Revealing the Mysterious World Inside Protons
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- Опубліковано 8 вер 2024
- For a long time, we thought of Protons as fundamental particles, but eventually, we determined that they were not and that they were in fact made from particles called quarks and gluons. This dramatically changed how we viewed the fundamental building blocks of everything around us. Now many of us know that protons are made from two up quarks and one down quark that are bound together with gluons. But it turns out that this is a great oversimplification. Matter-antimatter particle pairs constantly form and annihilate all throughout the universe. We have known about this for a long time but what we didn’t understand is the extent to which it was occurring inside protons.
One startling result is that charm-anticharm pairs can sometimes be observed inside of protons. This is surprising because charm quarks are larger and heavier than protons. This is another major departure from the simple 3 quark model of the proton. In this video, I briefly talk about the history of growing our understanding of the proton and the more recent results.
- References -
Only a few references for this work. Both these articles are pretty well written and have additional links in them for the keen reader.
[1] www.quantamaga...
[2] cerncourier.co...
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Every time I try to understand subatomic particles, someone convinces me that I never will.
Don't feel bad no one does. We just assume based on what the math tells us but we are also not sure the math is complete.
I agree... These scientist are great a naming particles but very bad at understanding them
😄
It's just a standing electromagnetic wave that scientists over complicate. (When you vibrate water a little droplet pops up and bounces around the surface, well when you vibrate a magnetic field like that electrons pop up, a proton is two electrons that made one bigger droplet. The two negatives make a positive charge)
Simply put - if it's very large , very small , very fast , very slow , very hot , or very cold then the explanation for it is going to be very weird .
The more you look into Nature, the more you realize that what is left, no matter how tiny we thought it was, represents at least the same complexity and uncertanty that all misteries solved up to that point. Fractal stuff!
The deeper we dig into the universe the deeper down the rabbit hole we go. The very interaction with quantum objects probably changes their properties without realizing it. I don't think there is a way to probe a proton without changing its properties.
I suspect that the details which result from the particle collision measurements of increasing energies are only valid for such high-intensity collisions. Meaning that all the extra particles are a by-product of the collisions, and so they only appear to be that way as a result of using that method.
I think my reaction would also be different if 'probed'. Poor proton.
@@Mavrik9000wow interesting
I think their property's always change. With or without interaction as the quark pairs appear and disappear as the quantum field fuels them.
Agreed
Good presentation; well done. I'm a bit older than you & I have been studying & publishing aspects of the Proton for over three decades. What I've learned on my journey is that we don't have a clue. Everyone is guessing, including myself. The Standard Model of Part-Physics is 100-200 years away from a 'final' understanding of what's happening from collisions. My 'best guess' is that we'll eventually conclude that constituent particles don't actually exist. We 'make' them exist by high-energy collisions. If you consider a Proton to be a sheet of glass, we can make more pieces by striking the glass with higher-energy impactors. My guess is that we'll eventually 'confirm' something like I've just described .... But as I said, I'm just guessing
I just wish he wouldn't go from saying we repeatedly learned that particles once believed to be fundamental are not to saying we know that such and such particle is fundamental.
What's your take on spontaneous gluon/antigluon production? Is it random, or are we just missing variables and maybe also missing the ability to admit ignorance among the pop-scientists?
A proton is a collection of 1836 expanding electrons and add a bouncing expanding electron makes a hydrogen atom. “G” calculated from first principles- the hydrogen atom- in 2002: “The Final Theory: Rethinking Our Scientific Legacy “, Mark McCutcheon.
@@matthewatwood207 That's a difficult question to tackle. I'll answer it by saying that I think the entire field of Particle-Physics needs a shake-up. There are simply too many particles, nature isn't that complicated. Nowadays, we're inventing new Particles hand-over-fist. It just doesn't make any sense. The whole Universe is described by the Standard Model of Cosmology, which is surprisingly simple. But on the small scale, it's so horrendously complex that it's impossible to get your head around .... Something is wrong
“We make them” has been my own thought for a long time.
@@erickwillum2979 But we can only make them because God's laws allow it to happen. There are limits on what we can make. It is just that we have not yet discovered where the limit is.
This is like zooming in on a scale and realizing that between 1 and 2 there is an infinite ammount of numbers. Just when you thought you had it all figured out you realize that you know nothing.
I think its more like zooming in a scale and between 1 and 2 you get a number sometimes bigger than 2 between 1 and 2 and sometimes a number between 1 and 2 depending on when you look.
Except sometimes a number bigger than 2 is chilling in there as well
The universe is fractal. There is no smallest or largest scale for structures.
I like the mindset. This video sets out. It gives the message that we need to keep searching
I had a calculus professor who was going over limits and infinities and stuff. And he’s talking about how you can break any distance down into an infinite number of points, pointing at the wall specifically as a distance that has infinite points. Then out of no where he throws the pen at the wall and goes “but then pen still hit the wall, why?”. It felt more profound at the time but I think the point was that the very same thing can be finite and infinite based on your perspective
If protons are so diverse and chaotic on the inside, why does every proton appear interchangeable? Why don’t they have unique properties?
What they are seeing are not fundamental components of protons, but different interactions inside that sphere.
Every road looks different when being close. Yet driving on a road is always quite the same experience.
Because they’re not chaotic or diverse. They’re fluctuating to the same degree depending on when you look 👀. Sometimes you observe charm-anti charm pairs, sometimes positron electron pairs.
I really appreciate people who are a lot smarter than I am, and enjoy learning from them. Vincent Van Gogh described simplification as something very complex, that is, there is nothing simple about simplicity; "breaking complex elements down to their most simplistic forms".
I'm a Van Gogh influenced artist with a strong science background. His art was no moving a brush and feeling an emotion. He weas able to simulates motion ,and energy as normally perceived. He knew composition and color theory. He was emotionally sensitive but far from being an idiot. He also studied composition and was most influenced by Monet. On another issue it will not help the world nor will people understand that reality IS more complex by perhaps looking deeper. Wavicle physics has to dismiss using sense perception, and when trying to educate the public one encounters different brain structures,and I think even physicist have emotional discomfort with this particular branch of science as it doesn't make ''sense''. In the everday world of medicine,mechanical engineering we can use Newtonian physics to a large extent. I have a notion that we create a new view of reality everytime we try to go deeper and deeper,and that we never can get to scientific truths. String theory it seems is a hypothesis that can't be proven. Multiverse theory of course can not be proven directly,since the moment we get data it becomes part of our universe.
@@brooklynlotus Yes, there is much that blows my mind. Sometimes I just have to admit my own lack of capacity to grasp some concepts; though if I have enough interest, it amazes me sometimes what I can eventually grasp if I attend the subject, so I am never totally intimidated by any subject if I will simply follow its dialogue, and it is one reason why I can appreciate scientific concepts that I am totally ignorant of, whereas they can provide a good mental jog for me, if nothing else.
@@davidparker2173 keep the mind active
The basic virtual particle explanation of Hawking Radiation is the "we know this is wrong, but we use it because it is something the average person can easily grasp" explanation.
It really pissed me off that I got A's in high school science, but when I started college, I found out that what they taught me in high school wasn't right, and everything I thought I understood was bupkis! Why couldn't they teach the real stuff first instead of putting us through that?
@@MikeLinPA Also because what we know has changed since the high school teachers learned it. When I was a physics undergrad (long ago) the department had a rule that no lecturer could teach the same course for more than 3 years, to keep them fresh. You have to have something that will work adequately for those high school graduates who will only take it that far. Those who do follow the speciality just have to rip it up and start again.
@Al Coholic It's not the issue of not being able to teach what isn't known, its being taught things that are *known* to be wrong just because it is simpler.
I think school curriculum were designed on the idea that it didn't really matter, because the vast majority of kids would never need such information and the minority that did would end up learning the "right" version in higher education.
