1983. The conodont animal. Lethaia 16: 1-14.
doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb01993.x
Dzik J. 1991. Evolution of oral apparatuses in the conodont chordates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36(3): 265-323.
app.pan.pl/arc...
Goudemand N, Orchard MJ, Urdy S, Bucher H, Tafforeau P. 2011. Synchotron-aided reconstruction of the conodont feeding apparatus and implications for the mouth of the first vertebrates. PNAS 108(21): 8720-8724.
www.pnas.org/co...
Purnell MA, Donoghue PC. 1997. Architecture and functional morphology of the skeletal apparatus of ozarkodinid conodonts. Philosophical Transations of the Royal Society B 352: 1545-1564.
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0141
Purnell MA, Donoghue PC. 1998. Skeletal architecture, homologies and taphonomy of ozarkodinid conodonts. Palaeontology 41(1): 57-102.
www.palass.org...
www.researchga...
www.sciencedir...
I love when Kallie hosts an episode, she has such a passion for everything she talks about. Keep up the awesome work
She's cute too.
I find her voice quite soothing
But she has gauge in her ear
I hear from her voice how she's nerding out about the subjects of videos, which I really appreciate :)
I also feel this
I even skip those videos that she doesn't host
this is the most mind blowing thing ever
That teeth system is bonkers
favorite host btw
I couldn't be happier that they turned out to be bug-eyed wigglies.
Um, not really bug eyed...
Insects have evolved a totally different type of eyes.
Bug-eyed is a figure of speech for oversized, staring eyeballs. People talk about 50s movie monsters as bug-eyed not because they had compound eyes but because they had oversized eyes.
I added a hyphen to make it clearer, since I believe it's usually written that way.
This should have been tagged. As a spoiler! 😭
Are you trans ouo
One of the paleontologists at my university is an expert on conodonts and I studied under him for a while and took a paleobiology/invertebrate paleontology class with him. He is crazy about conodonts. They are like his favorite animals ever. I think that they are pretty cool too. (I am a geology major with emphasis in paleontology.)
MightyRagnarok nice
To me, those "teeth" (4.45) look more like gill arches, the tiny bone like things in fish that are needed to let the water flow through thin blood vessels in order to absorb oxygen from the water. Without them, gills would collapse and the fish would "suffocate".
Perhaps, in these fish the gill arches were particularly sturdy, enabling them to survive the eons and help us index the paleozoic.
MightyRagnarok You’re really cool.
One of my lecturers here in Italy also was a conodont expert. She retired only a few months ago
you are really cool!
Wow!!! I am shocked that I had never heard of these fossls before. I can't recall them being even mentioned in my paleonthology course back when I was going through college. Thanks a lot PBS Eons, I really love your high quality content! Btw, could you make a video about Cycads, those ancient palm-like plants that refuse to go extinct as Angiosperms now rule the Earth?
A video on the evolution of trees? Or maybe the Entelodonts?
You means flowering and conifers?
Tyrannosaur Friday Play Love this suggestion.
Or the now invalid seed ferns which was thought to be a distinct group in between spore producing ferns and gymnosperms?
By all means. That would be great.
Like for example archaepteridiacea which is the closest I can spell which looks striking close to conifers.
Ugh, that animation of the teeth gave me the creeps.
You should do an episode on the evolution of bats!
We currently have no proto-bat fossils from before they already had flight, and we don't even know what basal bats looked like because their relationships are still highly disputed. But this is something I want to see.
And sorry Tinman, but that theory has been discredited. The only link was that there was a protein found only in primates and megabats, but bats and the rest of laurasiatheria have far more in common genetically.
Congrats we got a video on that!
ua-cam.com/video/zWeYCULC0UQ/v-deo.html
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@@TS1336 yeah, its like fourth comment
Woohoo, a group of animals I had no idea of, before!
What do Ceticarids, Titanichthys, Leedsichthys, whale sharks, and baleen whales have in common? They're filter feeding giants, but all from totally different lineages. What's known about this niche; is there a correlation with the presences of gentle giants in the oceans and certain oceanic conditions? Or is it assumed that the filter feeding giant niche is always available throughout earth's biological history?
