When my wife from the Philippines first attended church in the US, she thought the different hair colors of kids sitting together suggested different parentage. The amount of variation among ethnic European families is pretty surprising.
@@Steve-318 That’s my sisters and I. One sister is blonde hair blue eyed, the other is a redhead with green eyes. I got all the dominant traits. All the Irish in me went straight to my beard lmao.
I'm a retired historian and I really enjoy seeing/hearing how new facts are changing everything that I learned as "facts" when I was a student. Thank you for your entertaining description of new discoveries.
Kayleigh, the MC1R variant found in neanderthals that was believed to be a redhair variant not found in modern humans actually does exist in modern people. It was found in 2014 to be at a rate of 70% among Taiwanese natives and at high rates in other east asians. The neanderthal variant does not give red hair, but does lighten skin tone.
We don't poses Neanderthal hair, nor skin. We do poses bones. What Neanderthal bones have *any* out of 8 billion humans? People are so quick to spread Neanderthal traits on human population. Well, we don't have the proof of those "Neanderthal" traits, but we do have bones. How come somebody doesn't mention bones? We have so many evidence of Neanderthal bones. Where are they in humans? In Taiwanese?
@𓆏 Europeans have it at 5%, mainland east asians vary around 30%. Keep in mind that another gene variant EDAR that is almost synonymous with east asians and is inherited from neanderthals was only reached its high frequencies in asia after agriculture, and is also found in low levels in northern europeans, including stone age scandinavians. Many of these genes will just float around in a population until some environmental factor causes them to be heavily selected for.
I had Googled awhile back, Where on the planet will you find the reddist hair? And the answer that I received back was for a village in Russia. I don't remember what the village's name was, but it would be very interesting to concentrate on it to find out as much information as possible about it, Asia would probably definitely stand out.
There are a lot of assumptions that we have grown up with that have tightened up over time with new knowledge. Because neanderthals covered a very large range over a very long period, there is bound to be a lot of variation.
but there are non. u listen to wat she said and gave u no evidence , do your own reaserch and it will conclude that all neanderthal are pale skin with pale hair duo to a melanin mutation. thats also why yall have colored eyes. this women is leading yall on. the only reason for a neanderthal not to have pale skin is because of mix breeding.. i live in cold climate my whole life and my kids are as dark as me. and there kids will be and there kids... only mix breeding or a mutation can change skin that dramatically
@@bustinnutsinslutsbutts - Yeah, it was interesting hearing about how different combinations of G, A, T, and C could produce different hair, skin, etc. But I want to know where the double D variant came from.
My wife is Filipino and half Chinese with a Spanish great-grandfather with red hair. Our oldest has green eys and looks white, other than the shape of her eyes. Our youngest is rather dark and has dark brown eyes. So it depends on the role of the D.N.A. dice. When my daughter was in high school her friends thought her brother was adopted. My mother surprise to find red hair among her black hair,. and had no idea of her Spanish great grand father.
Sometimes genetics can be tricky, im also filipino my father is mestizo, the old man probably descend from some spanish dude in colonial past, he doesn't look like averge filipino he looks like a latino or even arab. have a bony pointed nose, he is hairy af. Meanwhile my mother looks like a typical Pinay you know features traits like those of malay austranesians, she have brown skin, Now the thing is both me and my sister looks different af, she looks like my father but was brown, i look like my mom but whiter, i didn't get strong facial features of my dad, my nose ain't pointy it doesn't have bone structure of him, but i m hairy i got hair in my arms and chest, and the hair in my head was curly , my sister on the otherhand have straight hair. so i think you're right traits sometimes work like lotto you will never guess which trait will be pass.
My sister in law is FILIPINO ❤️ SHE IS A WONDERFUL PERSON I am happy she is part of our family ! She and my brother have two grown children a son and a daughter ! 🙀👵🏻😱🖖🏼👽🐲
My wife has red hair and a ton of freckles all over her body. I doubt she will appreciate me calling her a neanderthal! Thank-you Kayleigh for a wonderful moment of ancient history. I think they would have pale skin, being so far north of the equator. I feel I must make a clarification. My comment about my wife's red-hair and abundant freckles was meant as a joke. I love my wife.
They were adapted for the cold, surviving right through the last ice age in Europe. It's pretty obvious they would have evolved fair skin and light eyes, hair etc.
Check out whether she has occipital bun, a little bump at the base of her skull. If positive she can legitimately join the Neanderthal Pride movement. I am the last one standing in my family having one. ))))
@@johnmoreno5965 Thal is "valley" in German Pronounced "tahl". Neanderthal means "Neander valley" The place where the first Neanderthal skeleton was found.
I had neighbors when I was a teenager that had twins in their family.The male was dark-skinned/ black hair. The female had red hair, very pale skin and abundant freckles.
My dad had red curly hair, ruddy skin, and Green eyes ! He was IRISH and Scottish origin ! My mother was what was /is called BLACK DUTCH ( dark hair ,dark eyes! Also a bit of CHOCTAW ,her mother was 1/4 Choctaw and her grandmother was half Choctaw! Also possibly some *African genes 🧬 too boot ! Ok by me ! there were 5 of us kids ! Three of us kids had moms coloring and my baby sister and I took after dad in color reddish hair green eyes ! I got freckles! * THE FIRST AMERICANS NATION AT that time took in runaway Black slaves ! And nature did what nature does some were married into the tribe ! Babies were born and life /time moved on! Most people don’t really know for sure just who their ancestors were having Sex with ! Just because it’s written down in a Bible don’t make it true most people couldn’t read or write ! And bibles get lost ,burned up and lost in numerous ways ! The one for sure thing you can count on is you are human ,at least some of us are ! Others I got doubts about ! Whatever your origin is I ❤️ love you my fellow humans !
I just subscribed because you don't mind saying we don't know. I was particularly interested in what you were going to say about Neanderthals because when I tested my DNA on 23&me it said I had more Neanderthal DNA than 86% of their other customers. About the tanning ability. I found that when I was young, I burned and it turned to a tan. Now that I am a senior I find that I tan with no burn. I am pale, had blonde hair when I was 4 years old which turned to mousy brown and then to white with silver highlights. I'm going to look at your other vids on Neanderthals too. : )
My dad had bright blonde hair as a kid it turned black when he got older. It's more grey now but he still has the many and thin hair seen in blondes. My mom was blonde as can be. Me and my brother both have the same hair as our dad only we stayed blonde except for a black patch on top of our head. Both me and my brother have grey eyes despite of everyone in both families having green eyes. Genetics are fun to look into. Great video btw 👍
Never seen blonde to black, but mine was blonde as a boy and brown as a man. My brother's hair remained blonde and both of us have blue eyes. Our mother is olive skinned with brown hair and eyes, father red haired, hazel eyed and pale/ruddy skin with freckles. I have the same complexion as our father and can't really tan, my brother tans but is paler than our mother. It really is wild to me how much variation can exist even among immediate family, let alone extended families and tribes.
Mine is actually exactly that. Platinum as a kid, then began turning brown then black by the time I hit 30, still with the "fine" hair usually seen in blonds. I have hazel eyes while everyone else in my family had dark brown ones. It happens.
I had blonde hair until I turned 5 then turned very dark brown, started getting gray hair at 16 and full gray at 55 I have cobalt blue eyes and tan very easy 5 siblings all burn easily? My Grandfather on my mom’s side was east Friesian “Germany” and had black hair Blue eyes?
Freckles are also associated with some “darker-skinned” people. Note for example, both Nelson Mandela and Morgan Freeman, both of whom appear prima facie to be largely of Khoisan heritage rather than Bantu. Khoisan are the modern people most closely associated genetically with “anthropologically modern humans”, the “out-of-Africa” people.
When I was 10, I had an interesting experience in a downtown Chicago toy department. I met another kid with red hair, freckles, and rather light skin---But he had "Afro" features. At the time, I couldn't figure it out. Later a friendly Black man showed up, apparently his father, and the "mystery" was solved in my 10 y-o mind. His mom must have been a red head, and he inherited her complexion with his dad's features. (I still remember this after over 60 years).
Nah the people most closely associated genetically with the people that first left Africa, are the aborigine groups of Australia, the Jawara people of the Indian Ocean islands, the Polynesian and Melanesian groups in the Pacific Ocean, and the Khmer people in South East Asia. The Khoi San are much older than the group of people that left Africa. It's just that everybody OUTSIDE of Africa is related through a common ancestor they have with the khoi San. However, the khoi San people and the people that left Africa would have diverged from each other over 200,000 years ago.
Redhead here (although each red hair has turned white in my old age 😁) I had dark red hair, dark brown eyes, lots of freckles, easily sunburned. Sister one has blue eyes, strawberry-blonde hair, tending toward copper, no freckles, creamy complexion, sunburns less than me. Sister2 has true copper-red hair, blue eyes, pinkish complexion, no freckles, sunburns badly like me. Ex-wife has dark red hair, hazel eyes, tans easily, only a few freckles, never sunburns. Daughter1 has dark red hair, dark brown eyes, freckled face, tans easily, never burns. Daughter2 is brunette, hazel eyes, no freckles, light complexion, doesn't visibly tan, but is fairly resistant to sunburn. My extended family - no redheads, unless you look at distant family. The redhead genes follow absolutely no rules, in my experience.
Merci, dit was zeer interesant. Ook met het persoonlijke voorbeeld van je familie en genetica. Dan waren je moeder en haar tweeling broer wel twee-eeiige tweeling. Nederland en Nederlanders/Noord Europese geschiedenis, zeer interesant... Ook als je na gaat hoe we met stereotypes toch ook streken en nationaliteiten kunnen raden voor groten delen. Hoewel we tegenwoordig weer diverser lijken te worden met hybride / gemende variaties van genetica in Nederland. Ik was vandaag op station Maastricht, waar je toch ook wel duidelijk Belgen kon herkennen aan afmeting min of meer, of postuur in vergelijk met Nederlanders. Waarbij het hier in het zuiden ook heel anders is dan als ik met mijn partner in het Noord-westen bij zijn familie ben. Je bemerkt ook hier in Nederland stiekem duidelijk een de Romeinse limes als ik de verschillen observeer met stereotypen vergelijkende. Ik vraag me af hoe dat met andere landen in Europa is. Ook als je naar de migratie kaart van de mens kijkt en de genetica, tot de Eva en Adam van ons mensen ras. Waarbij de Pascifisch gecentreerde wereld kaart ook meer in balans oogt dan de Europees gecentreerde. Westerse wetenschap en de verlichting/ontdekkings era - evolutie van cultuur (religies) en wetenschappen. Apart hoe veel we met genetica en menselijk experimenteren weten dankzij tweeling onderzoeken, en roodharigen... en hun posities in culturen. Jammer dat deze geschiedenis ook met eugenics en Nazism verweven zijn in de geschiedenis. Daarnaast zijn de prognoses van designer babies ook niet positief voor de gehele mensheid, waarbij we de CRISPR babies al hebben in generatie Alpha. Met name roodharigen in Europa, Kelten en Ieren in stereotype ook. Van duivelse wezens tot "vuurtorens", grappig is ook dat het schijnt dat roodharigen anders reageren op pijn en narcose. Toch vormen van waarheden in oversimplificaties van de oudheid.
Genius video. You always entertain and deliver broadscoped, factual information. Thanks for cutting the fat off the narrative and without a background, delivering the goods. .
Very interesting topic. As research goes on, I suspect we'll see a lot more similarities between Neanderthal and modern humans. Ponytail looks good on you, by the way.
There are two very distinct variations of “modern” human. Eurasians, who possess 3-8% Denisovan/Neanderthal DNA, and Sapiens (SSAs), who possess negligible to no trace of DNDNA.
I absolutely love watching these videos of yours. Great topics, and so well presented. Thank you for having such an infectious and genuine enthusiasm for the subjects you study and cover. You do a great job 👏 Thank you.