But that's honestly pretty short sighted. First, it assumes that such knowledge won't become more generally important in the future. Second, it doesn't teach kids the "right" way to think. Third, it actually pushes the "wrong" information into "common knowledge.
So now we have multiple generations of a general populace that have been (intentionally) taught the wrong ways about things, yet we still seem shocked when the general populace can't grasp the "right" version of some science, or gets easily confused, or keeps perpetuating incorrect information and working from it, or just in general never really learned how to think.
Teachers probably don't know themselves what they are teaching is wrong. As long as they agree on the answer it doesn't matter if it's wrong.
Typical humans. Better to understand something that is wrong than to admit you don't understand. Worthless species.
Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature)
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree.
String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring?
What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change.
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Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge.
Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge.
In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles?
I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. The model grew out of that simple idea.
I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles.
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Have you seen @MaterialAtomics ? they describe something similar to what you mentioned. You should watch their 1/2 spin video.. should help with imagining the neutrino.
Dark matter, big bang, and the expansion of the universe are THEORIES which are likely workarounds to cover for not accounting for gravity in the existing working models.. I wouldn't worry too much about them since any new description will have its own consequences which may not need any of this
@@zane003 Thanks for the tip. If you look at the core of their graphic of the electron you can see the twist cycles of my model. I recently came up with the following simplified version.
What do the Twistors of Roger Penrose and the Hopf Fibrations of Eric Weinstein and the "Belt Trick" of Paul Dirac have in common?
In Spinors it takes two complete turns to get down the "rabbit hole" (Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D) to produce one twist cycle (1 Quantum unit).
Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature? (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Mass= 1/Length, with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant.
Great video. It makes me think one thing though: I believe there is a real issue with the terminology we use when talking about these things--at least when talking to the general public or non-experts: For example, the term "particle" is used here, describing both protons, as well as some of their components. However, at least outside of "particle"-physics, when we hear this term, we imagine something a kin to a very small ball (or other shape) of physical matter, that we imagine behaves like the physical matter we are used to--something like tiny billiard balls; solid, permanent, located in a specific place in 3D space, with a specific vector of movement and rotation, etc--all things that we cannot help automatically envisioning when we hear the term "particle". However, it is quite obvious, that neither protons, nor quarks or gluons (these even much less so) behave in any way close to such "particles". Even when you say, that a proton "consists" of quarks and gluons, as if these were smaller balls of matter making up the larger one, say like individual lego pieces, making up a structure built from them--this is really misleading. Clearly, when considering that some "particles" are actually heavier than the structure they make up, the fact that they appear and disappear, the fact that they have wave-like properties as well as particle-like properties, etc., we have to admit that they are something entirely different than the word "particle" means in popular language.
It may be convenient for "particle-physicists" to call them "particles", because they (hopefully) have the understanding that this is a technical term that has a completely different meaning than it has in popular vernacular, but I believe it may be time to stop using that word when talking to the general public, as it seems highly misleading.
My thoughts exactly.
I’m new to this stuff but well said 👏
You are correct.
This is, in fact, the fundamental problem in science communication. Quite often, a bit of terminology has been around so long that it sticks, even after we learn that it's not quite like the everyday English term implies. Every time a physicist tries to update the terminology, they end up using both existing terms and new terms in ways that are simply unintuitive to us normies.
As I understand it, it is better to imagine particles as waves in the water that continually interact with each other, with the "virtual particles" being the results of waves crossing over each other either constructively (making the wave interaction larger and "higher") or destructively (cancelling out). In the macro-verse, we only see waves in objects made of particles, like swimming pools or the air, which are eventually stilled by friction, so we have trouble understanding the idea of a quantum field that is massless, not really comprised of "stuff" per se, and therefore never winds down.
Complicating things, these waves only "collapse" to points when they interact with an "observer"--and some experiments suggest that a conscious observer somehow influences the "wave-function collapse," while in other experiments, an "observer" is simply any other particle or macro-object that interacts with the particle in any way.
SO, it's many unobservable, unprovable theories, over time, that are always disputed and argued over until the next breakthrough "discovery" knocks the current slapfight into a cocked hat, to make way for the NEW one. Right? Also, you talk like a kid counting his words on an essay. Speed it up.
My postulate is that individual fields of energy are expanding and colliding. Where those collisions approach speed of light, time dilation and space contraction result in areas we observe as particles.
There actually aren't any "particles", just the part of the field we can interact with
My guess is that there's some amount of charm inside the proton which only after putting in the energy to detect it does it actually form into a fully realized particle instead of just a small bit of waveyness in that quantum field.
Or maybe idk what I'm talking about and I'm just some random person on the internet.
Whatever the case i like ur style cuz I can relate 😏
Your assumption is at least consistent with conservation of mass-energy, making it a much better assumption than many of the assumptions of quantum theory. Search keywords: matter theory marostica.
Any Guess is good enough, especially when dealing with Quantum.
you suggestion makes sense as the observer influences the observation. That Charm Quark puffs it's self up like it's mating day to impress us. Trying to charm us.....
Good thinking. The energy is from that exchanged at the antimatter/antiproton.
Or perhaps you’re both at the same time 😉
Could this never ending particle zoo phenomenon be related to the idea of the universe not being locally real? (Not having any properties independent of measurement and only being affected by that in its immediate environment i.e. no entanglement)?
I think it's more likely that String Theory is correct; that is, everything, fundamentally, is made of tiny vibrating strings of energy. The way they vibrate is what determines what particle they are. Unfortunately, the tests & experiments which could show us that String Theory is the right direction are still years away as we don't have the technology yet. I know some people claim string theory is untestable but this is inaccurate. It's not testable "with current technology". There's one easy test to prove string theory; build a collider big enough to break open quarks and detect strings. Unfortunately, that would take a collider big as our solar system (with modern technology).
It is locally real but there are endless locations.
I mostly agree with the content of this but the final part. I made my PhD on the contribution of strange quarks to the charge and current distributions in protons.
Quarks, as any fundamental particle, are considered, so far, as point-like; but in any case much smaller than a proton.
The constantly created-annihilated particle-antiparticle pairs are off-shell (E^2 -p^2 != m^2) and called virtual particles for that reason (the more “virtual”, the shorter their lifetime is). What contributes to the properties of proton (mass, spin, magnetic momentum) are particle-fields not real particles. Understanding this subtlety requires knowledge on Quantum-Field Theory. For instance, electromagnetic interaction between charged particles is described at the fundamental level as the exchange of virtual photons (E^2 -p^2 < 0!).
This might seem weird but this is the best description/interpretation we have. And it works marvelously well so far.
Thanks for your input. I did study QFT during masters but that is a long way from the deep understand you get from doing a PhD in it. I guess you are say that because the heavier quarks are short lived that make no difference to the fundamental properties of the proton, incluiding its apparent size? I thought that this would work like the lamb shift which would give a small correction factor, albeit probably very small.
E = M.C3
L'Univers Gyro électrique 3D.
L'unification de la relativité générale et de la physique quantique:
ua-cam.com/video/hdFEbSyiynw/v-deo.html
THE only particule of everythings : électrons.
Quantum physics is bullshit. There are no such things as quarks, the proton is the fundamental building block of all matter, there is nothing inside, it is a spinning, (super-luminal) blob of dialectic charge which creates its own magnetic shell, because of the spin. Now you don't need electrons either. Particle physics (Greek atomism), was falsified 80+ years ago you clowns! Have you not heard of Nikolai Tesla, CP Steinmetz, Oliver Heavyside, JJ Thompson, James Clerk Maxwell? They have proven, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that 'field theory' runs the cosmos, A proton is nothing more than high energy light at the highest, most powerful end of the electromagnetic spectrum. Your welcome.