Filter feeding is profitable, thats why sessile animals are a thing in the sea and not on land
Every episode I'm all like, "Yeah, but it's not an episode about snowball Earth." And then I'm all like, "Wow! Conodonts are the coolest! I didn't even know they existed!"
I love y'all.
What’s your fascination with snowball earth if I might ask
PBS studeos has multitudes of amazing channels...but this is my favorite. Thanks Eons team 💕
peter Carioscia same!!!!!
This is definitely my favorite new channel on UA-cam. And there's eons worth of subject matter.
Thirded. Motion carries. Eons is the best!
peter Carioscia, you got a real funny Joda picture.
from the scene on Dagobah where luke loses his concentration I guess?
peter Carioscia +++
Thank you for doing this! Yep. They are so distinct that geologists will often use them to define upper and lower geologic boundaries. Like you said, they make great index fossils.
Index fossils are so neat.
"Helped Geologists find oil" so helped them cause another mass extinction?
I love this show so much, more than any other. Every Sunday night and Monday morning I find myself thinking about fossils and ancient life forms, in anticipation for the next Eons episode. Thank you all for making each week better!
I'm going to binge watch this whole channel...Love it, PBS
Binging it right now!
A video about subduction and the great uncomformity. Is it possible that another intelligent life, like humans, could have arisen or is there evidence to refute this or support this? Love your channel btw. Thanks guys.
Every single episode astounds me. Seriously, I knew paleontology was cool, and you guys make it way way more interesting than a textbook! I especially love these episodes that unravel a mystery - it makes the answer that much more satisfying. Thanks for another fantastic story!
To be fair, Conodonts are far away from being the only index fossils.
But they are the ones that petroleum geologists love.
4:35 That's what I call nightmare fuel!!!
its sexy imo
I think it looks awesome
Just a little kiss... smoochy smooch!
Vampyricon
No doubt, with that name, lel.
Vampyricon hey Ryan :3
How did insect winɡs evolve?
Excellent question and still one of the biggest mysteries yet to be solved.
I don't know how they evolved, but I know that they evolved from arthropod gills. I think the spiders' silk-making organ also evolved from gills. I recommend reading Sean B. Carroll's Endless Forms Most Beautiful!
Guilherme, that is only a theory (the epicoxal theory). There are several theories on how wings evolved and so far the most supported theory is the endite-exite hypothesis. Much more evidence is needed from fossils.
Yeah, the origin of insect flight is an interesting subject of inquiry and speculation -- especially because its physiology and mechanics is not only so different from that of avian and mammalian vertebrate flight (birds and bats) but also because it's so different between different insect species (how houseflies fly is different from how butterflies fly as how dragonflies fly and so on).
One big question about the evolution of flying insects I have is do all flying insects share a common ancestor as the first such insect to evolve that adaptation, or did insect flight and wing anatomy/physiology evolve independently between different species of flying insects at different times in evolutionary history?
My dad might likely know the answer (if there is one, that is) as he's an entomologist.
Isaac The Destroyer of Stuped I think, based on my own speculation, that when they first arrived on land winds may have played an important role as natural selection. Since they were small, only the ones with some kind of pre-wings, i guess, could thrive better.
Blake always complains about the jokes that Kallie asks him to make but I'm pretty sure Blake asked Kallie to say "because I like your face"
Probably best channel in a whole damn site👌
I'M SO HAPPY WHEN YOU GUYS UPLOAD
Carlos J. Ortiz same
I remember studying these at my University Micropaleontology class. Awesome.
More in depth about the evolution of flowers, trees, and plants- also fungus and mold- from start to now?
Fungi would probably be best as its own episode unless talking about the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants as they are close relatives of animals not plants.
I love the way she speaks and the happy excitement in her voice when she explains these vids!!!!!!!