I was born with flame red hair and light skin. Later, as a toddler, my red hair turned ash blond. And I have brown eyes. (A preponderance of ash blonds have blue eyes.) I still require triple the dose of painkillers for dental work. It’s nice to find a dentist who is aware of the MC1R gene. BTW, I have only a few freckles, despite being raised in the American Southwest. Of course, I tend to burn rather easily. I don’t tan. As the English say: white bread at breakfast, tomato at lunch. Cheers!
There are other things that can cause the resistance to pain killers and other things...I've needed a higher dose, same with things to put me under which was discovered to the horror of nurses with surgery where it too more to put me under and I processed it much faster.
I'm not exactly the same but similar. I had light blonde hair until around 3rd grade where I had red hair for a few years the. It turned a darker blonde. And now I have a red beard lol
In my 50-plus years on Earth in England I've never heard anyone say that. You may have spoken to one English person who said that as an ad hoc remark, but it most certainly is not a common saying in England. Or, as Americans say: that's a load of arugula.
I’ve been watching medical videos about red heads requiring a lot more anesthesia too. I am amazed about that. I have dark hair and dark eyes and I am 100% European. I have never had a sunburn and each summer, I get a dark tan from outside garden work!
Interesting comparison. Enjoyed your video. I've read extensively about Neanderthals and agree with most of your conclusions about variations in skin color, etc. The Good Lord knows that I'm no expert in anthropology but I am an avid reader. Keep up the good work.
I've often wondered this since they were isolated in pockets in Eurasia, sharing a small gene pool in those pockets, interesting topic as always Kayleigh ❤😊
I have light brown hair, blue eyes, pale skin and had a decent amount of freckles growing up, though I have less now because I don't go out into the sun a lot because I burn very easily. My sister has dark brown hair, green-brown eyes and olive skin, and had barely any freckles growing up, but now has a lot on her face, shoulders and arms because she took up bushwalking and mountain climbing. This goes to show that while we both carry the gene for freckles (we got it from out mum) the way it was expressed is different in each of us.
Thanks for another great video. Have a lot of redheads in my family, I'm half one. You look good with your hair up. You've obviously won the genetic lottery
Actually, if an individual carried two copies of that variant, we would know they likely had that trait, since it would be expressed either as a dominant gene, or as a double recessive gene (more likely). If you had a full genome of the individual, this could be determined, but it would take a large sample size to determined the frequency of the variant within the species.
@@johnrice1943 all modern humans are descended from an African population of Homo sapiens that spread out of Africa about 60,000 years ago but also shows that they interbred quite extensively with local archaic populations as they did so (Neanderthal and Denisovan genes are found in all living non-Africa ..
I'm from Germany, so are my parents, grandparents, etc. I contain a BUCKET load of Neanderthal DNA. In MY family my grandmother, my mother, my daughter and myself are all very dark skinned with dark hair & blue eyes. My brother is so white he's transparent and so is my son, with blond hair and hazel eyes. My father was ultra white, too with jet black hair and brown eyes. My sister (deceased as a child) had FLAMING red hair & green eyes & cute freckles.
Wow what an assortment. My mother is French and my dad is a 6’4” blond hair blue eyed German. All of the kids have my mom’s dark complexion and brown eyes. Sorry dad, maybe the grandkids will get your coloring.
@@jeffk464Yes, but when compared to the dataset, the amount can be significant. My background is roughly 75% German, the rest Irish … with a dribble of ‚Viking‘? thrown in. But my droplets of Neanderthal exceed over 80% of the contributors to the dataset.
Love this video. I've wondered about this issue as well. Also pondered a theory that they may be covered in more hair on their bodies as well. We always see them groomed like modern humans when depicted but I bet they were more organic than we imagined.
There's that old story about if you gave a Neanderthal a haircut and a shave, you'd never notice a difference. There's a great museum in Germany that made a great model of one in a suit and tie,and no, it's the oddest thing I've ever seen. As an aside,as someone of partial Irish heritage, it's pretty amusing that as scholars in the 19th century were trying to explain the bizarre skulls they found,one Frenchman said something to the effect of,"It's easy.. it's an Irishman"..!
Excellent work Kayleigh! A video on when and where modern humans first exhibit presence of lighter skin alleles would be a perfect sequel. Recent studies on ancient genomes have expanded knowledge on this subject and may be enlightening to many. If interested, the channel NORTH 02 has a fascinating video on the research titled, "When Did Light Skin Appear in Modern Humans?"
@@MarioPetrinovich Yamnaya culture around 6000 years ago, they know because they know what genes code for skin colour. We know for a fact that Europeans inherited their skin colour from a mutation of neanderthal genes.
@@plopdoo339 How do they know when? By counting "mutation rates"? Whoever counts "mutation rate" doesn't know a shit about evolution. Evolution doesn't happen by the way of "mutation". It happens by the way of adaptation. See? Darwin published in 1859. that evolution happens by the way of adaptation. Then came, in 1866., some Catholic priest and said, no, it is the God that "mutates" genes, from above. And this BS prevailed over Darwin. Why? Are people that stupid? Is science that stupid? Yes it is.
@@plopdoo339 WRONG. This Neanderthal nonsense is speculation and fantasy- not science. Some of the darkest people on the planet, such as Polynesians, have the highest levels of Neanderthal introgression and it happened before Europe was evenpopulated. Skin pigmentation requires at least 20 separate genes working in concert. Modern Europeans have a specific mutation in one of these genes (an allele) that is responsible for their skin tone. That allele is present in Africa and Asia and is also responsible for variants in skin tone. The difference is, the trait was not aggressively selected, so it never became fixed. The original Europeans were dark-skinned for over 30,000 years. Light skinned steppe horseman, with iron weapons, invaded and replaced the existing population. These so called Indo-Europeans, inherited their light skin from even further east, with the most probable location being what is now northwest Pakistan.
@@plopdoo339 Your comment is an extreme oversimplification. European skin tone appears in many shades from medium brown to highly pale, and is influenced by over 100 genes including MC1R inherited from Neanderthals. MC1R alone does not determine skin tone, and in fact most genes influencing pigmentation evolved separately in Homo sapiens. For example, depigmentation genes such as SLC24A5 and HERC2 evolved in Europeans long after Neanderthals went extinct. There is a common myth that all Neanderthals had pale skin, red hair and blue eyes, but as Kayleigh stated Neanderthals had different skin tones, hair and eye colors just like modern human populations. Perhaps more interesting as Kayleigh noted at 3:54 is Neanderthals had pigmentation genes not even seen in modern humans today. Ancient genome evidence shows modern humans evolved most of their depigmentation genes recently, and Europeans did not look caucasian 10,000 years ago. Ancient genome studies show Europeans had predominantly dark skin mutations until about 8,000 years ago when pale skin gene frequencies began increasing throughout Europe and Asia. If you have some time visit the NORTH 02 channel and watch his video titled, "When Did Light Skin Appear in Modern Humans?" with over 380K views. His sources are referenced in the description, but if you seek more research a 2020 paper titled "The evolution of skin pigmentation-associated variation in West Eurasia" is a fascinating study.
Have you received any honorary degrees yet? You are a great lecturer, with direct, crisp, easy to understand presentation, poised presence, and perfect delivery. Additionally, you bring detailed executive summaries of critical information to the masses when few others cover the same information, none with more unbiased accuracy. Kudos.
"Correct but not based on anything" Well, i wouldcsay based on common senss: "if we adapted our skin tone to this environment, Neanderthals likely did too"
Funny how some people love math but hate history and others are just the opposite. Yep, it’s in our genes. I love this channel. It’s gets me thinking. Thank you!
The most common explanation we had, for a very long time, related to our skin tone and/or colour of the eyes and hair, is the simply one : the weather in different regions of the world influenced these physical characteristics. Then we discovered DNA and started to go a little deeper into everything related to us humans, even on other animals. As far as I can tell, my background is pretty much European : my mother relatives came from the Canary Islands and my dad's from southern Italy, and funny enough we were born in South America. Even though, I'm the only one out of a pool of two males and one female with a rare genetic neurological condition, (Charcot) that affected my legs. Now, the interesting part of it all is that this particular condition is easier to be found among people from northern Europe ; in other words : the Vikings and as we all know , they couldn't be any whiter and blonde, which we are not. The most interesting part is that my late brother and I tan very easy, so much that people think that we are African or Tamil related ; not my sister who couldn't be any more white. This is a very complex subject that it will keep scientists quite busy for a long, long time. In any case we are all humans with very different physical characteristics and as equal to each other as we ever been, though not the same as our cultural influences make us "kind of different". Good show amiga, keep them coming Greetings from Toronto.
"Bad hair day!" You make me laugh Kayleigh! I don't believe you ever have a bad hair day! Thanks for a great, interesting, and informative presentation!
Hej! Thanks for another great video, Kayleigh. I'm a rotter but it's just my hair! Something I discovered (once I learned how to tan without burning) was that gingers can have the most individual tan, it's almost as if the skin glows. I learned not to shave my head AFTER tanning. It looked like I was wearing a stark white beanie. People in the street laughed. That was a good day.
The difference between Neanderthals and other humans is basically reflected in dietary preference. Though Neanderthals were mainly carnivorous, they were also known to supplement their diets with vegetables and oatmeal. Skin color probably tended toward white or pale tones as they hunted at night or near dawn. They did after all have large eye sockets daylight would have been too bright for them.
Oatmeal was found on the dental plaque of Neanderthals in the Levant. It’s probable that they mixed it into their porridge. Eye sockets that are larger have room for larger eyes for seeing in dimly lit conditions. Remains of Neanderthals have been found around cave or tunnel entrances. Not much of a chance for melanin to develope in the skin. Larger occipital area in the brain for processing dimmer images. Ability to hunt in the dark allows them to sneak up on prey while not being visible from a distance. Think of the Morlocks in H G Wells Time Machine.
Quite an interesting video! I'd always thought it weird that the Neanderthal had always been shown as having one skin tone, no matter where they were from. Glad to see that it seems I thought it weird for a good reason! 😄
My grandmother, I am told, had beautiful auburn red hair. My sisters and I have brown hair that had been blonde until we were 4 except the eldest of them. And we all have freckles on our arms and legs but not our faces. All 3 of my middle sister's daughters have blonde hair and at least 1 of them becomes nearly a brunette in winter. We all have blue eyes and according to some experts the normal eye color is brown or hazel and blue or green eyes are mutations. Another of my sisters has a daughter whose hair is naturally red, but she has no freckles on her face. We all sunburn easily. Scottish ancestory will do this and we have a lot of it.
You sound like me. Grandma had red hair and blue eyes. I was also blond until 4, but darkened after that except in the summer. I have blue green eyes. Some freckles on my arms, but none on my face. I also have Scottish ancestors.
😊 OK Now you are batting a good game ! I knew you were capable. Your presentations are much more point on now. I am here for the knowledge only so I am grateful.
really nice work! very informative, thank you! yeah. before it all turned white, i was a reddish blonde, and i'm so pale i nearly glow in the dark. my hair (no balding) is still really soft, even though i have a coarse white beard. ppl comment on that all the time, and mexicans and darker ppl check me out sometimes. even old asian women feel my hair, cuz they have no effs left. they usually ask first. my 13 mo younger brother had black hair and olive skin. i always wondered about that. i don't tan, i just burst into flames, so i live near seattle.
If my understanding is correct, they wouldn't have been white per se, but had a complexion similar to modern people who live near the Mediterranean today.
@@johnirby8847it was definitely after 10,000BCE, but I'm not sure if the exact period of time. I want say it was around 8,000BCE, but I could be wrong.
The problem with trying to decide if people are 'white', is that the definition of 'white' changes over time and depending on who you talk to. Mediterranean people are considered 'white' by most people I know.
Kayleigh, first let me say that a bad hair day on you looks simply beautiful. As for skin tone variations in Neanderthals I am not surprised but never really thought much about it, but this is a very interesting finding. I am 100% Italian and have darker skin tines with brown hair and eyes. One of my great grand mothers was from northern Italy and had red hair and brown eyes but no one else in my very large family have red hair. I don't think science understands these variations very well ....yet!! Thanks for another very interesting and entertaining video!
The fact that scientists don't understand something doesn't keep them from spreading the "results" of their experiments. Which, of course, they interpret all wrongly. But, who cares.