@@imnewtothistuff ans what about electricity ? Quelque soit la règle et la mesure,
la réalité de la Nature rejoindra toujours la vie.
ua-cam.com/video/8wOgPncVxyg/v-deo.html
I find it incredibly difficult to understand electrical circuits that use the proton flow schema. I know it's the electrons, and that makes me want to start at that part of the circuit -- the negative terminal. It's really quite sad that we are sticking to an incorrect understanding in order to remain backward compatible with the circuits that were drawn before we figured out the REAL direction of flow. It still amazes me that we had such a fundamentally wrong understanding about something as fundamental as direction of current flow, yet the circuits created under that false understanding all still work(ed) as intended. Normally that is not the case when you get a fundamental fundamentally wrong.
It sure confused me when trying to grasp electrical theory in high school and later in electrical apprenticeship. I finally had to accept it and continued on using "conventional" current flow as predicated.
When you find out it had more to do with electromagnetic fields than electron flow.
When you get further into electronics you begin to realise that circuits are completely designed around electron flow. Transistors etc. only deal with electrons. It is the earth (negative) that is switched off and on in electronics.
You find it difficult to understand because you still have a lack of understanding of current flow. A surplus of electrons on one end and a shortage of electrons on the other side both propagate their respective branches at the same time, so in terms of circuit diagrams, it doesn't matter which way the current arrow points, as long as you are consistent. There was never a good reason to obsolesce old circuit diagrams by changing them from direction of propagating positive charge to propagating negative charge. It should not effect your understanding of a circuit diagram whatsoever.
The charge sign only matters if you are talking about high voltage, open air electrical discharges, and you are interested in the characteristics of the discharge.
Very enlightening, thank you.
Glad you enjoyed it.
And I might add the great info was well paced too (I had to replay several parts to digest but that's on me hehe :)
Man, at the time we decided the positive charges moved forming the electric current we didn't have any idea of electrons, protons or anything in between, much less any idea of their sizes... great guys those who got it wrong, but that's another story. Hadrons are very interesting little things :)
Very informative as usual :). Keep it up! Your range of knowledge / ability to cover all of these topics is really cool.
Thanks. Luckily there are some pretty amazing scientific journalists out there that make it easier.
I really like you time format of 6-8 mins, I must say.
3:37 is a cool animation (yes, wrong, but still) - did you do it yourself?
I am glad you enjoy it. It is hard to squeeze everything in but I try.
The simulations are from MIT and the Jefferson Lab. They are shown in the quantmagazine article in the discription. So I didn't make them myself. Seems difficult.
@@ScienceDiscussed yeah, I also thought it looks difficult to do, that’s why I asked 😅
Yeah well above my skill level.
The time is not long enough to fall asleep to : ). 20 min is ideal please and thank you!
what confuses people is ,misnomers like 'larger' when what is really meant is 'stronger' or 'deeper'. Quarks are best understood as looking like a 'pringles' chip if we freeze framed it. the edge being the wave quality and diameter being the strength/energy. then look at the charge as the warping/offset from center-plane which is 0.
they are 2-d objects which create 3-d space by their interactions with each other, and that might look like orbiting around a barycenter.
we have to correct our terminology from the words created for model that were dis-proven 80 years ago, so physics can advance
The uniformity of particles tells us, in itself, that particles don't exist as such, that they belong to vast fields. We don't actually know anything about matter. The little we do know is what we can do to it.
Nice job on the description, or at least what we think we know of it.
There's a video out on how this animation was conceived and produced, and by whom. Well worth a watch. Visualizing the Proton: A Documentary.
i like this guys cadence and demeanor.... i dont understand everything he is talking about... but i feel like he is generally trying to help me understand it... hes not barking at us and hes not full faced into the camera(i hate that) and he is communicating on a high school senior/college freshmen level.. not a 3rd grade level like alot of these channels... also like im reading the New York Times... not the National Inquirer.... well done my dude... well done
This is the best particle channel I have found on YT so far.
Glad you enjoy it.
Absolutely fascinating and perplexing !!! This man does a great job in explaining and holding my interest in this incredibly esoteric subject. And yes, these discoveries and future research and discoveries will be vital to our future civilization.
Glad you enjoyed the topic.
How do protons remain the same over long time differences if it is constantly changing? Why doesn't it decay into something else often?
There are conservation rules in physics. One of these rules in standard model physics is the conversation of the baryon number (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_number). Note, that the proton is the lightest baryon which exists, thus it is not allowed to decay into something else when baryon number conservation is to be respected.
This is the first I have heard that accelerated electrons have shown 'pictures' of 3 quarks in a proton. Sadly, no confirming reference...
Interesting questions come to mind
Like
How do we know the protons we observe at high speed collisions are the protons in a stable molecule?
Maybe all the unexpected findings are result of the high energy collisions changing the proton's qualities or quantities?
Just layman's questions
There is a lot of technical details that go into answering this question, many of which I am not well versed in. But through the analysis the scientists can rule out other possibilities like the option you mention.
The PARTICLE TRAIN! Previously I suggested that eternal photons made electron positron pairs,
(as well as all standard model particles). Here's how.
Start with a PARTICLE TRAIN, each time you add an electron or positron car to the train, you get a new particle.
The only rule is the cars have to alternate from electron to positron. Think of a wave with trough always alternating with crest.
Photons as electron positron pairs could make the main parts of an atom in the brief time after the Big Bang under those extreme and never repeated conditions.
Charges are the cars on our particle train.
Positive positron (+),
Negative electron (-).
Positron (+)
Electron (-)
Photon (+) (-)
Proton (+) (-) (+) Anti Proton (-) (+) (-)
Neutron (+) (-) (+) (-) Anti Neutron (-) (+) (-)(+) .
The PROTONS and NEUTRONS are made from
ELECTRONS and POSITRONS!
When this production of particles was over, most anti particles with charge; positrons, and anti protons, didn't exist on their own. They were LOCKED INTO PROTONS OR NEUTRONS. That way conservation of charge was maintained. That also explains the MISSING ANTI MATTER PROBLEM!
Very clever Sir .
But what about dark matter and dark energy, what are they made of , can you answer me that?
Then I'll give you a Nobel Prize !!!!
@@gregorygant4242 So throwing out the standard model and most physics from the last century and replacing it with a new paradigm, is not award worthy? Ha ha. Well stay tuned.
@@gregorygant4242 Gravity = Acceleration?
Does the Earth PULL the APPLE to the ground or
Does the Sky PUSH the APPLE to the ground?
Which is correct: GRAVITY is pulling matter together or ANTI GRAVITY, another name for DARK ENERGY, is pushing it together?
Which is correct: GRAVITY, is inside MATTER somewhere, or ANTI GRAVITY is outside everywhere in empty SPACE?
DARK ENERGY in physics is defined as a repulsive force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand everywhere at an accelerating rate. My suggestion is that DARK ENERGY is ANTI GRAVITY.
Most likely it is ZERO POINT ENERGY, The COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT and VIRTUAL PARTICLES too.
My next suggestion is that THERE IS NO GRAVITY!
My idea is similar to a universe wide CASIMIR EFFECT on all matter. Here, instead of two metal plates being pushed together, there are "plates" of matter and the expanding space around them, pushing them together.
Dr Einstein said his breakthrough came when he imagined an analogy of an elevator in space. As acceleration increases, gravity increases. The person in the elevator can't tell if he is in an elevator traveling in space or one on Earth.
BUT WHAT IF WE ARE BOTH RIGHT.
Look at the drawing.
There are two round elevators.
The elevator on the left IS NOT accelerating.
No acceleration = No gravity
The force of empty space or anti gravity, pushes on all sides equally.
The elevator on the right IS accelerating.
Acceleration = Gravity.
