When I was a kid in the 2000s every single book on dinosaurs told me “we will never know what color dinosaurs were” I had that baked into my brain forever. Science is amazing
Totally my thought! I was like, should I link to this video in the Kurtzgesagt video? Funny when two of my favorite channels disagree with each other so soon behind each other.
That's... that's not what the Kurzgesagt video was saying at all. Or at least not what I got from it. It was more "we've found some tantalizing tidbits, but they're just tidbits and the picture they paint is woefully incomplete."
yeah Kurzgesagt is not entirely wrong, but the way they talked about how we don't know anything about how dinosaurs looked like and how if we applied the same logic to modern animals they would looke like crazy monsters is a huge misrepresentation of the hard work of paleontologists.
@Lilith does stuff yeah, i haven't watched the Kurzgetsat video yet, but from what i can gather here they basically said something in the video like that one tought experiment That experiment was like, aliens came back to earth and found some animal fossils, then they reconstructed them as weird ass creatures nothing like the originals And that happened irl, with the scaly dinos that basically just look like big lizards or kangaroos, but now that science has evolved our knowledge has too. So yeah we could still be far off on some dinos, but to me it seems like they're pretty realistic rn, we have evidence of feathers and skin impressions, we know how some of them acted, we even have a bit of color Dinos are still commonly imagined as those scaly monstrosities because of jurassic park and some other movies that got very famous (i'm not gonna blame them, the movie was somewhat accurate to the time's knowledge but even then they ignored some findings) but if you look at paleonthology a bit and actual paleoart, you'll see they look pretty realistic to me, like an actual animal that could exist, not like those weird skinny, smooth reconstructions of the tought experiment i mentioned, or the outdated dino reconstructions Cause you also gotta think about the earth as a whole, would that animal be living in a hot climate 1000s of years ago? Was there a lot of food? I don't really know how scientists find that sorta stuff about the past habitats, but using what we know we can make them even more realistic Back to that experiment i mentioned again, in one of the pics i've seen the aliens reconstruct geese as skinny, flightless and flesh colored, but if you look at their habitats irl that makes 0 sense So, i don't even remember what my point was at the start of writing this lmao, but if the aliens from the experiment studied more about the earth, the animal's habitats, found skin and feather impressions, and just got more advanced paleonthology overall they could probably reconstruct earth's animals pretty closely
@@max_punch completely unrelated but a youtuber known as cree8ball imagines those future paleontologists as dolphins that evolved sapience after the fall of man. Honestly, I think this is a funny image and that we should along with it for shits and giggles.
@@iHandleEasily Next week in Scihow. "Evidence for glowing dinosaurs?" Bioluminescence is often a symbiosis between bacteria and its host. Bacteria tend to leave traces of their existence or fossilize with its host so I would argue that it's actually easier to find back evidence of bioluminescence in dinosaurs. Maybe they even find a long extinct bioluminescence strain (fantasizing here) Let's hope they didn't investigate it yet as the alternative would be they did but haven't found anything. A glowing T'rex would still be on the table 😂
Can we just stop and talk about the iridescent four-winged crows with teeth, aka the microraptors? Because I feel like that point has been glossed over. A dinosaur capable of powered flight distinct from lineage of modern birds, with flight-adapted feathers on fore and hind limbs, talons on both, and a long bony tail? And now we're also learning that they had bluish-black shiny feathers? I'm not complaining, mind. It's just that if you showed me an up-to-date reproduction of what that creature looked like, I'd ask you what fantasy novel this is an illustration for.
There are plenty of very detailed microraptor fossils that have been unearthed if you're having a hard time believing it. Can't vouch for the colors, but the bizarre physiology is/was real.
10 years from now at your Chevrolet Dealer: You want your new all-electric Brontosaurus in the original greenish-yellow, or perhaps a Pterodactyl Red and White?
That fossil octopus ink thing blows my mind, bro. Stuff like that turns creatures made of stone into flesh and blood animals (for me, at least). It's just so cool.
7:27 Hey that's what I do for a living! Not the part about getting our samples from fossils, but the vast majority of the testing I do uses HPLC. Though we use much more modern systems that only vaguely resemble the one in that photo.
I learned two things from this. 1) Possibly more accurately colored depictions of dinosaurs are on their way. Awesome! 2) 7:15 Flamingo's nose holes, go straight through.
Paleontology is so interesting, I like to imagine evolutionary biologists in a round table throwing ideas about how birds started flying based on a feather stamp on a rock. It's fascinating!
Actually, it came from their skeletons (along with their feathers). They noticed that the earliest feathered dinosaurs didn't have the necessary bone structure to support strong enough muscles for powered flight. So they concluded that, using their claws, they would climb up and glide from tree to tree as a mode of getting around much faster and more efficiently to find more sources of food, or to even escape from predators. And the evolution of flight proceeded from there. Pretty cool stuff! I only know this from always watching the latest documentaries, thanks to my inner geek's childhood obsession with these most fascinating creatures, haha.