Kayleigh, contrary to your opinion, your hair looks beautiful . . . do you think NEANDERTHALS blue eyed. I just found out I have 60% neaderthal in my genetics. My Dad my brother and my sister have red hair and freckles. I'm curious if there is more to it than just Celtic rancestors??? Thanks so much for your fascinating shows.
Interesting video. I also pronounce Neanderthal as you do normally for the same reason. Hair looks great in the ponytail. It is good to change up every now and then. Most actresses do this in TV series because it keeps audiences looking closer. Thank you.
I am excited about Neanderthal research and the dropping of old prejudices of them being dumb and inferior. I find it fascinating thinking that they might have had freckles and tanned more rapidly than we do. Whether they had white, red or dark skin with little or more eumelanin is of little importance to me.
The old prejudices were not far from accurate. Neanderthals; - practiced incest - practiced cannibalism for nutritional substinance - were becoming sterile because of there interbreeding - did not have an improvement in their stone tool technology for almost 100,000 years Neanderthals received a make-over when it was found that Europeans share genetic alleles in common with Neanderthals.
@@rainerstahlberg2486 so y'all say they got beat out by homosapiens 😁the only reason y'all wanna add all this magical theory now 8s because you understand wat we been telling y'all for years. That's u homie lol you are the neanderthal
When we speak about the Neandertal (location) it's without the "h" when we talk about "homo neanderthalensis". Speaking of "der Neandertaler" or "-thaler" seems to be random or interchangeable. So I guess, we aren't the only Germans who are here confused. A lot. ;)
@@Nikke283 But this "h" has no etymological basis. I guess it was added to make this German word sound more Greek (=ancient). And both versions are used in the literature. The Web of Science data base lists 347 papers with Neandertal/Neandertals in the title and 1847 with Neanderthal/Neanderthals. So I know I am in the minority but I still believe that this is the correct spelling. And apparently I am not alone. PS. I am no German. German is my fourth language. And the first authors of the most recent papers using the Neandertal name for the species are: Deschamps, Gomez-Olivencia, Djakovic, Peyregne, Haeggstrom and Kubicka. None of them sound German. My guess is this is more European vs. American thing.
@@arctic_haze This is your big problem here - that you are not a German. Otherwise you would know, that _"thal"_ of course has an etymological basis, because that was the common spelling for what is today _"tal",_ at this time in Germany. I can't understand your wild speculation, since you didn't spend 5 min in research for your belief. I recommend the German Wikipedia article _Neandertaler,_ section _Namensgebung,_ especially the paragraph about the _Epitheton_ (engl. Epithet). You can also do a quick search for _"thal, germany"_ in Google Maps, just for fun.
@@sk.43821 I would disagree with not being a German being my big problem. Maybe this is why non-German Europeans use this spelling. There are enough of us to make some dictionaries present it as an alternative one.
well, the h in "thal" is an old german spelling, which was changed in 1876 (same as Theil --> Teil, Noth --> Not), it was never spoken, and especially not like the english -th- (which itself was only introduced because early printers didn't have a þ (thorn) character in their imported letters/printing presses) So the _h_ is silent.
Hi Kayleigh. Thank you for yet another very interesting episode about Neanderthals. Like you, I would be very interested in more research into Neanderthal DNA, as I would like to know how much influence they have on my own DNA. My father was a Redhead - bright Ginger very wavy hair and Blue eyes - and my mother was Celtic in origin, with dark straight hair and Brown eyes. There is also Indian blood in my father's side of the family. I had my DNA tested five years ago and there is a sizeable proportion of Northern and Western European DNA in my Genome, as well as Indian; Scottish; Irish and Welsh. My two sisters and I have light skins, with a tendency to burn easily, but my brother tans easily, as does my mother. One of my sisters has masses of freckles, especially when she gets lots of sunshine. My other sister has had a number of Skin cancers. They both live in Australia. My mother had dark hair and her skin would turn very dark overnight, when exposed to the sun. My skin tans after extended periods of sunshine. My eye are Lovat, which is a Blue-Green colour. My hair is Brown, but with Ginger highlights. I would love to know what percentage of Neanderthal DNA I carry in my genes, but my DNA results don't show that. Looking forward to more episodes about the Neandert'als. Russ. UK.
I’m glad to find out anything really 😁. For some reason, I have a lot of Neanderthal DNA and my daughter has even more than myself. I have more Neanderthal DNA than 84% of 23&me customer’s, and my daughter sits at 95%. This represents around 2% of total DNA it is written.
@@harwn999 i don't think that europeans have a lot of neanderthal dna if compared to east asians for example, because of later migration from middle east
Are you Jewish or have any Arabian ancestors, a study done by a Israeli Institute a decade or so ago showed many Jews and Arabs DNA and can have upwards of 12-14 percent Neanderthal DNA.
Hi there: It's been a while. It's really a simple answer. It's about survival. If you live in a sunny area with heat you are going to develop darker skin over time. Even when you look at people that move to a sunny area from a more northern one they will become more tan. I myself do this readily. When I get into the sun, I look more like a native American with my skin tone. Darker skin tones don't get skin cancer as readily as lighter ones. Just FYI: My mother was a red head no freckles, but had hazel eyes that changed color. I have brown hair, brown eyes and darker skin all from Dad. My grandfather had dark almost black hair with gray eyes and light skin, while my daughter has blue eyes that change color with blond hair.
BULLSHIT black people fo not get light skinned in the cold nor will the sun turn steph curry dark skinned!!! We have natural properties that give us color!!!
@@alleadmin3294 Probably because a lot of modern foods have extra vitamin D added to them as a supplement. If you took a group of black Africans and put them on an island up say around Scandinavia or the like, and they only add access to natural foods of that region, chances are, over time and generations, they would start to lighten up. But, if they had foods with vitamin D added, and thus they didn't need to get it via the Sun, chances are, they would stay more similar to their original genetic archetype. No reason to change/adapt/mutate.
If you're very fair and move to the equator you're at a quite high risk of developing skin cancer if you don't take care. If you're very dark and move closer to the poles you're likely to encounter some vitamin D issues if you don't take care.
I would guess they were white because they were in Europe, but I don't know when modern humans or our ancestors started turning white. I look forward to finding out!
modern humans started turning white when they became farmers in stead of hunter gatherers, there new staple dieet had a lack of vit D, which had not been the case before. A few DNA studies on very old bones from England found out these fellows were darkskinned and blue eyed.
@@kamion53 Neanderthals were Hypercarnivores and so were Indo-Europeans who were supposedly the lightest. The farming hypothesis is nonsense. A carnivorous diet does not mean you have no need for sun exposure. Sun exposure is essential on any diet.
they may tell us that middle eastern people turned oriental I for one do not believe their hypothesis which is a theory in short they do not have any clear evidence and are at worst thet are talking ********
Hello Kayleigh. You are a very attractive lady, and your hair looks fine. I have just recently found your videos and find your content very reasoned and informative. With 140k subscribers and 200k views within 3 weeks, it is obvious that your subject matter is widely popular. Keep up the great work!😊
The way you heard it the first time, always sounds like the right way to pronounce something. The same thing with miss pronouncing a word or name, when you do it wrong a couple of times, then corrected, you know the right way to pronounce it, but you just don’t.
I have a very dear wife who, if and when she gets something wrong pronunciation-wise, will never get it right no matter how many times you correct her.
Of course they resembled Basques. Germanic is an Indo-European language like Hittite. You can find blonde features in places like Turkey, Chechnya, Georgia, Lebanon, Persia.
They claim early Cro-magnons had darker skin up to about 5000 yrs ago, before becoming lighter. Then how is it that most Eskimos still haven't lost their darker complexion, assuming they lived in the northern hemisphere for roughly 15000 yrs .?
Perhaps one day a frozen Neanderthal will be found defrosting in Siberian permafrost mammoth like, given us a great glimpse of how they actually appeared. A Denisovian may be found as well, imagine if they had pointed elf like ears, what would that mean for folk tales?
It kinda sounds logical that they made the same adaptations to their environment that we later did. And It also makes sense that they have more variations, since they were relatively "isolated" from each other. Btw, I'm actually for NeanderTOLLs ( toll= awesome in German) XD.
Wouldn't a species isolated have no other variants. Like an animal secluded to an island. It will have only one form and no other variants. Y'all be saying anything to make sense of this bs. Science already proved they skin to be pale white and hair blond or red. Duo to melanin deficiency. U sound slow asf
Red hair has been found in diverse populations 1) Homo sapiens-- Indo Eiropeans in north--- Celts, Germanics, Slavs, but also Tokharians, a disappeared Iranian group 1i1n modern Xinjiang. Region of China, + etc. 2)Parracas. Peru elongated head humans 3) Extinct, 7 ft. tall giant humans + 2 rows of teeth. Did they all inter breed?
23andMe tells me that I have 4% Neanderthal genes, more than 96% of the rest of the human population. So I am always interested to learn more about the research being done to understand essentially, my ancestors. If that DNA was passed through my mother’s line, she is the redhead with pale skin who burns easily and I am the dark brown hair, brown eyed, easy to tan skin. Fascinating!
What 23&me was saying is that you have 96percent more Neanderthal then all the people on 23 & me ...not in the human population. My daughter is half Chinese/Mongolian and German/Irish/English has the same 96percent on 23 & me to. She looks very Asian..brown hair & eyes.I am the 100 percent European Mom with 83percent Neanderthal on 23& me.
Traits of human pigmentation could be inherited from earlier human populations or could, as mentioned in the video, have evolved independently in the present day population. Heck, the same (or similar) trait could evolve independently within the SAME species in different groups geographically isolated from one another. A prominent example is the blond hair that arose in Pacific Island populations independently, it seems, from its appearance in Europe. Individuals in these populations can have bright blond hair and dark skin. So a certain pattern of pigmentation doesn't necessarily connect a contemporary human individual with Neandertals. It is nevertheless interesting to see how far genetic analysis can go in reconstructing the appearance of earlier human populations.
Actually your 100% wrong. Skin does not change duo to your environment. Hair color is a part of DNA and blond comes from neanderthal or lack of melanin. A pigment deficiency.. u all cap
I'm a natural redhead and very pale. My brother has dark hair, brown eyes and can tan. My family is a hodge-podge of different versions of 'white' (although my brother is the darkest and pretty much 'olive-skinned'). But anyway, here in America, all the pictures I've seen of Neanderthals were of dark skinned ones. I found this very interesting bc I've always wondered why humans (homo sapiens) were a variety based on where their ancestors were from but Neanderthals weren't (according to the drawings I've seen).
while skin color is not a concern to me, i find it interesting to consider the reasons for, and evolution of, the differences. when the skin is removed, there are virtually no differences between the anatomical make-up of, and function of, any person from anywhere on Earth. here and there, one will find minor differences in shape or size of organs but, the functions are the same. therefore, our looks and inner beliefs, mindsets or whathaveyou, are relatively minor excuses for racial discrimination. we are all brothers and sisters, one species! hope you have a great wkend, Kayleigh! see you next time!
@Farmer Stole My Tank Everything! This is anthropology 301 with Kayleigh. As such we must be able to discuss differences and similarities between populations, even species of peoples. This is science. If you seek social Justice go over to the fuzzy studies department, just down the hall from the Safe Space room, first door on your left. Fox out.
@@barrywalser2384 thanks, Barry! it's interesting to consider how and why humans have evolved to how we look today but, essentially, we are one, somewhat differentiated, population. how's it going? we've been blessed with mostly dry and warm weather for the better part of 3 weeks. a few glitches, tho. Wed morn it was 29°F and snowing🥶 Fri morn was 38° and sunny☀️😃 Springtime in the Rockies🤯 hope you're getting some nice weather, too!
I always assumed since they were found in the European area, that since that area was predominantly white, and that all of Europe is mainly white that we "European" descendant peoples have some neanderthal blood.... But hey, what do I know..