The force of empty space or anti gravity, pushes on all sides, but mostly from the front due to acceleration! The acceleration scrunches up the forces in front. They overlap each other from the elevator accelerating into them. These cumulative, empty space, forces, push back more and more as the elevator accelerates in that forward direction.
This causes gravity. Acceleration = Gravity!
More exactly the forces of ANTI GRAVITY cause matter to experience what we call gravity.
So: acceleration of an object in space causes space to push back. This is what we have been calling gravity but is anti gravity.
Some will say:
But it's so obvious, the Sun goes around the Earth, and the apple falls to the ground.
Yes they seem obvious. But both are wrong!
My previous posts, part of a single paper covering all these ideas, suggested that before the Big Bang, there was a singularity of photons, an eternal dimensionless point of energy.
Then the force that expanded out of the Big Bang and started the universe, and time space, was DARK ENERGY; a subset of the singularity of photons.
So Gravity from stars and planets was never PULLING matter together. The opposite was true: Anti Gravity or DARK ENERGY from empty space was expanding and PUSHING matter together from all sides!
THERE IS NO GRAVITY pulling anything together. THERE IS ONLY ANTI GRAVITY or DARK ENERGY expanding and pushing matter on all sides. This can explain acceleration in elevators, rocket propulsion; the rubber sheet analogy, why no light escapes black holes, space expansion, curvature of space, and why there is so little gravity in the quantum world.
...
Three Follow Ups.
1. Remember the rubber sheet analogy? The rubber sheet is space pushing on all sides. That's the force I'm talking about that causes what we call gravity.
Q. The implication is clear (or at least, it was clear to Einstein): Gravity causes acceleration, and acceleration causes gravity. They are absolutely identical
2. Galileo's experiment, later recreated on the moon shows a hammer and feather dropping and hitting the ground at the same time. This supports space pushing them , not the attraction of their weight.
3. Doppler Effect: Waves emitted by a source traveling towards an observer get compressed.
4. The greatest force in the universe is dark energy, the energy of empty space. Dark energy is 70% of all energy. It has such force that its expanding the universe everywhere all the time, and is now speeding up.
5:16 If electrons and positrons spontaneously pop into existence and then annihilate then why don’t they release a photon? I keep hearing this explanation, but I feel like another key aspect of this is never explained. How is energy conserved? Instead, it sounds like energy would be created. What balances the energy in this equation?
I think they do? But the photon may also be virtual.
(A photon should also disappear when the electron and positron come into being)
I'm starting to get the feeling that particles seem to have many properties in common with knots. Almost like spacetime twists a certain way to create a particle, like waves on a sea, and the twist either untangles when it interacts with another specific set of twists, or becomes more tangled otherwise. When I see the alternating color charges and such, that tells me there's a conserved quantity, and since there can be a near infinite number of knots with the same crossing number for instance, the properties of a particle might be defined by something as simple as a crossing number, that conserved topological quantity. A knot that travels down the medium(spacetime), like a wave on a rope, cannot come undone until it hits something, like the end of the rope, or another wave in the rope. And even electrons seem to behave as if they're tethered to their surroundings, since reorienting them 360 degrees doesn't return them to their original state. The knots might display different symmetries, like how the same exact amino acids in a chain can be reconfigured into a completely different protein with different properties.
I have heard conversations that knot theory is being used to discuss some of these concepts but I have no knowledge of it myself. It could be quite interesting though.
Oh-o. Nooooo! 'Knot Theory'. 🤷♂️
Amazing!!! I'm a newcomerb- ib just got this on my feed. I really enjoyed this and you primed us well for subsequent information and it all just works. You're a kiwi too which is even better. Suuubscribed! Good on ya man I'm gonna watch some more.
5:28 A thing I never understood about Hawking radiation is why does this process always reduce the mass of the black hole? It seems like if this process was random then it should balance out, both increasing and decreasing the mass/energy of a black hole. I realize there is more going on than the story told in popular science, but this glossed over detail keeps bugging me.
I postulate that we will never fully understand matter until we STOP thinking of it as particles. Instead we need to think of EVERYTHING as packets of energy traveling through space-time. Sort of like the words racing along a moving marquee. If you move with the word it becomes stationary, otherwise it is just a ON/OFF pattern passing through the bulbs.
Also, a nice analogy to the dance of the three quarks in a proton is a chord in music. If we take a snapshot we see three quarks and a symphony of gluons and such. And, of course, any measurements we make change it. Once we learn how to travel with it, a proton, or really any energy packet (aka. particle) will emerge as a harmonious blend of complex waveforms with chord like transitions between states that we see as quarks, gluons, whatever.
Well I don't think that we can use our current frame of reference to describe particles that form everything in our current frame of reference
A real human, who actually understands (as much as anyone does!) what they are talking about, without spending half the time advertising something that isn't available in my part of the world, and I'd have no interest in even if it was, and doing so in with fake sincerity and enthusiasm. On top of that, it has obviously been carefully prepared but sounds quite spontaneous.
Maybe I can get rid of my billiard ball view of atoms and subatomic particles? Certainly makes me want to try to do so.
A simple description (falling drop of water) is from Bohr. The 100% elastic lumen stretches away from the massless spin 2 graviton to condense into a solid sphere with only mass. No energy.
What's on the outside of a proton? The mystery I read about in James Jeans Philosophy and Physics was why the weight/mass ratio of the proton to electron is what it is. They have approximately 1836.111/1 but I think it is exactly 1835.1666.../1. Why? Why not? That's 11011/6 exactly. That's why. And there's 6 protons in the carbon atom the basis of life..
Looking inside the proton and finding more and more baffling detail the more we look reminds me of this quote from Douglas Adams:
"There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable.
There is another theory which states that this has already happened."
The heavier charm + anti-charm quark-pairs in a proton are 'virtual', that is, they may pop in and out in pairs very very quickly. Such pairs may be made 'real' outside the proton by supplying extra energy from the outside to excite/create them (recall E = mc^2).
So, the usual picture of the three real/stable quarks (2 up + 1 down) and the gluons they exchange incessantly to keep them bound in a free proton is essentially OK (if one may disregard the 'virtual' pairs).
A good video. Another video might investigate the half lives of atoms, if protons are such a mystery could they contribute in an unexpected causal way to atomic half lives ? Perhapes the frequency of the emergence of charm quarkes has something to do with how long the atom lasts, for example. If the constuant partcles are larger than the proton is supposed to be perhapes that is a form of physical "stress" and not just a stress in cognition.
I suspect that the details that result from the particle collision measurements of increasing energies are only valid for such high-intensity collisions. Meaning that all the extra particles are a by-product of the collisions, and so they only appear to be that way as a result of using that method.
Good job, you hit the mark that the title was implying. Well thought out and explained.
Thanks for providing links to your sources. Much appreciated 😊
And what about neutrons? Does this also apply to them as they are basically the same stuff?
Yes, they are very similar. I am not sure we have looked for heavier quarks in neutrons but it is likely they are there.
@@ScienceDiscussed No , neutrons are known to decay over time , protons virtually never decay , ever !
In an electric current such as that found in transmission lines, the electrons don't flow. They actually move very little, it is the field that is transmitting the current.
Pls review nassim harameins views on protons, & mass & gravity ..you get a more comprehensive understanding not only protons but other particles also...
Actually, they have also observed Top quarks in the proton, which are heavier than the Charm quarks. If you calculate the _pressures_ inside the proton, you quickly realize that it is the same as inside a blackhole (BH), or at least the same as those at the BH's event horizon (EH). That implies the nucleus has gravitational fields in addition to the strong and weak nuclear forces, and that in turn implies that a *cohesive* (determined by Spin alignment) nucleus can exhibit far strong gravitational fields than the one with random sea of gluons. But nuclear physics is too infantile to accept that possibility, just as astronomical physics was too infantile to accept BHs at the center of galaxies when I told the Physicists in the 1990s. Ce la vie.