It would be interesting to talk about the various endosymbiotic events (I don't know if you've talked about any/all of them before), like the integration of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the like. Interestingly a more recent one is aphids integrating Buchnera (a type of bacteria) into specialized compartments which obviates their need to excrete nitrogenous waste.
Thanks for making me not hate Mondays anymore
I like it how every single video from this channel ends with the extinction of the species presented.
Mass extinction definitely is your business, PBS EONS.
So it's a extremely fossilized tooth for a horror mouthed sea beast!
Can you imagine meeting that if you were a little creature just swimming about minding your own business? Gad, they are even scarier than the giant arthropods... well.. .almost.
I initially though they looked like ancient gill rakers. Not too far off, I see :)
Goddamit I love this show. Just found it and can't stop watching...
What a beautiful video! Greetings from México
I worked with conodonts for over 30 years before I retired. Mostly it was dissolving several kilos of limestone per sample in dilute acetic acid and taking a month or more to get a sample through processing to get a date. In the 10 years or so before retiring our mapping programs moved into areas with very little limestone and monotonous deposits of deepwater shales and cherts which had been dated badly as it turned out using occasional scrappy graptolites. I took to sectionong the cherts and later the shales to look for conodonts and found them in abundance. instead of kilos of sample you only needed a less than fist sized sample slabbed parallel to bedding and sectioned till it was semi transparent. I was finding hundreds of elegantly preserved specimens in paper thin sections and the larger more fragile elements were more complete than the same ones extracted from limestone. Best of all if you needed a quick result you could go from hand sample to completed slide in 1 to 2 hours. They enabled the precise stratigraphic mapping of large swathes of previously poorly mapped country, provided important large scale structural information and helped to precisely date significant mineral deposits and mineralisation events.
Very cool. Did you work for a private industry or for a university? I'm ignorant on this topic, but, from the video, it sounded like this could be a commonly used tool for the petroleum industry.
@@charlesbrowniii8398 In Australia for my state (NSW) geological survey. They are used overseas in Petroleum exploration but most of the sediment they are found in in Australia are too old and cooked to host petroleum deposits. The Colour Alteration Index mentioned in the video is used to determine the temperature ranges the sediments have been exposed too so it is a useful petroleum exploration tool.
@@garydargan6 My daughter was supposed to be in your territory last spring, but that all got canceled with Covid. Hopefully you won't have such a bad fire season this coming year.
I live in the eastern part of the state of Washington, right in the path of what was the Lake Missoula floods - lots of interesting geology, but aside from some Precambrian rock poking up in a couple places, most of our geology is less than 17 million years old.
I love what you guys are doing. I have always been curious about the separation of Australia, and the divergent evolution that occured there, and would love to see a video about that.
Hi Kallie!!!! We went to grad school together at UM. Was Megan Rosenblatt's roommate. Vicki Balfour (Dr Balfour now).....teaching middle school and LOVE your video :)
I LOVE THIS VIDEO!! Thank you for showing me something new!!
Conodonts indeed were abundant and useful, but I'll put in a plug for diatomaceous earth, which is composed of the silica remains of diatoms and has dozens of uses including water filtration and scouring powder.
"because I like your face" 😂 that's a hilarious response on all the comments in other videos
Slick. I did not know that. Back in the day when I was attending college, some of my pals were taking Geology courses (yes, they wanted to get BS degrees in Geology), and some times they'd would go on and on about these little fossils in their textbooks or have been looking at under microscopes in their labs. At the time I sort of tuned them out as they weren't discussing the lovely chemistry associated with herterocyclics or the latest in tosylate chemistry.
Conodonts were wiped out by an extinction level event brought on by a quick rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and now
Conodonts are helping us locate petroleum so we can create our own extinction event by raising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
How ironic...
Whoa... 💙💚💛💜💖
There is always so much to learn!
I have to hope they were filter feeders. If all those spears and grabbers were to rip up other animals to eat they would have been truly terrifying no matter how small they were. Imagine that coming after you if you were a tiny shrimp.....eeeek! swim, swim, swim.
cono-don't stop making amazing videos PBS Eons!
yash sathe 😹
Fascinating stuff, It saddens me to think of the remnants of the past yet there is an omnipresent sense of wonder towards the magnificence of mother nature. Mommy sometimes giveth and sometimes taketh away. #PBSEONSISLOVE
But will I be useful when I die?