The farther a location on Earth is from the equator, the less UV radiation from the Sun that penetrates the atmosphere; and human skin absorbs UV radiation in order to manufacture Vitamin D. Hence, because Europe (especially Northern Europe) is far from the equator, skin needs to have a light complexion in order to synthetize sufficient amounts of Vitamin D... *if a person's diet is deficient in Vitamin D.* In other words, if someone is eating food that's rich in Vitamin D, then they don't need light skin in order to survive in Europe; Neanderthals and the first Homo Sapiens to arrive in Europe were hunter-gatherers and therefore ate plenty of meat, which is rich in Vitamin D. It's only when all of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, which is deficient in Vitamin D, that light skin became necessary to survive; this occurred approximately 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. By this time, Neanderthals had been extinct for over 30,000 years, so this issue didn't affect them; however, they had dark skin according to geneticists who have tested their DNA. As for light skin, it is theorized to have originated in the Near East 26,000 to 22,000 years ago in a population of farmers who later migrated to Europe. When they arrived, Europe had already been occupied by dark-skin people who arrived approximately 40,000 years ago...and who had blue eyes. These people were hunter-gatherers. The hunter-gatherers would raid the lands of the farmers for food and steal the women, which is why the hunter-gatherers' Y-Haplogroup (R1b) displaced that of the farmers' male population. This resulted in a mixed population consisting of people whose complexion ranged from light to dark and whose eyes ranged from blue to brown. However, once again, once the entirety of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, those who had dark skin gradually became a minority due to Vitamin-D deficiency and ultimately disappeared.
@@SaintFort you could have put a spoiler warning on that. Lol. But, yes, I was thinking that Europeans could not possibly have gotten light-colored skin from the Neanderthals. The timing is wrong.
@@Eudaimonist I didn't think that someone could spoil _history,_ 😁. Well, technically they're logically deduced conclusions about the past based on archaeological discoveries and genetic research, but it's as close to history as we can get.
@@SaintFort Gut is for digestion, skin/hair is for camouflage. Only people who live on Mars don't know that. Hair doesn't care about skin cancer and vitamin D production, and light hair goes with light skin, dark hair with dark skin.
@@SaintFort Except they determined Indo-Europeans to be the fairest while Early European Farmers to be dark skinned. Indo-Europeans were pastoralists who ate almost nothing except meat and dairy high in vitamin D, whereas Early European Farmers ate predominantly, you guessed it, plant foods. Go look at their more recent depiction of an EEF woman and tell me this isn't all just propaganda and bias. If you read the studies and conclusions you'll understand how ridiculous this all is. The program they used to determine Cheddar Mans skin colour to be dark-black also predicts North East Asians to be dark-black skinned, but anyone can look at modern Oroqen people and see they are not "black" skinned. lol. WHGs would even be darker than their ancestors who had just left Africa, let that sink in.
The farther a location on Earth is from the equator, the less UV radiation from the Sun that penetrates the atmosphere; and human skin absorbs UV radiation in order to manufacture Vitamin D. Hence, because Europe (especially Northern Europe) is far from the equator, skin needs to have a light complexion in order to synthetize sufficient amounts of Vitamin D... *if a person's diet is deficient in Vitamin D.* In other words, if someone is eating food that's rich in Vitamin D, then they don't need light skin in order to survive in Europe; Neanderthals and the first Homo Sapiens to arrive in Europe were hunter-gatherers and therefore ate plenty of meat, which is rich in Vitamin D. It's only when all of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, which is deficient in Vitamin D, that light skin became necessary to survive; this occurred approximately 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. By this time, Neanderthals had been extinct for over 30,000 years, so this issue didn't affect them; however, they had dark skin according to geneticists who have tested their DNA. As for light skin, it is theorized to have originated in the Near East 26,000 to 22,000 years ago in a population of farmers who later migrated to Europe. When they arrived, Europe had already been occupied by dark-skin people who arrived approximately 40,000 years ago...and who had blue eyes. These people were hunter-gatherers. The hunter-gatherers would raid the lands of the farmers for food and steal the women, which is why the hunter-gatherers' Y-Haplogroup (R1b) displaced that of the farmers' male population. This resulted in a mixed population consisting of people whose complexion ranged from light to dark and whose eyes ranged from blue to brown. However, once again, once the entirety of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, those who had dark skin gradually became a minority due to Vitamin-D deficiency and ultimately disappeared.
Oh really?? Then how do you explain Native Indians and Asians who live in Alaska and Siberia? They are dark skinned. I'm not buying the UV stuff and believe more in genetic variation as the reason.
Many assumed pale skin was inherited from Neanderthals, but the palest skin allele SLC24A5 first appeared less than 30,000 years ago becoming widespread among Europeans around 7,000 years ago. If you have time, these papers are excellent: "The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables" and "The evolution of skin pigmentation associated variation in West Eurasia". Researchers Mathieson, Jablonski, and Tishkoff have wrote extensively on this allele. It's also interesting how many believe pale skinned Cro-Magnons were the first Europeans when in reality the first Europeans were dark skinned of African descent. Cro-Magnon is an outdated term in the past used to reference the first anatomically modern humans, but the truth is the first modern humans appear in Africa at least 130,000 years ago. Kind of funny how some believe the first African descendants entering Europe instantly became pale "Cro-Magnons". Kayleigh has an excellent video on this topic: "Everything Wrong With Cro-Magnon As A Species". Can't believe some people still use the term. lol
@@jasonborn867 -- It's more than just skin pigmentation. Facial structures among other differences depending upon race. Leg bone structures, hair, etc. How are these things accounted for? How can simply moving north account for all the differences? I don't believe it does.
@@ironcladranchandforge7292Genetic drift and adaptation in response to local selection pressures are enough to cause cranio-facial and musculoskeletal changes, as well as other changes, over the course of *40,000 years!* Also, Homo Sapiens most likely had divided themselves into different tribes within Africa and occupied different parts of Africa before some of them left Africa and migrated to Europe. So, there would have been differences between tribes of Homo Sapiens in regard to how they looked even before some of them left. Why do you think different African tribes look different from each other? Why do you think the Dinka tribe are as dark as Wesley Snipes and are 6ft tall or taller, while African Pygmies are my color but only 4ft tall on average? How about the Khoi and San peoples, who are as light as Beyonce and are about 5'7" on average? I can give many more examples. Also, keep in mind that Homo Sapiens had to travel through the Near East or other areas before reaching Eurasia, and that would have taken hundreds to thousands of years. So, they would have looked different by the time they reached Eurasia anyway. Evolution is real.
@ironcladranchandforge7292 1. They're not *very* dark; they're about the color of Southern Europeans or Middle Easterners. 2. Their diet is comprised of fish, which is rich in Vitamin D. 3. They are the descendants of Eurasians who migrated to the Americas thousands of years ago, which is plenty of time for their skin to have darkened a bit via genetic drift and local adaptation.
In English you can pronounce Neanderthal with a th as I originally learned it. The German word tal for valley has apparently has always been pronounced tal. But the official word for the being is with an h. If those people are allowed to say Nuc-cu-lar instead of the clearly written Nuc-le-ar. I can use the h. 🙂
I always love your videos. My DNA test came back with 2% neanderthal. The other parts were mostly Irish and British. I'm in American. I have light blue eyes, medium blonde hair and my skin can tan easily, but I love in Florida.
ur slow. all the things u mention are neanderthal,, but hey i got a question for u.. if i have no neaderthal dna in me. that means im homosap. if im homosap 100% and homo is from africa.. if u only have 2% neanderthal dna, do u mean to tell me the res of the 98% came from african dna?????????? something aint adding up
When people find out that I married a twin, I get asked how I can tell them apart. I tell them that Michelle has a mole and Mike has a beard.
😂Bravo😂
So who did you marry 😂😂😂😂
😂😂😂
My first laugh of the day. Than you.
So you married Mike?
When my wife from the Philippines first attended church in the US, she thought the different hair colors of kids sitting together suggested different parentage. The amount of variation among ethnic European families is pretty surprising.
Because that's what real diversity is. Only in Ameria do they seem to think all white people are the same.
Sadly not true. They're doing the same across Europe.
Yea, put 3 of us brothers together and you'd think we weren't brothers. One redhead, blonde and dark hair.
@@Steve-318 Europeans are like Labrador retrievers.
@@Steve-318
That’s my sisters and I. One sister is blonde hair blue eyed, the other is a redhead with green eyes. I got all the dominant traits. All the Irish in me went straight to my beard lmao.
I'm a retired historian and I really enjoy seeing/hearing how new facts are changing everything that I learned as "facts" when I was a student. Thank you for your entertaining description of new discoveries.
Out of Africa is an unproven theory btw. But they will teach you it is fact...
The big question is, should she pronounce your name as Nathanael or Natanael?
@@RictusHolloweye She's hot enough she could say Nathanials and I'd watch ;-)
Lies again? Platinum Debit USD SGD
Science changes too often for me to believe even 70% of the bullshit that's made up by this point..
Kayleigh, the MC1R variant found in neanderthals that was believed to be a redhair variant not found in modern humans actually does exist in modern people. It was found in 2014 to be at a rate of 70% among Taiwanese natives and at high rates in other east asians. The neanderthal variant does not give red hair, but does lighten skin tone.
We don't poses Neanderthal hair, nor skin. We do poses bones. What Neanderthal bones have *any* out of 8 billion humans? People are so quick to spread Neanderthal traits on human population. Well, we don't have the proof of those "Neanderthal" traits, but we do have bones. How come somebody doesn't mention bones? We have so many evidence of Neanderthal bones. Where are they in humans? In Taiwanese?
@𓆏 Europeans have it at 5%, mainland east asians vary around 30%. Keep in mind that another gene variant EDAR that is almost synonymous with east asians and is inherited from neanderthals was only reached its high frequencies in asia after agriculture, and is also found in low levels in northern europeans, including stone age scandinavians. Many of these genes will just float around in a population until some environmental factor causes them to be heavily selected for.
I had Googled awhile back, Where on the planet will you find the reddist hair? And the answer that I received back was for a village in Russia. I don't remember what the village's name was, but it would be very interesting to concentrate on it to find out as much information as possible about it, Asia would probably definitely stand out.
@@johndpost-stone3386 udmurts are what you are looking for
Does that mean that Neanderthals may have migrated from or too Asia?
There are a lot of assumptions that we have grown up with that have tightened up over time with new knowledge. Because neanderthals covered a very large range over a very long period, there is bound to be a lot of variation.
but there are non. u listen to wat she said and gave u no evidence , do your own reaserch and it will conclude that all neanderthal are pale skin with pale hair duo to a melanin mutation. thats also why yall have colored eyes. this women is leading yall on. the only reason for a neanderthal not to have pale skin is because of mix breeding.. i live in cold climate my whole life and my kids are as dark as me. and there kids will be and there kids... only mix breeding or a mutation can change skin that dramatically
I certainly assumed there was a lot of variation depending upon where they lived.
@@Nirrrina then u are dumb. European lived in Africa for over 100 years. U think there skin is changing??
It’s the first time I’ve watched one of you videos and I’m impressed with the careful analysis and clear delivery, I’ll be watching more. Thank you
Ms. Kayleigh, I really appreciate your channel! Your love of science and your humor are a pleasure to watch!
plus shes a FOXXX!!!
@@bustinnutsinslutsbutts - Yeah, it was interesting hearing about how different combinations of G, A, T, and C could produce different hair, skin, etc. But I want to know where the double D variant came from.
@@bustinnutsinslutsbuttsNo, she's a human. 😁😁😁
My wife is Filipino and half Chinese with a Spanish great-grandfather with red hair. Our oldest has green eys and looks white, other than the shape of her eyes. Our youngest is rather dark and has dark brown eyes. So it depends on the role of the D.N.A. dice. When my daughter was in high school her friends thought her brother was adopted. My mother surprise to find red hair among her black hair,. and had no idea of her Spanish great grand father.