This is interesting that particles are there and not there at the same time. Wonder if that works on the large scale too. Like all of existence in the universe is both there and not there at the same time.
Thanks so much. I wish you were my teacher when I was in school. I would have been a different person. :). Hope you will keep posting.
You are so welcome! I am glad you enjoy the videos.
Should really look into Ralph Sansbury / Wal Thornhill's notions on sub-atomic particles. [Wal was enamored of Sansbury's notion of "subtrons" and took the notion a little further, I think? Not too hung up on the name. Call them quarks, or whatever one wants to call such lower-order sub-particles or structures/behaviors of whatever's going on down at that level.]
Wherein you've basically got some bound set of charges of some form, and it's basically a function of the amount of energy and how much the charges, or whatever you want to call them, are able to essentially go on more elongated orbits, the more energy they've absorbed, or something along that line. And the "mass" is sort of a function of how stretched the orbit becomes in an external [electric] field, where the more stretched the orbits become, the more that imparted energy extends the orbits rather than accelerating the "particle" [or orbital system] as a whole. And the "resistance to acceleration [as a whole unit] [in favor of elongation of the orbits instead]" is what we'd call "mass," per se. Which may be why you get relativistic "mass" increase as more energy is imparted in the the "particles" [or orbital systems] while being accelerated by and external field of some kind. As more energy is imparted, its orbit deforms more [in the direction of the field] which kind of feed back into its orbit being more likely to deform from further acceleration or influence of a field rather than being accelerated by it, so it appears to get more "mass"-y (resistant to acceleration).
I'm sure I've not described it quite as well as Thornhill, but that's kind of the basics of it as I understand it.
And, conversely, when energy is emitted as a photon, the orbits of the "particle" may collapse to a lower energy state, until/unless more energy is imparted. Which may be why we see the kind of weird "zoo" of particles with different apparent "masses" as they receive or give up photons/energy or whatnot through collisions or resonant interactions or whatever the actual mechanisms may be. And the different "charges" / spins / colors / whatever may just be due to different numbers of whatever "subtrons" or "quarks" or whatever name one wants to give to the sub-fundamental particles that make up heretofore "fundamental" particles [protons, electrons, etc.], or how they're arranged with respect to each other.
There's a bit more to it than that, and possibly some implications for electro-gravity as a sub-fundamental-level analog of the London or Van der Waals force(s). [Basically an extremely weak residual electric field between oscillating weak electric dipoles, due to said elongated orbits and imperfect charge centering / shielding.]
Obviously way more theoretical/mathematical development and actual experimental evidence would be needed to validate said notion(s) [which remain hypothetical]. And, sadly Wal Thornhill has since passed away a few years ago...
A Proton is the language used to describe the mystery of positive (another word) charge....theres no magic here, right..in a post modern world we just need to name stuff. We have simply replaced the word magic with emergence and then pat ourselves on the back.
So basically subatomic particles are like a small self-contained universe.
@@billdickson1142 Hh who knows. I'm no physicist or have any expert knowledge but it seems like the most important thing are these 'boundaries' between the different interactions where the influence of each ends. Maybe this explains why tunnelling is possible too. As he said it could help in making fusion easier if they find a catalyst so to say.
They are black holes youll will see.
Lol
The fall of Physics. The gullibility of the masses knows no limits. You guys actually believe this 💩
@@maalikserebryakov Bruh it's actually the only logical theory. A singularity in another singularity and everything and also nothing has to be existent.
@@maalikserebryakov it's not that they are know no limits it's about that time and space and matter does not matter everything is now.
Maybe there are no other participles in the proton that we knew. But the way we investigate this by smashing them in the hadron collider we produce them for a short time and then they despair and come back to the form of known standard particle . Some appear in an intermediate kind that look heavier for a very short time.
I get what you're saying about charm quarks being heavier, but what makes you say they're bigger? I didn't think sizes was all that solid for quarks.
you can make 1 with 2/3+3/2 or 99999/1+1/99999 or whatever equilibrium combination
then it is not really surprising that a system with heat and equivalent exchange of interacting energies, could accept any symmetric embedding that doesn't break the system topologically
because of that, the region is stable and will maintain itself regardless of constituent components once formed. that region of stability is the proton, it is a mode of the sea rather than a thing separate from the sea
I wish to pose some questions but cannot find a way to contact Prof Cox or anyone else in the community directly with them so I will post them here in hopes someone knowledgeable will respond. Referencing (my limited exposure to) Euclidian Geometry, Plutonic Solids, Topological Dimensions and Knotting, and “black box music/artistic mind” intuition regarding wave, field, string, nuclear chemistry and particle physics (Diff-E drop out).
(1) Given the Proton and Electron are not described to be magnetic monopoles, there should be a closed loop between Proton and Electron - Lorentz force. (example: bar magnet with iron filings magnetic field / perpendicular Electrical field) or is the Proton considered a ‘Positive’ magnetic monopole and it’s paired electron a ‘negative’ magnetic monopole. The Fermi diagram I have seen seem to only show tensors in both directions between electron and proton for Lorentz and Weak force, the magnetic field ‘loop’ implied.
(a) The animations do not show a closed “loop” in the 720 deg “spin path”. The implication to me is the 2/3 spin path actually forms a Mobius strip - only one face for the 720 deg
(b) is the Proton actually "paired" with the orbital electron so that in elements > 1 proton, each individual shell electron corresponds to an individual Proton (Protons inhabit corresponding spdf Proton ‘shells’ in the atomic nucleus? The charge loops between paired protons and electrons do not "swap" or "hand off" between individual nucleus protons. Conversely do Protons “hand-off” electrons - especially in high Atomic number Elements? Could the individual paired proton-electron paths ever intersect (Knot) or is that impossible short of inside a star or proton / neutron collider?
(c) given the 720deg rotation (2/3 spin) of the electron is "tidally locked" (for lack of a better term) to the Proton, does that 'coupled' proton also "spin" in tandem with its associated electron so it too is “tidally locked”.
(2) The Standard Model shows a Proton with 2 up quarks and 1 down which geometrically forms a triangular plane, a two dimensional object. Great lengths are explored for quarks internal “Color force” (Hawking) and internal rotational subatomic particles (gluons, etc), machinations of the quark triad giving the proton 3 dimensions.
We “know” that ‘higher’ dimensions exist mathematically and in fact many argue that gravity and even time are manifestations of “higher dimensional planes” invisible to the humans senses and beyond our technological assisted detections. What if there exists another subatomic quark; a “Dark Matter” quark that is in a “higher” dimensional plane/existence.
If there is an additional quark-like particle the internal structure of the Proton would become an Isosceles Pyramid - one of the geometrically strongest plutonic solids. The additional “dark matter” subatomic particles composing the Proton interior the continuous instantaneous manifestations interactions between quarks in our and the ‘higher’ dimensional planes; Our standard model subatomic particles “frozen in time” during experimental collisions.
I propose not only the Proton has a “dark” matter Quark additional to the standard UUD, the Neutron has two (2) “dark Matter quarks” forming a plutonic solid Isosceles “diamond”.
Furthermore, I propose, given neutrons “decay” to a Proton and an electron the “dark matter quark” is transformed into an orbital electron “Paired” to the Proton derived from the decayed Neutron. Furthermore, the difference between a Orbital Electron, a “Free Electron” and a photon is dependent on the ‘dark matter quark” yet-to-be determined physics that encompasses the Higgs Boson/ Mass assignments and the changes of mass to a photon as it changes frequency thru the electromagnetic spectrum from Speed of Causality to speed of light ‘C’. Maybe there’s a lot more to the “M”ass and “E”nergy in E = M x C2 involving additional dimensions only perceivable thru mathematics that has yet to be discovered. Sadly beyond my kin - as I am not a theoretical or experimental physicist, hence my questions.