Hell, I’d take one as a pet today. Creating something very similar will probably be doable in a decade or two with the way biological science and genetic engineering is progressing.😀
Aren't microraptors the dinos in the first scene of the book? Where they break into the nursery of this house and get into the baby's crib and uh... yeah. I think those were microraptors. I'd personally want something more horrifying like that in a JP movie, instead of a microraptor on a leash. (Though a tiny raptor with a studded collar WOULD be, like, the coolest thing ever.)
@@invertacreator5865 I kinda agree. But… it does make sense to have the lizard skin considering that being chased by a feathery dinosaur would be slightly less terrifying (not saying that it isn’t absolutely terrifying either way)
i saw a video talking about how t. rex likely didn’t have feathers, or at least only had a few small tufts here and there. but anyways my point is how it’s not accurate for allll dinosaurs to have feathers
". . . inside brachiopods, which are hard-shelled molluscs. . ." No they are not. Brachiopoda is a phylum, as is Mollusca. Brachiopods and molluscs are in entirely separate phyla, i.e. extant species are separated by 500 million years of evolution. Modern humans are more closely related to all extant bird species than extant brachiopods are to extant molluscs.
For a scientific audience, YES ABSOLUTELY GO OFF! However, for the layman audience SciShow is designed to reach, the layman's definition of 'mollusc' is probably the closest in morphology, the most common descriptor in layman's science. Not that I think your comment is invalid-just the opposite! This would have been ripe for a fact bar or annotation, even considering the format! I just understand it's a lot easier for the uninformed layman to think 'oh, it's weird like snails and clams and octopi' than trying to understand the still-debated science of exact clades and nomenclature.
How old was that HPLC?!?! 🤣 I'm a chemist in the pharmaceutical industry. That PC is more than 30 years old, I think. The separation columns these days are 5 to 15cm long, and a lot narrower than that. That was older looking than what I remember using when I first graduated 24 years ago!
I'm a chemistry student and we have ones like that in the teaching labs. We do have a newer one but I never used it and I almost forgot about it until I read your comment.
My undergrad teaching labs had a IR spectrometer from the early 60s (it was a scanning IR, not FTIR!!!) and an ICP that used a DOS computer. So that HPLC looks pretty young
There is some industrial equipment that has to use older computers because the controlling software isn’t compatible with newer operating systems and no one is writing software for these very uncommon, but extremely expensive, nearly irreplaceable machines anymore. It wouldn’t surprise me in the least if uncommon but expensive laboratory equipment was often in the same boat.
@@loganthesaint ethanol is a toxin and the metabolism thereof creates more dangerous aldehydes. In large doses or over time, this causes inflammation, fat deposits in the liver, and scar tissue formation.
Thank you for your emphasis on reminding us that SCIENCE is always, all ways, a work in progress. When something is deemed "scientifically correct", there is room for error, changes, mistakes, and failure. We humans want to be right, but sometimes we simply aren't. Good show Hank. What's next!!??
To be fair, some of them might have been since there's no reason to assume that green wasn't part of their color palette, because there are plenty of bright green birds today.
Porphyrins are also found in heme. Y'know, the main component of hemoglobin - in this case, red (iron) (blood red) A really interesting disease is called "porphyria" - when porphyrins get chaotic - somehow might have given birth to vampire legends.
I'm surprised the males don't turn out brightly coloured and ornamented while females are camouflaged, like a lot of modern-day birds. After all, birds are a type of dinosaur.
you know, even if the findings about the melanosomes are wrong and it was actually bacteria, isn't it weird that it implied patterns that makes complete sense when you compare to modern animals ? it would be a huge coincidence that fossilized bacteria is spread out in a way that makes a predictable pattern that is so similar to modern animals colors.
@@SevCaswell that probably depends on unanswerable questions about if they practiced parental care, because if parents protected their young from predators, then it's entirely possible they could reach adult size. It's also worth saying that while albinism tends not to be successful leucism can actually provide advantages in certain environments, and most people can't tell the difference.
It's incredible that we know anything at all about eons past, and the vast majority of life and diversity is gone without a trace. We're peering at a masterpiece through a pinhole.
7:50 I do ramen spectroscopy a few times per week at home: I pour in some water and dump in the flavor packets, then set my microwave to high at around 2 minutes. Hey presto, I have ramen.
This is literally my favorite channel and for so long I was just getting videos from years ago in my feed, it makes me so happy to see that they’re still giving out some of the coolest information for free online
@@mikado_m He said "butterflies from the Jurassic" or thereabouts. Butterflies did not EXIST until the Cretaceous, so "Jurassic moths" would have been more appropriate.