Yeah the first one ain’t yours
*roll
Sometimes genetics can be tricky, im also filipino my father is mestizo, the old man probably descend from some spanish dude in colonial past, he doesn't look like averge filipino he looks like a latino or even arab. have a bony pointed nose, he is hairy af. Meanwhile my mother looks like a typical Pinay you know features traits like those of malay austranesians, she have brown skin,
Now the thing is both me and my sister looks different af, she looks like my father but was brown, i look like my mom but whiter, i didn't get strong facial features of my dad, my nose ain't pointy it doesn't have bone structure of him, but i m hairy i got hair in my arms and chest, and the hair in my head was curly , my sister on the otherhand have straight hair. so i think you're right traits sometimes work like lotto you will never guess which trait will be pass.
Is the white one the cute kid in the family?
My sister in law is FILIPINO ❤️ SHE IS A WONDERFUL PERSON I am happy she is part of our family ! She and my brother have two grown children a son and a daughter ! 🙀👵🏻😱🖖🏼👽🐲
Howdy from the U.S. Kayleigh..........great and a very interesting video. I’m a history fanatic so I will keep watching your videos ☺️
As always you have excellent content with great delivery by you. Keep up the wonderful work. You are truly appreciated
My wife has red hair and a ton of freckles all over her body. I doubt she will appreciate me calling her a neanderthal! Thank-you Kayleigh for a wonderful moment of ancient history. I think they would have pale skin, being so far north of the equator. I feel I must make a clarification. My comment about my wife's red-hair and abundant freckles was meant as a joke. I love my wife.
Neanderthals had larger brains 🧠 Sapiens on average.
They were adapted for the cold, surviving right through the last ice age in Europe. It's pretty obvious they would have evolved fair skin and light eyes, hair etc.
Is the h silent
Check out whether she has occipital bun, a little bump at the base of her skull. If positive she can legitimately join the Neanderthal Pride movement. I am the last one standing in my family having one. ))))
@@johnmoreno5965 Thal is "valley" in German Pronounced "tahl". Neanderthal means "Neander valley" The place where the first Neanderthal skeleton was found.
I had neighbors when I was a teenager that had twins in their family.The male was dark-skinned/ black hair. The female had red hair, very pale skin and abundant freckles.
My dad had red curly hair, ruddy skin, and Green eyes ! He was IRISH and Scottish origin ! My mother was what was /is called BLACK DUTCH ( dark hair ,dark eyes! Also a bit of CHOCTAW ,her mother was 1/4 Choctaw and her grandmother was half Choctaw! Also possibly some *African genes 🧬 too boot ! Ok by me ! there were 5 of us kids ! Three of us kids had moms coloring and my baby sister and I took after dad in color reddish hair green eyes ! I got freckles! * THE FIRST AMERICANS NATION AT that time took in runaway Black slaves ! And nature did what nature does some were married into the tribe ! Babies were born and life /time moved on! Most people don’t really know for sure just who their ancestors were having Sex with ! Just because it’s written down in a Bible don’t make it true most people couldn’t read or write ! And bibles get lost ,burned up and lost in numerous ways ! The one for sure thing you can count on is you are human ,at least some of us are ! Others I got doubts about ! Whatever your origin is I ❤️ love you my fellow humans !
We are all homo sapiens sapiens
@@renerenatorivera9062 maybe their mother did something unholy like having affair with someone else. who knows🤭
Impossible.
@@rockersstone619 Fraternal twins frequently look quite different from each other. What was described is totally possible according to genetics.
I just subscribed because you don't mind saying we don't know. I was particularly interested in what you were going to say about Neanderthals because when I tested my DNA on 23&me it said I had more Neanderthal DNA than 86% of their other customers. About the tanning ability. I found that when I was young, I burned and it turned to a tan. Now that I am a senior I find that I tan with no burn. I am pale, had blonde hair when I was 4 years old which turned to mousy brown and then to white with silver highlights. I'm going to look at your other vids on Neanderthals too. : )
I think that I remember reading that 3% Neanderthal DNA is the maximum usually found in people today. There may be exceptions.
My dad had bright blonde hair as a kid it turned black when he got older. It's more grey now but he still has the many and thin hair seen in blondes. My mom was blonde as can be. Me and my brother both have the same hair as our dad only we stayed blonde except for a black patch on top of our head. Both me and my brother have grey eyes despite of everyone in both families having green eyes. Genetics are fun to look into. Great video btw 👍
Never seen blonde to black, but mine was blonde as a boy and brown as a man. My brother's hair remained blonde and both of us have blue eyes. Our mother is olive skinned with brown hair and eyes, father red haired, hazel eyed and pale/ruddy skin with freckles. I have the same complexion as our father and can't really tan, my brother tans but is paler than our mother. It really is wild to me how much variation can exist even among immediate family, let alone extended families and tribes.
Mine is actually exactly that. Platinum as a kid, then began turning brown then black by the time I hit 30, still with the "fine" hair usually seen in blonds. I have hazel eyes while everyone else in my family had dark brown ones. It happens.
When did you learn you were adopted? Lol. Jk
I had blonde hair until I turned 5 then turned very dark brown, started getting gray hair at 16 and full gray at 55 I have cobalt blue eyes and tan very easy 5 siblings all burn easily? My Grandfather on my mom’s side was east Friesian “Germany” and had black hair Blue eyes?
Your reason for wearing a pony tail convinced me to watch. Your explanation convinced me to subscribe.
Your presentations are well thought out and funny thanks.
Freckles are also associated with some “darker-skinned” people.
Note for example, both Nelson Mandela and Morgan Freeman, both of whom appear prima facie to be largely of Khoisan heritage rather than Bantu. Khoisan are the modern people most closely associated genetically with “anthropologically modern humans”, the “out-of-Africa” people.
When I was 10, I had an interesting experience in a downtown Chicago toy department. I met another kid with red hair, freckles, and rather light skin---But he had "Afro" features. At the time, I couldn't figure it out. Later a friendly Black man showed up, apparently his father, and the "mystery" was solved in my 10 y-o mind. His mom must have been a red head, and he inherited her complexion with his dad's features. (I still remember this after over 60 years).
Nah the people most closely associated genetically with the people that first left Africa, are the aborigine groups of Australia, the Jawara people of the Indian Ocean islands, the Polynesian and Melanesian groups in the Pacific Ocean, and the Khmer people in South East Asia.
The Khoi San are much older than the group of people that left Africa. It's just that everybody OUTSIDE of Africa is related through a common ancestor they have with the khoi San.
However, the khoi San people and the people that left Africa would have diverged from each other over 200,000 years ago.
@@plopdoo339 I would like to hear more about the khoi San/bushmen being the oldest people or at least older than those that left africa.
But most whites have freckles not blacks. So wouldn't that be a white thing. That maybe black people got from neanderthal gens? Duh
@@plopdoo339 the out of Africa hypothesis has been disproven
Another excellent video. Thanks Kayleigh.
Very well done. Clear explanations without oversimplification.
Thank you! Keep it up.
Redhead here (although each red hair has turned white in my old age 😁) I had dark red hair, dark brown eyes, lots of freckles, easily sunburned. Sister one has blue eyes, strawberry-blonde hair, tending toward copper, no freckles, creamy complexion, sunburns less than me. Sister2 has true copper-red hair, blue eyes, pinkish complexion, no freckles, sunburns badly like me. Ex-wife has dark red hair, hazel eyes, tans easily, only a few freckles, never sunburns. Daughter1 has dark red hair, dark brown eyes, freckled face, tans easily, never burns. Daughter2 is brunette, hazel eyes, no freckles, light complexion, doesn't visibly tan, but is fairly resistant to sunburn. My extended family - no redheads, unless you look at distant family. The redhead genes follow absolutely no rules, in my experience.
Thank you, Kayleigh, and yes to all and any future explorations and videos. My favorite science topics
Enjoy your Easter weekend, Kayleigh, and everyone else! 🫶
Merci, dit was zeer interesant. Ook met het persoonlijke voorbeeld van je familie en genetica.
Dan waren je moeder en haar tweeling broer wel twee-eeiige tweeling. Nederland en Nederlanders/Noord Europese geschiedenis, zeer interesant...
Ook als je na gaat hoe we met stereotypes toch ook streken en nationaliteiten kunnen raden voor groten delen. Hoewel we tegenwoordig weer diverser lijken te worden met hybride / gemende variaties van genetica in Nederland.
Ik was vandaag op station Maastricht, waar je toch ook wel duidelijk Belgen kon herkennen aan afmeting min of meer, of postuur in vergelijk met Nederlanders. Waarbij het hier in het zuiden ook heel anders is dan als ik met mijn partner in het Noord-westen bij zijn familie ben.
Je bemerkt ook hier in Nederland stiekem duidelijk een de Romeinse limes als ik de verschillen observeer met stereotypen vergelijkende.
Ik vraag me af hoe dat met andere landen in Europa is.
Ook als je naar de migratie kaart van de mens kijkt en de genetica, tot de Eva en Adam van ons mensen ras.
Waarbij de Pascifisch gecentreerde wereld kaart ook meer in balans oogt dan de Europees gecentreerde.
Westerse wetenschap en de verlichting/ontdekkings era - evolutie van cultuur (religies) en wetenschappen.
Apart hoe veel we met genetica en menselijk experimenteren weten dankzij tweeling onderzoeken, en roodharigen... en hun posities in culturen.
Jammer dat deze geschiedenis ook met eugenics en Nazism verweven zijn in de geschiedenis.
Daarnaast zijn de prognoses van designer babies ook niet positief voor de gehele mensheid, waarbij we de CRISPR babies al hebben in generatie Alpha.
Met name roodharigen in Europa, Kelten en Ieren in stereotype ook. Van duivelse wezens tot "vuurtorens", grappig is ook dat het schijnt dat roodharigen anders reageren op pijn en narcose. Toch vormen van waarheden in oversimplificaties van de oudheid.
Dank je voor een uiterst vermakelijke uitleg 😊.
Genius video. You always entertain and deliver broadscoped, factual information. Thanks for cutting the fat off the narrative and without a background, delivering the goods. .
Excellent and very teachable presentation.Thanks Kayleigh for these vids. I show them to my kids in Puerto Rico to help them with ancient history.
Great explanation and video on the different neanderthals tribes .
Very interesting topic. As research goes on, I suspect we'll see a lot more similarities between Neanderthal and modern humans. Ponytail looks good on you, by the way.
But it can give hungry sparrows false hope.
There is no similarities at all in all the evidence that we poses. Evidence is bones. We don't poses Neanderthal eyes, skin, nor hair.
There are two very distinct variations of “modern” human. Eurasians, who possess 3-8% Denisovan/Neanderthal DNA, and Sapiens (SSAs), who possess negligible to no trace of DNDNA.
IN OTHER WORDS they thought they looked like Kayleigh 😀
I absolutely love watching these videos of yours. Great topics, and so well presented. Thank you for having such an infectious and genuine enthusiasm for the subjects you study and cover. You do a great job 👏
Thank you.
I was born with flame red hair and light skin. Later, as a toddler, my red hair turned ash blond. And I have brown eyes. (A preponderance of ash blonds have blue eyes.)
I still require triple the dose of painkillers for dental work. It’s nice to find a dentist who is aware of the MC1R gene.
BTW, I have only a few freckles, despite being raised in the American Southwest. Of course, I tend to burn rather easily. I don’t tan. As the English say: white bread at breakfast, tomato at lunch.
Cheers!
There are other things that can cause the resistance to pain killers and other things...I've needed a higher dose, same with things to put me under which was discovered to the horror of nurses with surgery where it too more to put me under and I processed it much faster.
I'm not exactly the same but similar. I had light blonde hair until around 3rd grade where I had red hair for a few years the. It turned a darker blonde. And now I have a red beard lol
In my 50-plus years on Earth in England I've never heard anyone say that. You may have spoken to one English person who said that as an ad hoc remark, but it most certainly is not a common saying in England. Or, as Americans say: that's a load of arugula.
@@avaggdu1 It was on a British sit-com, Death in Paradise.
Ta for the heads up!
It beats being brown bread Cockney for dead.
Cheers!
I’ve been watching medical videos about red heads requiring a lot more anesthesia too. I am amazed about that. I have dark hair and dark eyes and I am 100% European. I have never had a sunburn and each summer, I get a dark tan from outside garden work!