Nice explanation
Interesting way of explaining electron volts
The exercise of figuring out protons is frustrated by the fact that they use electrons to probe protons and they still don't really understand electrons either.
Determining the mass of an individual quark is by itself a rather involved topic. As quarks are bound inside hadrons, their masses cannot be measured directly and, at least to my knowledge, their values are inferred from the observed properties of the hadron, being to an extent dependent on the theoretical model used to analyze them. That being said, the "standard" value of the charm quark's mass is indeed larger than the proton's rest mass. However, saying that a charm quark is "larger" than a proton might be somewhat nonsensical. The quarks themselves appear point-like at least as far as current observations go. Their mean charge radius is about an order of magnitude smaller than that of a proton.
5:12 “So all the fondamental quantities are conserved”. In fact energy is NOT conserved, but it’s ok as far as this happens within the limits of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Yes that is true. Thanks for the correction.
No! This is a common misinterpretation of the energy time uncertainty.
The usual setting in which you derive this relation is non-relativistic QM and there time is not an observable that happens to fail to commute with the Hamiltonian. Instead you _define_ delta t as related to a time change of another observable. That leads to the interpretation that delta t is the time the expected value of an observable needs to change by a standard deviation.
See e.g. Griffiths, for a detailed explanation.
I don't think I have heard this description before but it has been a couple of years since I dis particle physics. I had a look through Griffith's particle physics textbook and didn't see this description. Do you know what chapter it is in?
@@ScienceDiscussed He does it in his book on quantum mechanincs. I can't remember the chapter, but he derives what he calls the "generalized Ehrenfest theorem" and then applies it to a general operator to arrive at the energy time uncertainty. If you Ctrl+F for Ehrenfest or look for topics with uncertainty in the name you'll probably find it :)
I deeply hate we still use the incorrect model in circuits. When I try to use it I can't help but think "it's the other way around though...". Damn!!
Yea but muh convention Lmao
I think there's an ontological issue here. Physicists are in knots because they're putting the cart before the horse. That is, first they said 'a proton is an indivisible, fundamental object'. Ok no it turns out a proton appears to be synonymous with 3 quarks. So now we have to retain our old model and think of quarks 'inside' a proton instead of just saying a proton is 3 quarks. But then it gets worse because come discovery of the charm quarks, whose mass is utterly outside the range physicists were comfortable with in their definition of the proton. To me it makes sense to say, a proton is the name which refers to two possible collections of subatomic particles, and then define a proton solely against the role it plays within an atom, and not against its constituents.
I find this totally fascinating. At the end of the day I think what is real will depend upon how you look at it. I think physicists have fooled themselves by saying the speed o light is a constant and therefore there is no need to wonder how or why that is. To my thinking the core to the what the Proton is centrex around the speed of lighthearted energy in the Proton is operating at light speed, and what is seen at the light speed barrier should also be seen in the Proton. Energy approaching the speed of light requires exponentially more energy to be applies to it, so the speed of light is a function well below light speed. What is going on? I put it to you that physics is viewing the Proton inside out. You’re happy to say that quarks and other phenomena are contained in side the Proton and have invented Gluons to some how make that happen, when the one Universal phenomenon that can make something be contained is the Field (Higgs Field) that prevents energy from doing that by requiring ever more energy to be applied.
I put it to you that what holds the Proton together isn’t a particle, it is the reaction energy required to contain the quarks energy that appears to be a Gluon particle.
To my thinking a Proton is a hole in the Higgs Field that contains the Matter Energy of the Proton in what ever form that it takes to balance against the Higgs Field, and it is the reaction of the Proton Matter Energy with the Higgs Field, energizing the field, and that energised field that dissipates away from the Proton by the square of the distance to produce what we experience as Gravity. Gravity is the Field Energy Intensity Gradient between the core of Protons and Neutrons, and deep space. Matter energy and other forms of energy deflect off the lowest Higgs Field Energy towards the Highest Higgs Field Energy region. Gravity is not a geometric bending of space so much as it is an Energy Intensity Gradient produced by Matter Energy reacting with the Higgs Field.
I beauty in theories is required then that has got to be a simpler and more beautiful understanding of how Gravity works, tying it together with the Strong Nuclear Force (the Gluons which are quantified reaction energy of the core energy (Quarks etc) that is the Proton. I prefer to believe that the Energy in the Quarks operates at above light speed as it only experiences the restraint field force at its boundary event horizon (Zone).
It’s still mostly the same maths, its just the other way around, and how you choose to think about it.
There is a simple experiment to prove that this is or isn’t true. If True, then matter energy (Protons) accelerated to near the speed of light will be energizing the Higgs Field in its immediate vicinity. So a laser light beam intersecting tangentially the Proton beam of the LHC as it accelerates to 99.999% of the speed of light should be deflected towards the Proton beam flow, and moreso as the beam gains even more speed.
The proton is stationary mass while it's energy would be centered in the speed of light at the Fermat point of cones centered from the graviton 🎾which forms the flat space.
@@solapowsj25 Thanks, Jocelyn. That assumes that a Graviton is a particle sphericalish, and not a shell, as would be the case where the quarks are reacting with a field and specifically in a hole in the field. I contend that energy in the absence of the field can travel faster than light speed, and that is what open string energy bounded by a loop energy field would be doing, operating at above light speed, and that is what keeps the whole energy system in balance. So the Graviton is the reaction energy (strong nuclear force) in the form of a fuzzy shell. So in the instant that you smash a proton and let the quark energy escape, the field energy shell collapses into a spherical energy form which can only be seen as a particle in the collider. This also explains why a single quark can have more energy that the whole proton. When you smash apart the proton to release the quarks (quarks which are continuously sharing energy at above light speed) a quark that carries away the energy that was above light speed will instantaneously appear to be bigger and more massive as that energy slows down to just light speed.
@@williambunting803 Since 1905 there has been not one scrap of evidence that the speed of light is not a constant. Ignorance of one aspect of physics, no matter how profound, does not justify abandoning everything we *_do_* know.
@@davidhoward4715 Hi David. Thanks for the comment. To say that the speed of light is a constant is not a complete statement. Since the announcement that there is a Higgs Field the statement must be, The speed of light is a constant through a vacuum and in the presence of a field. But there is more to it than that, even. It is not just the speed of light it is about the passage of energy through THE field where “light” is the smallest quantum of energy with no mass, is a constant. “Light” has to be a form of electromagnetic energy of various values that moves through the field spontaneously with out requiring more energy to be added to achieve the light speed constant. The fact that an energy level of a Proton will not spontaneously achieve light speed starts to add parameters to the relationship of the field to energy within it. The fact that the Field makes an impenetrable barrier to the passage of energy immersed in it makes the case for considering that particle energy exists in the absence of the field of more accurately in holes in the field just as oil in an emulsion exists in holes in the water and surface tension provides the stability to the state. So in the energy balance of the Universe matter energy is contained in the field as a kind of energy emulsion of dynamic energy (open string energy) contained and restrained by a static energy (closed loop string energy) which acts exactly as is observed in accelerating Protons to near light speed, a huge amount of energy is absorbed to restrain it. The only reason why Protons would just disintegrate would be where the dynamic energy inside the field “shell” is operating above light speed and cannot penetrate the energy reaction zone between the matter dynamic energy and the field. That reaction zone is the Strong Nuclear Force. As the reaction force is a constant (the speed of light) proton size can be constant but the energy within it can vary as the operating energy speed inside can have a variety of stable values.
You are not throwing out constants, and all of the observed and measured physics, even most of the maths, is the same, we are just adding a better understanding of the nature of Protons and Neutrons in their stable (pre destroyed) condition, and doing this is a way that explains the origin of Gravity.