This is one of the best SciShow episodes I've seen. A lot of these episodes tend to make a lot out of some small thing, but I really appreciate the sheer number of methods for determining color that were all crammed into this video. It's really interesting stuff, and honestly quite encouraging to see how many different novel ways people are looking at this one topic.
I remember being told as a kid in school that nothing new could be learned in the field of paleontology because everything that we will find is already fossilized. That teacher got fired a few years later but it is really good to see such huge leaps in paleontological study.
These colors actually offer possible color-sets. Depending on the variety of fossil we are looking at, we can examine current analagous structures, and map on the pigment, what it would look like with structural keratin, and what either might look like when combined with more fragile pigments we find in animals today. Instead of limiting ourselves to strictly the chemical color, we can actually develop possibility sets!
I’m not exactly sure where the Dorset coast begins and ends from a palaeontology perspective but the photo shown to depict it is showing the Dover coastline (chalk from diatoms) not Dorset where the cliffs are brown and laden with large fossils.
. . . and, on the subject of color (kind of), I'd like to say thanks for changing to this style of green screen. It still seems to fade in and out in random areas, but it doesn't mess with my eyes nearly as bad as that grid.
Wrt the ankylosaur countershading: Could it be a trait first evolved in some more vulnerable ancestor? Afterall, the trait wouldn't seem to offer much of a disadvantage, right? So, no particular reason for it to be selected against once it evolved?
can you do a episode on brushing your hair a hundred times a day. people tell me i should do it but i want to know if it actually does anything and what the science behind the answer is?
Wow kurzgesagt does a video on how we don't know how dinos looked like and only have hints SciShow: i don't wanna say you're wrong but you leave me no choice
They even mention some of the same examples wehere we do know something about their colors. It's amazing how related content is released at the same time again and again XD
I recall Kurzgesagt saying in their video that we can get some pretty good info on how dinosaurs may have looked, in particular I recall them refering to the stripped tail. Mostly I think they were talking about soft tissues that may not be preserved as well. So while we can get some ideas about color, we may miss that a dinosaur had something like a trunk or other soft tissue-only appendage. This is why the exact methods dinosaurs used to conduct their nasty in the pasty has been debated.
That Morpho peleides in the explanation of structural color is literally the same reference photo I used for my first tattoo, and ten years later when I got it refreshed to match the rest of the genus another artist is tattooing on my back.
Discoveries about colour are also happening in creatures from over 500 million years ago found in the Burgess Shale. Marrella splendens had structures consistent with having an iridescent sheen. Also, they found blood squeezed out around the specimens that is copper based instead of iron based, meaning that they had bright blue blood instead of red, like a horseshoe crab.
I've found that very soon after Kurzgesagt uploads, SciShow often uploads a video on the same topic. I'm curious if it's something they discuss together in advance, or a convenient way to pitch-in on the same topic while it's trendy, or just coincidence?
My kindergarten teacher told me I could color my Dinos whatever color I wanted because no one is sure what color they were... So I made them into rainbows
4:40 lol But it is interesting. And probably there is also a difference in hue in the same species, just as we see in the present world. That means that when a certain animal has a certain color, you can find many different color tones. I have some wild mice. The color range is from very dark brown to very light brown. And some are even grayish to blackish. Anyway, fossils are amazing. It gives us such a good insight of what the world might have looked like millions of years ago! EDIT: Ow, Hank says the same thing here. 10:40
10:06 i would day either way paint then how you know until you find otherwise, and to not overthink the possibilities. If stars align, they align. But never stop wondering how accurate.
With better information on dino coloration, it makes me wonder when feathered raptors become more and more maintstream, they at some point accidentally get called 'raptors of paradise'.
You can see structural color in some plants too. The berries of pollia condensata and the leaves of the pavonina begonia are some of my favorite examples. Gorgeous holo blue on the berries and a beautiful hidden blue shimmer on the begonia. I think the silver limbo begonia might be structural too. Metallic shiny silver leaves.
9:57 Like the Polar Bear, for example. The pigment of his skin is black/dark. They have dark skin, but with a white fur. Maybe a future paleonthologist that found a poler bear fossil would think they were black because of black pigment and theorize it was used for heat or for camouflage with trees. But, in fact, although the heat explanation may be right, the camouflage is not, since there are not much black trees in the North Pole. Of course, polar bears are almost completely white because of it's fur and it camouflages with the snow.
![АЛАУДИНОВ у Скабеевой: эти их ВСУ нас НЕ ДОГОНЯТ 😁 [Пародия]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/an0anqU4WGQ/mqdefault.jpg)
When I was a kid in the 2000s every single book on dinosaurs told me “we will never know what color dinosaurs were” I had that baked into my brain forever. Science is amazing
Just like every math teacher insisted we couldn't possibly have a calculator with us at all times...