Always fun and educational! Thanks. 😊
she lied tho
@@ephrintompson2837 we can tell you’re a Sapien. 😂
Interesting comparison. Enjoyed your video. I've read extensively about Neanderthals and agree with most of your conclusions about variations in skin color, etc. The Good Lord knows that I'm no expert in anthropology but I am an avid reader. Keep up the good work.
I've often wondered this since they were isolated in pockets in Eurasia, sharing a small gene pool in those pockets, interesting topic as always Kayleigh ❤😊
I would have never thought to even ask this question. Interesting topic!
Cristal clear explanation. Congratulations... and Thank You...
I have light brown hair, blue eyes, pale skin and had a decent amount of freckles growing up, though I have less now because I don't go out into the sun a lot because I burn very easily. My sister has dark brown hair, green-brown eyes and olive skin, and had barely any freckles growing up, but now has a lot on her face, shoulders and arms because she took up bushwalking and mountain climbing. This goes to show that while we both carry the gene for freckles (we got it from out mum) the way it was expressed is different in each of us.
Thanks for another great video. Have a lot of redheads in my family, I'm half one. You look good with your hair up. You've obviously won the genetic lottery
Great stuff, Kayleigh! Thank you!
Actually, if an individual carried two copies of that variant, we would know they likely had that trait, since it would be expressed either as a dominant gene, or as a double recessive gene (more likely). If you had a full genome of the individual, this could be determined, but it would take a large sample size to determined the frequency of the variant within the species.
In Africa there are some people that are 100% homosapien
@@ephrintompson2837 dafuq you talking about?
I agree with the op
@@johnrice1943 all modern humans are descended from an African population of Homo sapiens that spread out of Africa about 60,000 years ago but also shows that they interbred quite extensively with local archaic populations as they did so (Neanderthal and Denisovan genes are found in all living non-Africa ..
Scott Do yourself a favor and try to avoid starting any statements with "actually."
Thanks. I had not known about this previously.
Thank you for these videos Kayleigh. I really enjoy learning about our ancient past.
I'm from Germany, so are my parents, grandparents, etc. I contain a BUCKET load of Neanderthal DNA. In MY family my grandmother, my mother, my daughter and myself are all very dark skinned with dark hair & blue eyes. My brother is so white he's transparent and so is my son, with blond hair and hazel eyes. My father was ultra white, too with jet black hair and brown eyes. My sister (deceased as a child) had FLAMING red hair & green eyes & cute freckles.
Nobody has a bucket load, its a very small percent in everyone that has any.
@@jeffk464 As a German, I can acknowledge we do have some of the highest Neanderthal DNA.
Wow what an assortment. My mother is French and my dad is a 6’4” blond hair blue eyed German. All of the kids have my mom’s dark complexion and brown eyes. Sorry dad, maybe the grandkids will get your coloring.
@@jeffk464 Just so you know Germans and ASIAN folks contain THE HIGHEST amount of Neanderthal DNA on the planet.
@@jeffk464Yes, but when compared to the dataset, the amount can be significant. My background is roughly 75% German, the rest Irish … with a dribble of ‚Viking‘? thrown in. But my droplets of Neanderthal exceed over 80% of the contributors to the dataset.
Love this video. I've wondered about this issue as well. Also pondered a theory that they may be covered in more hair on their bodies as well. We always see them groomed like modern humans when depicted but I bet they were more organic than we imagined.
There's that old story about if you gave a Neanderthal a haircut and a shave, you'd never notice a difference. There's a great museum in Germany that made a great model of one in a suit and tie,and no, it's the oddest thing I've ever seen.
As an aside,as someone of partial Irish heritage, it's pretty amusing that as scholars in the 19th century were trying to explain the bizarre skulls they found,one Frenchman said something to the effect of,"It's easy.. it's an Irishman"..!
Just found your channel
and I am enjoying it 👍🏾
As you get older, you appreciate any color of hair! Love your videos & pony tail!
😍😍😍😍😍
True I just found enough grays that I can no longer pretend I just have a lot smallish blond flyaways only. Or just pluck them.
Excellent work Kayleigh! A video on when and where modern humans first exhibit presence of lighter skin alleles would be a perfect sequel. Recent studies on ancient genomes have expanded knowledge on this subject and may be enlightening to many. If interested, the channel NORTH 02 has a fascinating video on the research titled, "When Did Light Skin Appear in Modern Humans?"
Oh yes, of course, they know the exact date, hour, place, and everything else. Don't *believe* them.
@@MarioPetrinovich Yamnaya culture around 6000 years ago, they know because they know what genes code for skin colour. We know for a fact that Europeans inherited their skin colour from a mutation of neanderthal genes.
@@plopdoo339 How do they know when? By counting "mutation rates"? Whoever counts "mutation rate" doesn't know a shit about evolution. Evolution doesn't happen by the way of "mutation". It happens by the way of adaptation.
See? Darwin published in 1859. that evolution happens by the way of adaptation. Then came, in 1866., some Catholic priest and said, no, it is the God that "mutates" genes, from above. And this BS prevailed over Darwin. Why? Are people that stupid? Is science that stupid? Yes it is.
@@plopdoo339 WRONG.
This Neanderthal nonsense is speculation and fantasy- not science. Some of the darkest people on the planet, such as Polynesians, have the highest levels of Neanderthal introgression and it happened before Europe was evenpopulated.
Skin pigmentation requires at least 20 separate genes working in concert. Modern Europeans have a specific mutation in one of these genes (an allele) that is responsible for their skin tone.
That allele is present in Africa and Asia and is also responsible for variants in skin tone. The difference is, the trait was not aggressively selected, so it never became fixed.
The original Europeans were dark-skinned for over 30,000 years. Light skinned steppe horseman, with iron weapons, invaded and replaced the existing population. These so called Indo-Europeans, inherited their light skin from even further east, with the most probable location being what is now northwest Pakistan.
@@plopdoo339 Your comment is an extreme oversimplification. European skin tone appears in many shades from medium brown to highly pale, and is influenced by over 100 genes including MC1R inherited from Neanderthals. MC1R alone does not determine skin tone, and in fact most genes influencing pigmentation evolved separately in Homo sapiens. For example, depigmentation genes such as SLC24A5 and HERC2 evolved in Europeans long after Neanderthals went extinct.
There is a common myth that all Neanderthals had pale skin, red hair and blue eyes, but as Kayleigh stated Neanderthals had different skin tones, hair and eye colors just like modern human populations. Perhaps more interesting as Kayleigh noted at 3:54 is Neanderthals had pigmentation genes not even seen in modern humans today. Ancient genome evidence shows modern humans evolved most of their depigmentation genes recently, and Europeans did not look caucasian 10,000 years ago. Ancient genome studies show Europeans had predominantly dark skin mutations until about 8,000 years ago when pale skin gene frequencies began increasing throughout Europe and Asia.
If you have some time visit the NORTH 02 channel and watch his video titled, "When Did Light Skin Appear in Modern Humans?" with over 380K views. His sources are referenced in the description, but if you seek more research a 2020 paper titled "The evolution of skin pigmentation-associated variation in West Eurasia" is a fascinating study.
I think they were probably similar to our varying skin tones. Region and climate being that decider you know. Cool video
Have you received any honorary degrees yet?
You are a great lecturer, with direct, crisp, easy to understand presentation, poised presence, and perfect delivery.
Additionally, you bring detailed executive summaries of critical information to the masses when few others cover the same information, none with more unbiased accuracy.
Kudos.
Well she still believes in the out of Africa theory, so ...
@@johnrice1943 ohhh nooo does she 🙄🙄🙄🙄 typical
Y'all are simping hard in these comments
"Correct but not based on anything" Well, i wouldcsay based on common senss: "if we adapted our skin tone to this environment, Neanderthals likely did too"
I would think that evolutionary pressures worked in all hominid groups just as it does in the rest of nature.
10:46 I'm not super excited, but it's interesting. Thank you for the insightful and entertaining presentation.
Funny how some people love math but hate history and others are just the opposite. Yep, it’s in our genes. I love this channel. It’s gets me thinking. Thank you!
The most common explanation we had, for a very long time, related to our skin tone and/or colour of the eyes and hair, is the simply one : the weather in different regions of the world influenced these physical characteristics.
Then we discovered DNA and started to go a little deeper into everything related to us humans, even on other animals.
As far as I can tell, my background is pretty much European : my mother relatives came from the Canary Islands and my dad's from southern Italy, and funny enough we were born in South America.
Even though, I'm the only one out of a pool of two males and one female with a rare genetic neurological condition, (Charcot) that affected my legs.
Now, the interesting part of it all is that this particular condition is easier to be found among people from northern Europe ; in other words : the Vikings and as we all know , they couldn't be any whiter and blonde, which we are not.
The most interesting part is that my late brother and I tan very easy, so much that people think that we are African or Tamil related ; not my sister who couldn't be any more white.
This is a very complex subject that it will keep scientists quite busy for a long, long time.
In any case we are all humans with very different physical characteristics and as equal to each other as we ever been, though not the same as our cultural influences make us "kind of different".
Good show amiga, keep them coming
Greetings from Toronto.
You all were made In a lab
"Bad hair day!" You make me laugh Kayleigh! I don't believe you ever have a bad hair day!
Thanks for a great, interesting, and informative presentation!
Hej!
Thanks for another great video, Kayleigh.
I'm a rotter but it's just my hair!
Something I discovered (once I learned how to tan without burning) was that gingers can have the most individual tan, it's almost as if the skin glows.
I learned not to shave my head AFTER tanning.
It looked like I was wearing a stark white beanie.
People in the street laughed.
That was a good day.
The difference between Neanderthals and other humans is basically reflected in dietary preference. Though Neanderthals were mainly carnivorous, they were also known to supplement their diets with vegetables and oatmeal. Skin color probably tended toward white or pale tones as they hunted at night or near dawn. They did after all have large eye sockets daylight would have been too bright for them.
Interesting information but where did you get it? Oatmeal? Hunted at night? Daylight too much for them? Large eye-sockets? What?
Oatmeal was found on the dental plaque of Neanderthals in the Levant. It’s probable that they mixed it into their porridge. Eye sockets that are larger have room for larger eyes for seeing in dimly lit conditions. Remains of Neanderthals have been found around cave or tunnel entrances. Not much of a chance for melanin to develope in the skin. Larger occipital area in the brain for processing dimmer images. Ability to hunt in the dark allows them to sneak up on prey while not being visible from a distance. Think of the Morlocks in H G Wells Time Machine.
Fascinating, Kayleigh - thank you...
☝️😎
Quite an interesting video! I'd always thought it weird that the Neanderthal had always been shown as having one skin tone, no matter where they were from. Glad to see that it seems I thought it weird for a good reason! 😄
My grandmother, I am told, had beautiful auburn red hair. My sisters and I have brown hair that had been blonde until we were 4 except the eldest of them. And we all have freckles on our arms and legs but not our faces. All 3 of my middle sister's daughters have blonde hair and at least 1 of them becomes nearly a brunette in winter. We all have blue eyes and according to some experts the normal eye color is brown or hazel and blue or green eyes are mutations. Another of my sisters has a daughter whose hair is naturally red, but she has no freckles on her face. We all sunburn easily. Scottish ancestory will do this and we have a lot of it.
You sound like me. Grandma had red hair and blue eyes. I was also blond until 4, but darkened after that except in the summer. I have blue green eyes. Some freckles on my arms, but none on my face. I also have Scottish ancestors.
😊 OK Now you are batting a good game ! I knew you were capable. Your presentations are much more point on now. I am here for the knowledge only so I am grateful.
Thought this was going to be a simple question with a simple answer, and found out it is complex and fascinating! Thank you for a great video!
We old people used to call 'not wrong, but not based on anything', an educated guess. A great video.
really nice work! very informative, thank you!
yeah. before it all turned white, i was a reddish blonde, and i'm so pale i nearly glow in the dark. my hair (no balding) is still really soft, even though i have a coarse white beard. ppl comment on that all the time, and mexicans and darker ppl check me out sometimes. even old asian women feel my hair, cuz they have no effs left. they usually ask first. my 13 mo younger brother had black hair and olive skin. i always wondered about that. i don't tan, i just burst into flames, so i live near seattle.