That's not how any of this works. If you're going to ignore the century of measurements it took us to get to this point, including the vast set you're unaware of, and replace everything with your own Marvel physics, that's fine, go for it. But please stop using existing field and particle names. You have made up your own version of reality (along with rules that do not exist) so by all means, make up proper names for your constituent parts. You'll probably have more fun and it will probably be less painful to read. Best luck!
I had a thought experiment💭 "What if black holes are like grand Recycling machines ♻️ of the Cosmo's. (Maybe on the other end of a black hole 🕳️ Is another big bang?) ♻️" So just like some systems with-in nature has a balancing act and abilities to convert and transfer energy. Like a ecosystem that keeps cycling flow so natural systems can function.. *(I'm not saying this could go on forever. Just a hypothetical thought where I thought of a balancing functional system that probably has a limit beyond anything we can ever grasp what it could be with our current perspective?) It's like asking someone to describe the outside of the box, if they are in the box, and the edge of the box rests past the limit of the observable distance that light can travel before hitting a boundary point. It would be pretty darn hard to explain what the outside of that box might be like? Ya know? I don't know? I just happen to think of and imagine how the ecosystem of a forest flourishes due to its symbiotic relationship with Fungi and mold and mycelium. With the help of the fungi the Forest no longer suffocates itself. The Fungi gets to help breakdown and convert the carbon thats locked away in the forest floor through these tube like strings throughout the soil. On top of that it works together with the living plants roots to help them breakdown and absorb nutrients. That plant cant function on its own without the combination of the relationship of the 2 forces of nature that keep the ecosystem functioning. A part of me can't help but look at parts of space like that. Like if certain things in nature work here, then maybe there is a new way we have yet to discover and see how they behave to keep systems functioning throughout nature and space. Some things we are limited to what perspective we can achieve and utilize for further observations but we can still use our imaginations. Then fine tune things from there 👍🏼
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~{Hypothetical idea}~
What if our universe is 1 half of a sorta ying yang ☯️ universe where there's a membrane layer in-between 2 layers. Quantum fields could be entangled with that membrane layer. Which allows for quantum particles to pop in and out of existence and decay from that membrane with the other half. The 2nd half could be our universe but maybe be an anti-universe. Where anti-particles go? Where the anti-matter can create this balancing act with-in the system. (It doesn't mean there is multiple versions of ourselves and all that stuff when people talk about a multiverse. No, not that.) It just seems like a natural way to balance things out, yet also describe the fluctuations we see in quantum mechanics. I just had a random daydream thought and obviously I hope more professional people's minds end up diving into this sorta possible theoretical physics. I think Neil Turok had a similar theory.
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I'm curious if there's more to learn about Gravity ~When it comes to our perspective on observing the Massive scale parts of the Cosmos? Like Entire galaxies/nebula's/filaments & any other diversely complex grand scale objects. They definitely have all sorts of behaviors interacting with-in them. I'm sure those factors need to be improved with how we factor them in to get our calculations of this layer of the Cosmos more accurately accounted for (Maybe it's just "we don't fully understand it yet?")
Thank you for this eye opening, very nice, validating presentation. I teach children quantum physics and can include this video.
Glad you enjoyed it. I hope it helps motivate the children to learn more about physics and science in general.
@@ScienceDiscussed Yes, it shall. I am linking your video in the follow up minutes of yesterday's classroom discussion mentioning your kind words :)
You hit some key points in what I believe is the correct perspective. We have a bias perspective. Viewing stuff as solid matter made of particles is an illusion. Our reality is energy in waveforms. Our ability to see light is due to the differential expansion of matter (radial) and space (spherical). In effect, matter exists in successive positions of radial expansion @c. Within space that is expanding spherically @c. So the function of the proton system is to resist expanding in 3 dimensions whilst it radiates into future positions of quantum expansion. Let's call it the Higgs Tornado. It functions by completing one self referential orbit (Planck Time) as it radiated one Planck Length. This is the basis of the universal constant. So the Higgs Tornados are expanding from a direction of s singularity and existing by a sort of inverted Fibonacci spiral. As they radiate within a spherically expanding space, they maintain their constant. And this Planck size unit is the fine wavelength of the Spacetime matrix. The Higgs Tornados act as if they are gimballed and are always oriented away from the source of expansion...but they create a surrounding field of positive charge. This omnidirectional field (proton/neutron system) is allowing co-moving Higgs Tornados to be able to interact with neighbors without regard to the internal trajectory of the gimballed internal Higgs orientation. In turn, the proton/neutron system is generating an electric field around it. As the proton neutron interact in geometric ways they can vary charge produced. Also external charge or magnetism can vary internal arrangements. Our particle theories are rough simulations of these successive functions of a cycling Higgs Tornado.
Suggestion that: Neutrons are an Unstable form of Protons.
"Free neutrons are unstable, decaying to a proton, electron, and an anti neutrino under 15 minutes." Wiki - Neutron.
We know that there are ways that a proton and electron become a neutron, OR a neutron decays to a proton and electron.
Beta minus decay of neutron = proton, electron, and an anti neutrino.
Beta plus decay of proton = neutron, positron, and a neutrino.
Electron Capture, the nucleus absorbs an electron, and one proton changes to a neutron and emits a neutrino.
Neutron Star: "Under extraordinary conditions protons do stick to electrons. High pressure in neutron stars forces electrons and protons to form neutrons. Then neutrons decay to form protons and electrons which in turn form an atom of hydrogen. - "Why don't protons stick to electron?" Science Notes Org.
Hydrogen atom is a proton plus an electron.
Virtually all protons were made in the Big Bang; but neutrons can be made easily now through the processes above.
So how can electrons exist in a nucleus?
"Electrons in the atom do enter the nucleus. Electrons in S state tend to peak at the nucleus." Christopher Baird / Science Q.
We know electrons will only react with a proton in the nucleus via electron capture. Otherwise the electron and proton do not interact with each other.
DRAWING: Shows proton plus electron = neutron.
Neutron Electrical Properties. This study could support the idea of Composite Neutron with electron on the outside of proton.
"Using precise data recently gathered at three different laboratories and some new theoretical tools, Gerald A. Miller, a UW physics professor, has found that the neutron has a negative charge both in its inner core and its outer edge, with a positive charge sandwiched in between to make the particle electrically neutral."
www.washington.edu/news/2007/09/17/research-overturns-accepted-notion-of-neutrons-electrical-properties/#:~:text=Miller%2C%20a%20UW%20physics%20professor,make%20the%20particle%20electrically%20neutral.
(My further suggestion is that perhaps the proton itself may be a composite of one electron and two positrons.)
This post about neutrons, fits the rest of my related ideas.
Here is a summary: Singularity of photons (eternal and outside space/time) in Big Bang, creates electron - positron pairs, proton - anti proton pairs, and neutrino-anti neutrino pairs; through pair conversion.
Then those particles through different combinations created everything else.
Note proton plus electron = neutron,
but also
Anti proton plus positron = neutron!
Thoughts; Building atoms on electrons and protons made in pair conversion, seems more likely than building neutrons from scratch in a separate unrelated way.
I don't think leptons are "Particles" in the way we normally think of particles. I think they are just fluctuations in the quantum field. And "Gravity" is just a property that describes how the fluctuation affects the curvature of the field. And curvature of the field creates an effect that we see as momentum. All these things are just properties in the system that maintains the field. I think we are really just perceiving the operation of the field interactions. Of course that ultimately means all matter is just field fluctuations but I think that's what it is.
Yes! Glad to hear someone else believes this. It's the only explanation that makes sense to me.
I just found your channel and immediately subscribed. Thanks for the video.
Awesome, thank you!