Raze the Raven yes. As oil for the next generation
what about:
soft tissue on dinosaurs and how far can speculation get
As someone who works in mineral exploration/geology as soon as I saw the title I thought "That has to be conodonts!"
So interesting to watch
I want to learn more about ancient farmers. How they farmed before all the pesticides that came about only in the last hundred years.
0:15 Hundreds or thousands of them? So, like Cockroaches? Just everywhere?
I would love to see more about early mammals
Didn't know anything about conodonts. I'm amazed at how they're used :O
Could you do a show about geological evidence of life? Like limestone cliffs, stromatolites, and and oil deposits. I think even beach sand can consist of shells and crushed corals. Was the biological nature of things like that obvious?
I love this series and I always look forward to the next one. I would love to see more videos on life before the dinosaurs... Maybe like more on stem mammals or early amphibians. I find these times fascinating!
Unpopular opinion probably, but I like the ads contained within the video because it pretty much secures my privacy. If Google can't target ads at me, they won't sell my information. So keep it up, guys.
Absolutely, plus they get to have more freedom in what they represent.
I'm so early, I feel like a primitive archea!
I was re-watching the Eons about the Terror BIrds today and noticed the little time mistake re Pleistocene period at the end (already noted by viewer & acknowledged by Eons team), but it got me returning to my Chronostratigraphic Chart, which I am still trying hard to memorise.
You say that these fossils are used as key period boundary marking index fossils, and I know other key stratigraphic indicators (KT boundary = ashy irridium layer) and the red oxide layers (banded iron formations) that indicate increasing oxygenation in sea converting iron to rust.
Could we maybe have a 'Top Ten' index that quickly goes over the most important index strata that all newbie geologists should be able to recognise at a glance, in the field?
The Eons 'A Brief HIstory of Geologic Time' runs through the periods but doesn't link them to them to rock strata, which is where they exist in the real world rather than in text books.
Anyway, many thanks for another excellent Eons vid (am addicted) and best wishes to the Eons Team!
fdb x
What a great idea! I too know some of the rock indicators but only a few and it would be awesome to have some sort of chart showing the most important time markers.
From 50K to 798k subs I am here. ,watched over 100 videos ,And I remember all of them .
Let's do quiz. thanks.
Everybody talking about conodont but nobody care about what cono could do
I love it when educational videos explain how and why knowledge gained is useful! Obviously, learning just to learn is fun and valuable; but it makes some topics easier to engage with when a person (especially a student) isn't typically interested in it.
Thank you a loto for keeping up these amazing videos! It would be really interesting if you explained the differences between nimravids and machairodonts.
Proto-graboids I tell you what!
Yep.
(Though I am partial to the cephalopod theory presented on the SciFi Channel's website to tie in with _Tremors: The Series_ myself.)
Can you please do an episode on Brachiopods. I spent a whole semester in 3rd year at University speciating a box of them.
Sounds like a semester well-spent.
As usual, an amazing video👌😀
Now I really want conodont fossil Pokémon
This is a fascinating episode, but I was sad to see the fossil-fuel industry be mentioned without contextualizing commentary, as if it were a neutral force, rather than the destructive one that it is. The way they use our understanding of conodont fossils sacrifices lives for short-term profit, and that warrants mention.
OMG CONODONTS
She is such a sweat heart; I melted when she said she liked my face. Great video, too. I love these!
Thank you SO MUCH for this video! There are by far not enough people caring about the magnificense of conodonts!
Awesome video once more, thanks again! Maybe one of the next videos could shed some more light on the bivalves? IMO really one of the most interesting groups still alive today. And their fossils are also often used as index fossils for specific time periods.
I want to see a video about ancient ants and bees. Where did the hive mind like this originate and what was it like back when it was starting
Solid presentation skills, as usual.