If my understanding is correct, they wouldn't have been white per se, but had a complexion similar to modern people who live near the Mediterranean today.
Might be! When did modern humans or our ancestors start turning white?
@@johnirby8847it was definitely after 10,000BCE, but I'm not sure if the exact period of time. I want say it was around 8,000BCE, but I could be wrong.
The problem with trying to decide if people are 'white', is that the definition of 'white' changes over time and depending on who you talk to. Mediterranean people are considered 'white' by most people I know.
Where do white people live? I’ve never met any white people.
@Mitchell Skene what do you think Mediterranean complexion is???
Kayleigh, first let me say that a bad hair day on you looks simply beautiful. As for skin tone variations in Neanderthals I am not surprised but never really thought much about it, but this is a very interesting finding. I am 100% Italian and have darker skin tines with brown hair and eyes. One of my great grand mothers was from northern Italy and had red hair and brown eyes but no one else in my very large family have red hair. I don't think science understands these variations very well ....yet!! Thanks for another very interesting and entertaining video!
The fact that scientists don't understand something doesn't keep them from spreading the "results" of their experiments. Which, of course, they interpret all wrongly. But, who cares.
Good and balanced! Excellent Scholarship Kayleigh...Refreshing...
Kayleigh, contrary to your opinion, your hair looks beautiful . . . do you think NEANDERTHALS blue eyed. I just found out I have 60% neaderthal in my genetics. My Dad my brother and my sister have red hair and freckles. I'm curious if there is more to it than just Celtic rancestors??? Thanks so much for your fascinating shows.
The maximum neanderthal genes in modern day humans in 2%.
Ponytails rock, variation is beautiful, thankyou kayleigh.
Interesting video.
I also pronounce Neanderthal as you do normally for the same reason.
Hair looks great in the ponytail. It is good to change up every now and then. Most actresses do this in TV series because it keeps audiences looking closer.
Thank you.
I am excited about Neanderthal research and the dropping of old prejudices of them being dumb and inferior. I find it fascinating thinking that they might have had freckles and tanned more rapidly than we do. Whether they had white, red or dark skin with little or more eumelanin is of little importance to me.
The old prejudices were not far from accurate.
Neanderthals;
- practiced incest
- practiced cannibalism for nutritional substinance
- were becoming sterile because of there interbreeding
- did not have an improvement in their stone tool technology for almost 100,000
years
Neanderthals received a make-over when it was found that Europeans share genetic alleles in common with Neanderthals.
The only thing more terrifying than a Neanderthal... is a creepy ginger Neanderthal.
Well they definitely are inferior. Soooo
@@ephrintompson2837 not they, you are.
@@rainerstahlberg2486 so y'all say they got beat out by homosapiens 😁the only reason y'all wanna add all this magical theory now 8s because you understand wat we been telling y'all for years. That's u homie lol you are the neanderthal
I spell them Neandertals (no "h") because I speak German and I know Neandertal is a place name (the valley of Neander river).
When we speak about the Neandertal (location) it's without the "h" when we talk about "homo neanderthalensis". Speaking of "der Neandertaler" or "-thaler" seems to be random or interchangeable. So I guess, we aren't the only Germans who are here confused. A lot. ;)
@@Nikke283 But this "h" has no etymological basis. I guess it was added to make this German word sound more Greek (=ancient). And both versions are used in the literature. The Web of Science data base lists 347 papers with Neandertal/Neandertals in the title and 1847 with Neanderthal/Neanderthals. So I know I am in the minority but I still believe that this is the correct spelling. And apparently I am not alone.
PS. I am no German. German is my fourth language. And the first authors of the most recent papers using the Neandertal name for the species are: Deschamps, Gomez-Olivencia, Djakovic, Peyregne, Haeggstrom and Kubicka. None of them sound German. My guess is this is more European vs. American thing.
@@Nikke283 th in german words still is pronounced differently than the th in english.
@@arctic_haze This is your big problem here - that you are not a German. Otherwise you would know, that _"thal"_ of course has an etymological basis, because that was the common spelling for what is today _"tal",_ at this time in Germany.
I can't understand your wild speculation, since you didn't spend 5 min in research for your belief.
I recommend the German Wikipedia article _Neandertaler,_ section _Namensgebung,_ especially the paragraph about the _Epitheton_ (engl. Epithet).
You can also do a quick search for _"thal, germany"_ in Google Maps, just for fun.
@@sk.43821 I would disagree with not being a German being my big problem. Maybe this is why non-German Europeans use this spelling. There are enough of us to make some dictionaries present it as an alternative one.
This makes perfect sense.
I also prefer the pronunciation with a th. Sounds friendlier. Let's balk against the trend, uh, thrend.
:0)
well, the h in "thal" is an old german spelling, which was changed in 1876 (same as Theil --> Teil, Noth --> Not), it was never spoken, and especially not like the english -th- (which itself was only introduced because early printers didn't have a þ (thorn) character in their imported letters/printing presses)
So the _h_ is silent.
Hi Kayleigh. Thank you for yet another very interesting episode about Neanderthals. Like you, I would be very interested in more research into Neanderthal DNA, as I would like to know how much influence they have on my own DNA. My father was a Redhead - bright Ginger very wavy hair and Blue eyes - and my mother was Celtic in origin, with dark straight hair and Brown eyes. There is also Indian blood in my father's side of the family. I had my DNA tested five years ago and there is a sizeable proportion of Northern and Western European DNA in my Genome, as well as Indian; Scottish; Irish and Welsh. My two sisters and I have light skins, with a tendency to burn easily, but my brother tans easily, as does my mother. One of my sisters has masses of freckles, especially when she gets lots of sunshine. My other sister has had a number of Skin cancers. They both live in Australia. My mother had dark hair and her skin would turn very dark overnight, when exposed to the sun. My skin tans after extended periods of sunshine. My eye are Lovat, which is a Blue-Green colour. My hair is Brown, but with Ginger highlights. I would love to know what percentage of Neanderthal DNA I carry in my genes, but my DNA results don't show that. Looking forward to more episodes about the Neandert'als. Russ. UK.
21 and me will show you if you have Neanderthal DNA.
I’m glad to find out anything really 😁.
For some reason, I have a lot of Neanderthal DNA and my daughter has even more than myself. I have more Neanderthal DNA than 84% of 23&me customer’s, and my daughter sits at 95%. This represents around 2% of total DNA it is written.
Because you’re European.
@@harwn999 i don't think that europeans have a lot of neanderthal dna if compared to east asians for example, because of later migration from middle east
I only have 1.5 %!
Are you Jewish or have any Arabian ancestors, a study done by a Israeli Institute a decade or so ago showed many Jews and Arabs DNA and can have upwards of 12-14 percent Neanderthal DNA.
@@chrisbelvedere6653 It was less than a decade ago that we found Neanderthal DNA in human genome. 12-14%? Not a chance.
Unrelated, but Kaylie you look wonderful. Please do not listen to rude comments about what you choose to wear. Excellent commentary.
Hi there: It's been a while.
It's really a simple answer. It's about survival. If you live in a sunny area with heat you are going to develop darker skin over time. Even when you look at people that move to a sunny area from a more northern one they will become more tan. I myself do this readily. When I get into the sun, I look more like a native American with my skin tone. Darker skin tones don't get skin cancer as readily as lighter ones.
Just FYI: My mother was a red head no freckles, but had hazel eyes that changed color. I have brown hair, brown eyes and darker skin all from Dad. My grandfather had dark almost black hair with gray eyes and light skin, while my daughter has blue eyes that change color with blond hair.
BULLSHIT black people fo not get light skinned in the cold nor will the sun turn steph curry dark skinned!!! We have natural properties that give us color!!!
So why don't black people who have moved to colder Northern climates steadily become lighter?
@@alleadmin3294 Probably because a lot of modern foods have extra vitamin D added to them as a supplement. If you took a group of black Africans and put them on an island up say around Scandinavia or the like, and they only add access to natural foods of that region, chances are, over time and generations, they would start to lighten up.
But, if they had foods with vitamin D added, and thus they didn't need to get it via the Sun, chances are, they would stay more similar to their original genetic archetype. No reason to change/adapt/mutate.
@@alleadmin3294 They did.
If you're very fair and move to the equator you're at a quite high risk of developing skin cancer if you don't take care. If you're very dark and move closer to the poles you're likely to encounter some vitamin D issues if you don't take care.
I would guess they were white because they were in Europe, but I don't know when modern humans or our ancestors started turning white. I look forward to finding out!
modern humans started turning white when they became farmers in stead of hunter gatherers, there new staple dieet had a lack of vit D, which had not been the case before.
A few DNA studies on very old bones from England found out these fellows were darkskinned and blue eyed.
@@kamion53 Neanderthals were Hypercarnivores and so were Indo-Europeans who were supposedly the lightest. The farming hypothesis is nonsense. A carnivorous diet does not mean you have no need for sun exposure. Sun exposure is essential on any diet.
@@infini_ryu9461 then why are the inuits darker skinned?
they may tell us that middle eastern people turned oriental I for one do not believe their hypothesis which is a theory in short they do not have any clear evidence and are at worst thet are talking ********
Hello Kayleigh.
You are a very attractive lady, and your hair looks fine.
I have just recently found your videos and find your content very reasoned and informative.
With 140k subscribers and 200k views within 3 weeks, it is obvious that your subject matter is widely popular.
Keep up the great work!😊
The way you heard it the first time, always sounds like the right way to pronounce something. The same thing with miss pronouncing a word or name, when you do it wrong a couple of times, then corrected, you know the right way to pronounce it, but you just don’t.
I have a very dear wife who, if and when she gets something wrong pronunciation-wise, will never get it right no matter how many times you correct her.
Of course they resembled Basques. Germanic is an Indo-European language like Hittite. You can find blonde features in places like Turkey, Chechnya, Georgia, Lebanon, Persia.
Love watching your videos 🎉 keep up with the good info
My dna said I have much, much Neanderthal. Brown hair, darker skin, green eyes. French Irish.
That's Basque-type indigenous European Neanderthal features. Like a Basajuan (wildman in Basque language)
They claim early Cro-magnons had darker skin up to about 5000 yrs ago, before becoming lighter. Then how is it that most Eskimos still haven't lost their darker complexion, assuming they lived in the northern hemisphere for roughly 15000 yrs .?
@@knightowl2016 if it aint broke, dont evolve it- nature
an hypothesis means likely etc. which means they do not know or have no clear evidence so in short it is a theory
Perhaps one day a frozen Neanderthal will be found defrosting in Siberian permafrost mammoth like, given us a great glimpse of how they actually appeared. A Denisovian may be found as well, imagine if they had pointed elf like ears, what would that mean for folk tales?
It kinda sounds logical that they made the same adaptations to their environment that we later did. And It also makes sense that they have more variations, since they were relatively "isolated" from each other. Btw, I'm actually for NeanderTOLLs ( toll= awesome in German) XD.
Wouldn't a species isolated have no other variants. Like an animal secluded to an island. It will have only one form and no other variants. Y'all be saying anything to make sense of this bs. Science already proved they skin to be pale white and hair blond or red. Duo to melanin deficiency. U sound slow asf
Eurasians are all part Neanderthal. From 3-8% depending on the region.
Red hair has been found in diverse
populations
1) Homo sapiens-- Indo Eiropeans in north--- Celts, Germanics, Slavs, but also
Tokharians, a disappeared Iranian group
1i1n modern Xinjiang. Region of China,
+ etc.
2)Parracas. Peru elongated head humans
3) Extinct, 7 ft. tall giant humans + 2 rows of teeth.
Did they all inter breed?
I have blond hair, and my brother has very dark hair. We have the same mother and father who both have brown hair! It's crazy how random genes are!
It’s good to see you in the chat and comments John. Seems like it’s been awhile.
sorry, but maybe your daddy is not your daddy 🙂
@@romaner1 we look the same lol
Sorry to say this bro, your mom cheated
@@jimt5683 lmao 🤣 but I look like my dad!