Thank you. Put aside fusion. Understanding the binding energy of quarks and how they interact with virtual particles is a prerequisite to understanding fusion. We have tons of guesses. Empirical evidence in the required regimes is tough to come by and expensive.
We got rid of the electric current problem by referring to *"holes, the absence of an electron"* moving in the direction of current flow.
That only applies to current inside a semi conductor.
Quasi particles are an interesting topic.
New favorite channel
Glad you like it.
@@ScienceDiscussedYou’re just another cleric of baseless scientific consensus please don’t feel proud of yourself
So the next time someone says, "The science is settled", keep walking.
Science can be settled without being unalterable.
Perhaps some fundamental assumptions are wrong. The only meaningful observation I can make about a proton is that it is a discontinuity in the vibrational media that surrounds it. It is, perhaps, it’s lack of transparency to these waves that accounts for mass. That would imply that mass is a function of wave pressure (displacement or ‘scaler’ wave) from all other protons in range of communication (how fast is gravity? If infinite then the tension between all “matter” (protons) in the universe is the force of gravity). If finite, then there would be a way to measure signal latency and mass would be a variable function of locality - no mass without motion. In this model it should not be surprising that differing harmonics (different “collision” energies) create different vibrational modes in the media which we then misinterpret as transient sub-atomic particles.
4:30 You know how we consider light a point or a ray depending on what we are discussing when light is ALWAYS an expanding spherical wave front, and that the “ray” is merely the result of an interference pattern caused by multiple wavefronts?
What if the “sea of gluons” is really just the result of a self-contained interference pattern of superimposed “particles” that are really just multiple wavefronts interacting with each other to keep themselves mutually self-contained?
The obstacle that makes particle fizzix so difficult is our false assumption that we have isolated something and can now analyze it. There is no separating any normal matter from the medium of the galaxy, which is the source of energy that imbalances every equation, and unexplained spurious particles in every collision.
Try seeing it more as interference of excitations than as creation and annihilation of particles. A sea of waves will occasionally throw you quite a peak. Heard that elsewhere.
I'm glad I'm not still at school. Kids are taught about quarks. It was hard enough to visualise protons and neutrons and electrons. I just couldn't accept those stick and ball models. Now you've got all these sub particles to contend with. Exam answers must be changing every year.
You don't really start looking into these particles in any real detail until you are at the end of a Bachelors degree or in Masters. So the school children will be saved... for now :P
@@ScienceDiscussed
Might be different in UK. Looked at a physics key facts book a few years and quarks were mentioned quite a lot . I was concerned then and even more concerned now. You've got to accept a lot on trust to get on in science at school. A lot of atomic physics did not ring right to me in the 70s but obviously I had nowhere near the knowledge to question anything.
4:20 "It appears Nature doesn't like to make things simple."
Forgive my uneducated question, but im going to ask anyway. When you add so much energy into the proton while smashing, wouldn't it be normal to expect more particles to follow conservation of energy when energy and mass are essentially interchangeable?
I have never imagined that protons were anything but a mystery item. That they would have all those quarks in different positions was like unthinkable to me. So I guess I was kinda right.
How do they get this image , is it from taking a photo at collision or from accelerating electrons to get a higher end microscope ? What makes the footage so accurate ?
An electron is not a particle, a proton is not a particle, a neutron is not a particle. It's all frozen light, pure energy that doesn't dissipate. How does that happen?
This was expected and hoped for by me. I truly hope that we, one day would uncover that the the masses of fundamental particles are statistocal averages of other particles.
L Susskind talking about proton "the only thing we know about proton is that there is an electrical charge in a particular spacial coordinate within à radius, and this is what we call proton".
And something weird "there is no obvious difference between a particule and a black hole".
Smaching together particules at c, is an endless story, there is an infinite potential division in a finite space, what is statisticaly detected could be everything or nothing.
What is, has been or will be detected during these energetic colisions are only statisticaly measured, indirectly observed, and highly chalenging.
Instead of looking for smallest particule, looking for division organisation and rethinking the model should be more efficient.
Nothing of the sort is mine, only physicists.
if you're up on the latest on the QED scene; you should be really cautious about citing Feynman!
But if protons sometimes are much larger than average, does that tie in or in any way contribute to the inherent instability of larger atom nuclei?
Is an event where in a proton a charm/anti-charm pair materialize the trigger of decay?
I dont think so because decays are mostly through weak interactions.
It's not that they were all wrong, they just got more right.
Exactly what I was looking to get my answers, amazing, wow.
subed
hope you'll reach a million subscribers
A really good paper from Japan explained that protons have shells around them like electrons. The odd thing about protons, for me, is that two ions can replace them in some models. Does that mean they are made of ions? Let me demonstrate, using Pair Production. With PP, physicists claim they have created matter from energy, but that is not at all accurate. The PP experiment requires a very powerful laser like a Triton, and it needs (drumroll....) a proton rich metal like lead, uranium etc. That is your first clue that something is off. When the laser photons hit the metal, an electron and proton are produced. BUT, there are many models that show an electron exists within the photon (!!!), in a special setup where it is attached to a monopole tail which itself is attached to a anti-electron aka a positron. Some models, however, claim it is not a positron but two protons, or two ions. So the electron is just exchanged in the metal, whereas the positron was smashed, with the metal absorbing one proton and spitting out another giving the illusion of Pair Production when in fact all you accomplished was spallation of the photon and liberation of the constituent particles. No - an electron is not more massive than a photon, it is actually much smaller and its subatomic particles are smeared out so the photon doesn't register much force when it is measured. BUT, in every single experiment, some force is registered! Which means that the photon does in fact have matter in it! This matters (pun intended), because Doppler Red Shift is thus an illusion at Cosmic Scales, and photons from distant galaxies are slowing down because the matter inside of them is being tugged on by the background Einstein-Bose Condensate it passes through. We need to keep studying the proton to understand how it relates to ions, positrons and quarks.
What is this paper titled
please tell me
@@maalikserebryakov Dmitri Ivanenko and E. Gapon proposed the first Nuclear Shell model in 1932. This model was further developed by Eugene Paul Wigner, J. Hans, D. Jensen, and Maria Goeppert Mayer in the year 1949. In 1989, Shell Effects were discovered in protons (Shell effects in nuclear fission by fast protons (Paper No. P20)) and throughout the 90s various papers substantiated this. I'm sorry I can't remember specifics, but it's been 25 years. Proton shells have recently been studied to find out what contributes to proton spin. IS it the three valence quarks: two up quarks of charge + 23e and one down quark of charge − 13e? Or do the gluons have something to do with it?
do you think gravitation is intricately connected to atoms??
The Irony of saying we were wrong about protons flowing in electricity then making a claim it is electrons, that is also incorrect to some extent, what is actually moving is the propagation of the electromagnetic field, for instance in AC circuits the electrons actually vibrate about their original position, it is only in DC circuits you may see a migration of electrons but this is extremely slow.
Protons presumably look like nothing, as opposed to other words, due to the unlikelyhood of shifting electron orbitals to absorb and reemit light.
"Very small, black to transparent."
Subatomic particles are like a mattress infested with bugs. No matter how many times you smack it with a stick, more bugs always pop out.
I still don't undeserved how matter-antimatter pairs of particles arrise and annihilate with one another WITHOUT filling all of spacetime with massive, easily measurable, amounts of gamma radiation.
I also thought this problem was confined to theories about the Vacuum Energy Density. But now the question of 'where's all the gamma radiation?" extends into theories about protons too.
So...answers anyone...Buhler?
a positive charge is just a negative charge in two diffrent directions intersecting
Particles don't pop in and out of existence. They don't "disappear" they go into (onto?) a different dimension which We can't observe with out 3D based technology
Do you have a source to back that up sounds interesting
in particle physics larger mass particles usually means smaller in dimensions, more condensed energy.