I hear a weird beeping or clicking sound around 4 minutes
...And these fossils helped geologists date rock to different periods, among many other useful applications but they never knew what it belonged to. That animal... Albert Einstein.
Coo-Coo for Conodonts! Coo-Coo for Conodonts!
Interesting music choices...
I must know who did the music. So good.
That's kinda hilarious, in retrospect. The world has no idea who or what you are, but they find your remains useful for their own purposes.
Biologists: “What is it?”
Geologists: “No clue. But hey! We can do ‘this’ with it!”
Miners: “Awesome! I’ll get the drill ready!”
Great job guys! Love this channel it's always facinating!
So they're like Cepheid variables for paleontology. :-)
Dear Eons folks, first of all I'd like to say that I love your videos! But sorry :( I have some critics to this one, which is also awesome, apart from a few misleading informations. (1) why did you chose the conodonts among the very large number of microfossils group as the most important ones? Microfossils in general are very useful for biostratigraphy (telling time), in paleoclimatic, paleoenvironmental, paleoceanographic reconstructions... (2) why do you separate paleontologists and geologists in 2 distinct classes? Independent on what the paleontologist studied in his undergrad studies (biology, geology, history...), the guys who work or worked on the biostratigraphy of conodonts (and any other group) are virtually the same guys that discuss their evolutionary relationships. These are really not two different groups of scientist...
Conodonts were widely used in Western NY State..which makes perfect sense if u experience the geology here. After falling on your arse enough times, u eventually look closely at the chunk of shale..like Calley said; they are used as a base index fossil but being so small are only seen with jewlers loops, and disecting scopes- which makes them seem more intimidating as animals then they truly are. If u notice, lol, they are in big blown up renderings in the ident guides..if u did want to see them up close and personal, u can use James Hall's Palentology of NYS..if u are still into reading books..😁
Just love everyone at PBS Eons x thank you for making incredible and quality content.
Can anyone recommend any similar shows to Eons on UA-cam? I'm very interested in paleontology.
Archaeology as well, by the way. So if you happen to know shows about these topics, I'd be very interested
to get some ideas.
What do you know about Parahelicoprion? The giant eugeneodont from Permian south America? It's supposed to be 15 meters long and had teeth 9 inches long.
So much interesting info from PBS Eons.. so captivating.. sometimes makes me wonder if there are actually people who think dinossaurs are a conspiracy, a the Earth is flat.....
I was about to watch Planet Dinosaur on curiositystream, but couldn't find it and I found out it's not available in every country, mine included. You should probably give out a warning for something like this!
Not that I complain, because I allways like hear alot from Kallie! Allways quality stuff in this channel!
But what happened to Hank and Blake?
I feel like they haven't been around in a long time!
When I was taking upper level paleo courses at UC Berkeley in the early seventies, conodonts were still a big mystery. Glad to hear that they've found an animal for them.
The cône-tooth elements are made of hydroxyapatite, therefore they are mineralized. To my knowledge, the lamprey which is considered the most basal vertebrate does not show mineralized tissues. That makes conodonts more close to vertebrates than the lamprey. Agree ?
please go further in the Proterozoic Eon's Eras & Periods? maybe the lead up to snowball earth in the Cryogenian? thank you
So conodont fossils are indicators like pottery shards in archeology
As for liking faces...Kallie's dimples are most endearing,...if I may say so
Wow, what a useful yet wierd looking pairs of teeth. It's a good thing the owner of those mysterious conodonts have finally revealed. :D
Cool... I just got a little geologist tour of a great piece of strata in Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland. Conodonts were key there. (the sequence there is a UN world heritage site)
Could you do an episode on potential directions for future human evolution, genetic engineering, pitfalls and likely schisms between future human branches? I dare you to touch that hot potato!!
So they got extinct by high Carbondioxide level in the atmosphere.
We use their remains to find gas and oil.
Which we use to increase the Carbondioxide level in the atmosphere .
I wonder for what our remains will be used in the far future.
400th comment! 😅
Truly fascinating. Great presentation!