23andMe tells me that I have 4% Neanderthal genes, more than 96% of the rest of the human population. So I am always interested to learn more about the research being done to understand essentially, my ancestors. If that DNA was passed through my mother’s line, she is the redhead with pale skin who burns easily and I am the dark brown hair, brown eyed, easy to tan skin. Fascinating!
What 23&me was saying is that you have 96percent more Neanderthal then all the people on 23 & me ...not in the human population. My daughter is half Chinese/Mongolian and German/Irish/English has the same 96percent on 23 & me to. She looks very Asian..brown hair & eyes.I am the 100 percent European Mom with 83percent Neanderthal on 23& me.
I am light blond/brown hair dark brown eyes & very pale white skin with lots of freckles!
I always want to know. If we think we know, that we just need to learn more, Keep up your videos.
Traits of human pigmentation could be inherited from earlier human populations or could, as mentioned in the video, have evolved independently in the present day population. Heck, the same (or similar) trait could evolve independently within the SAME species in different groups geographically isolated from one another. A prominent example is the blond hair that arose in Pacific Island populations independently, it seems, from its appearance in Europe. Individuals in these populations can have bright blond hair and dark skin.
So a certain pattern of pigmentation doesn't necessarily connect a contemporary human individual with Neandertals. It is nevertheless interesting to see how far genetic analysis can go in reconstructing the appearance of earlier human populations.
Which is all wrong, of course. Looking at the bones we *know* that we didn't inherit anything from Neanderthals.
Actually your 100% wrong. Skin does not change duo to your environment. Hair color is a part of DNA and blond comes from neanderthal or lack of melanin. A pigment deficiency.. u all cap
I'm a natural redhead and very pale. My brother has dark hair, brown eyes and can tan. My family is a hodge-podge of different versions of 'white' (although my brother is the darkest and pretty much 'olive-skinned').
But anyway, here in America, all the pictures I've seen of Neanderthals were of dark skinned ones. I found this very interesting bc I've always wondered why humans (homo sapiens) were a variety based on where their ancestors were from but Neanderthals weren't (according to the drawings I've seen).
Love watching you! Awesome channel
while skin color is not a concern to me, i find it interesting to consider the reasons for, and evolution of, the differences. when the skin is removed, there are virtually no differences between the anatomical make-up of, and function of, any person from anywhere on Earth. here and there, one will find minor differences in shape or size of organs but, the functions are the same. therefore, our looks and inner beliefs, mindsets or whathaveyou, are relatively minor excuses for racial discrimination. we are all brothers and sisters, one species!
hope you have a great wkend, Kayleigh! see you next time!
Hear, Hear Floyd! I agree. We’re one species. Great comment!
@Farmer Stole My Tank
Everything! This is anthropology 301 with Kayleigh. As such we must be able to discuss differences and similarities between populations, even species of peoples. This is science.
If you seek social Justice go over to the fuzzy studies department, just down the hall from the Safe Space room, first door on your left.
Fox out.
@@barrywalser2384
Great minds think alike.
@@barrywalser2384 thanks, Barry! it's interesting to consider how and why humans have evolved to how we look today but, essentially, we are one, somewhat differentiated, population.
how's it going? we've been blessed with mostly dry and warm weather for the better part of 3 weeks. a few glitches, tho. Wed morn it was 29°F and snowing🥶 Fri morn was 38° and sunny☀️😃 Springtime in the Rockies🤯 hope you're getting some nice weather, too!
@@vulpesvulpes5177 Hey Fox! Good to hear from you.
I always assumed since they were found in the European area, that since that area was predominantly white, and that all of Europe is mainly white that we "European" descendant peoples have some neanderthal blood.... But hey, what do I know..
The farther a location on Earth is from the equator, the less UV radiation from the Sun that penetrates the atmosphere; and human skin absorbs UV radiation in order to manufacture Vitamin D. Hence, because Europe (especially Northern Europe) is far from the equator, skin needs to have a light complexion in order to synthetize sufficient amounts of Vitamin D... *if a person's diet is deficient in Vitamin D.*
In other words, if someone is eating food that's rich in Vitamin D, then they don't need light skin in order to survive in Europe; Neanderthals and the first Homo Sapiens to arrive in Europe were hunter-gatherers and therefore ate plenty of meat, which is rich in Vitamin D.
It's only when all of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, which is deficient in Vitamin D, that light skin became necessary to survive; this occurred approximately 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. By this time, Neanderthals had been extinct for over 30,000 years, so this issue didn't affect them; however, they had dark skin according to geneticists who have tested their DNA.
As for light skin, it is theorized to have originated in the Near East 26,000 to 22,000 years ago in a population of farmers who later migrated to Europe. When they arrived, Europe had already been occupied by dark-skin people who arrived approximately 40,000 years ago...and who had blue eyes. These people were hunter-gatherers. The hunter-gatherers would raid the lands of the farmers for food and steal the women, which is why the hunter-gatherers' Y-Haplogroup (R1b) displaced that of the farmers' male population. This resulted in a mixed population consisting of people whose complexion ranged from light to dark and whose eyes ranged from blue to brown. However, once again, once the entirety of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, those who had dark skin gradually became a minority due to Vitamin-D deficiency and ultimately disappeared.
@@SaintFort you could have put a spoiler warning on that. Lol. But, yes, I was thinking that Europeans could not possibly have gotten light-colored skin from the Neanderthals. The timing is wrong.
@@Eudaimonist I didn't think that someone could spoil _history,_ 😁. Well, technically they're logically deduced conclusions about the past based on archaeological discoveries and genetic research, but it's as close to history as we can get.
@@SaintFort Gut is for digestion, skin/hair is for camouflage. Only people who live on Mars don't know that. Hair doesn't care about skin cancer and vitamin D production, and light hair goes with light skin, dark hair with dark skin.
@@SaintFort Except they determined Indo-Europeans to be the fairest while Early European Farmers to be dark skinned. Indo-Europeans were pastoralists who ate almost nothing except meat and dairy high in vitamin D, whereas Early European Farmers ate predominantly, you guessed it, plant foods. Go look at their more recent depiction of an EEF woman and tell me this isn't all just propaganda and bias. If you read the studies and conclusions you'll understand how ridiculous this all is. The program they used to determine Cheddar Mans skin colour to be dark-black also predicts North East Asians to be dark-black skinned, but anyone can look at modern Oroqen people and see they are not "black" skinned. lol. WHGs would even be darker than their ancestors who had just left Africa, let that sink in.
I love the way you put things and you get it pretty right on ........................
The farther a location on Earth is from the equator, the less UV radiation from the Sun that penetrates the atmosphere; and human skin absorbs UV radiation in order to manufacture Vitamin D. Hence, because Europe (especially Northern Europe) is far from the equator, skin needs to have a light complexion in order to synthetize sufficient amounts of Vitamin D... *if a person's diet is deficient in Vitamin D.*
In other words, if someone is eating food that's rich in Vitamin D, then they don't need light skin in order to survive in Europe; Neanderthals and the first Homo Sapiens to arrive in Europe were hunter-gatherers and therefore ate plenty of meat, which is rich in Vitamin D.
It's only when all of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, which is deficient in Vitamin D, that light skin became necessary to survive; this occurred approximately 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. By this time, Neanderthals had been extinct for over 30,000 years, so this issue didn't affect them; however, they had dark skin according to geneticists who have tested their DNA.
As for light skin, it is theorized to have originated in the Near East 26,000 to 22,000 years ago in a population of farmers who later migrated to Europe. When they arrived, Europe had already been occupied by dark-skin people who arrived approximately 40,000 years ago...and who had blue eyes. These people were hunter-gatherers. The hunter-gatherers would raid the lands of the farmers for food and steal the women, which is why the hunter-gatherers' Y-Haplogroup (R1b) displaced that of the farmers' male population. This resulted in a mixed population consisting of people whose complexion ranged from light to dark and whose eyes ranged from blue to brown. However, once again, once the entirety of Europe switched to an agricultural diet, those who had dark skin gradually became a minority due to Vitamin-D deficiency and ultimately disappeared.
Oh really?? Then how do you explain Native Indians and Asians who live in Alaska and Siberia? They are dark skinned. I'm not buying the UV stuff and believe more in genetic variation as the reason.
Many assumed pale skin was inherited from Neanderthals, but the palest skin allele SLC24A5 first appeared less than 30,000 years ago becoming widespread among Europeans around 7,000 years ago. If you have time, these papers are excellent: "The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables" and "The evolution of skin pigmentation associated variation in West Eurasia". Researchers Mathieson, Jablonski, and Tishkoff have wrote extensively on this allele.
It's also interesting how many believe pale skinned Cro-Magnons were the first Europeans when in reality the first Europeans were dark skinned of African descent. Cro-Magnon is an outdated term in the past used to reference the first anatomically modern humans, but the truth is the first modern humans appear in Africa at least 130,000 years ago. Kind of funny how some believe the first African descendants entering Europe instantly became pale "Cro-Magnons". Kayleigh has an excellent video on this topic: "Everything Wrong With Cro-Magnon As A Species". Can't believe some people still use the term. lol
@@jasonborn867 -- It's more than just skin pigmentation. Facial structures among other differences depending upon race. Leg bone structures, hair, etc. How are these things accounted for? How can simply moving north account for all the differences? I don't believe it does.
@@ironcladranchandforge7292Genetic drift and adaptation in response to local selection pressures are enough to cause cranio-facial and musculoskeletal changes, as well as other changes, over the course of *40,000 years!*
Also, Homo Sapiens most likely had divided themselves into different tribes within Africa and occupied different parts of Africa before some of them left Africa and migrated to Europe. So, there would have been differences between tribes of Homo Sapiens in regard to how they looked even before some of them left.
Why do you think different African tribes look different from each other? Why do you think the Dinka tribe are as dark as Wesley Snipes and are 6ft tall or taller, while African Pygmies are my color but only 4ft tall on average? How about the Khoi and San peoples, who are as light as Beyonce and are about 5'7" on average? I can give many more examples.
Also, keep in mind that Homo Sapiens had to travel through the Near East or other areas before reaching Eurasia, and that would have taken hundreds to thousands of years. So, they would have looked different by the time they reached Eurasia anyway.
Evolution is real.
@ironcladranchandforge7292
1. They're not *very* dark; they're about the color of Southern Europeans or Middle Easterners.
2. Their diet is comprised of fish, which is rich in Vitamin D.
3. They are the descendants of Eurasians who migrated to the Americas thousands of years ago, which is plenty of time for their skin to have darkened a bit via genetic drift and local adaptation.
In English you can pronounce Neanderthal with a th as I originally learned it. The German word tal for valley has apparently has always been pronounced tal. But the official word for the being is with an h. If those people are allowed to say Nuc-cu-lar instead of the clearly written Nuc-le-ar. I can use the h. 🙂
I'm pretty sure that actual Neanderthals don't care about how it is pronounced.😃
Just because George W. Bush was dumb enough to mispronounce nuclear does NOT mean we are all like that. Heaven forbid!
Who sais "nuccular"?
A very interesting Video 👌🏻👍🏻
Kudos to you Kayleigh for mentioning the Vitamin D link to having lighter skin in the northern areas.
I always love your videos. My DNA test came back with 2% neanderthal. The other parts were mostly Irish and British. I'm in American. I have light blue eyes, medium blonde hair and my skin can tan easily, but I love in Florida.
ur slow. all the things u mention are neanderthal,, but hey i got a question for u.. if i have no neaderthal dna in me. that means im homosap. if im homosap 100% and homo is from africa.. if u only have 2% neanderthal dna, do u mean to tell me the res of the 98% came from african dna?????????? something aint adding up
We don't poses eyes, hair and skin from Neanderthals. But we do poses bones. Which Neanderthal bones do you have?
@@MarioPetrinovich idk.. ask yourself why they never find a neanderthal with nappy hair.. def didnt get that from them
Most black people have no neanderthal genes. I wonder why?
That your ancestors mated with sub humans.