Me too.
Yeah they really loved to drill that one in for some reason huh
@@PhailRaptor 😭
Whenever there is science that is disappointing, hundreds of children grow up every year to become scientists trying to challenge that truth.
Kurzgesagt: "We'll never know what dinosaurs really looked like, aside from just their bone structure."
SciShow: "ACTUALLY...."
Totally my thought! I was like, should I link to this video in the Kurtzgesagt video? Funny when two of my favorite channels disagree with each other so soon behind each other.
That's... that's not what the Kurzgesagt video was saying at all. Or at least not what I got from it. It was more "we've found some tantalizing tidbits, but they're just tidbits and the picture they paint is woefully incomplete."
yeah Kurzgesagt is not entirely wrong, but the way they talked about how we don't know anything about how dinosaurs looked like and how if we applied the same logic to modern animals they would looke like crazy monsters is a huge misrepresentation of the hard work of paleontologists.
@Lilith does stuff yeah, i haven't watched the Kurzgetsat video yet, but from what i can gather here they basically said something in the video like that one tought experiment
That experiment was like, aliens came back to earth and found some animal fossils, then they reconstructed them as weird ass creatures nothing like the originals
And that happened irl, with the scaly dinos that basically just look like big lizards or kangaroos, but now that science has evolved our knowledge has too. So yeah we could still be far off on some dinos, but to me it seems like they're pretty realistic rn, we have evidence of feathers and skin impressions, we know how some of them acted, we even have a bit of color
Dinos are still commonly imagined as those scaly monstrosities because of jurassic park and some other movies that got very famous (i'm not gonna blame them, the movie was somewhat accurate to the time's knowledge but even then they ignored some findings) but if you look at paleonthology a bit and actual paleoart, you'll see they look pretty realistic to me, like an actual animal that could exist, not like those weird skinny, smooth reconstructions of the tought experiment i mentioned, or the outdated dino reconstructions
Cause you also gotta think about the earth as a whole, would that animal be living in a hot climate 1000s of years ago? Was there a lot of food? I don't really know how scientists find that sorta stuff about the past habitats, but using what we know we can make them even more realistic
Back to that experiment i mentioned again, in one of the pics i've seen the aliens reconstruct geese as skinny, flightless and flesh colored, but if you look at their habitats irl that makes 0 sense
So, i don't even remember what my point was at the start of writing this lmao, but if the aliens from the experiment studied more about the earth, the animal's habitats, found skin and feather impressions, and just got more advanced paleonthology overall they could probably reconstruct earth's animals pretty closely
@@max_punch completely unrelated but a youtuber known as cree8ball imagines those future paleontologists as dolphins that evolved sapience after the fall of man. Honestly, I think this is a funny image and that we should along with it for shits and giggles.
"Thirdly, there is bioluminescence, but we're not going to talk about that"
Me: *looks disappointed" ahwww....
No glowing t-rex I guess. Would be cool though.
@@iHandleEasily Next week in Scihow. "Evidence for glowing dinosaurs?"
Bioluminescence is often a symbiosis between bacteria and its host. Bacteria tend to leave traces of their existence or fossilize with its host so I would argue that it's actually easier to find back evidence of bioluminescence in dinosaurs. Maybe they even find a long extinct bioluminescence strain (fantasizing here) Let's hope they didn't investigate it yet as the alternative would be they did but haven't found anything. A glowing T'rex would still be on the table 😂
Bioluminescent Dinosaurs!#!!! Do want
Uv refraction too
@@deor8908 yea chameleons have those stuff
The thought of a melanistic or leusistic T.rex is pretty dope. Assuming T.rex wasn't jet black to begin with, but I have a feeling it wasn't.
That’s melanistic
No it's a shiny Trex
@@mugenokami2201 If black happens to be the normal color, it's not melanistic, it's just black.
If melanism is the opposite to albinism, wouldn’t the adjective be melano? Like albino? Or is albinistic also a thing
Considering his size, that's unlikely
Can we just stop and talk about the iridescent four-winged crows with teeth, aka the microraptors? Because I feel like that point has been glossed over. A dinosaur capable of powered flight distinct from lineage of modern birds, with flight-adapted feathers on fore and hind limbs, talons on both, and a long bony tail? And now we're also learning that they had bluish-black shiny feathers? I'm not complaining, mind. It's just that if you showed me an up-to-date reproduction of what that creature looked like, I'd ask you what fantasy novel this is an illustration for.
there is a reason why microraptor is probably one of my favorite dinos
Yi qi cries in the corner...
@@andrewsuryali8540
Don't worry, Trey the Explainer will never let our planet's genuine cockatrice be forgotten.
Microraptor didn't have powered flight
There are plenty of very detailed microraptor fossils that have been unearthed if you're having a hard time believing it. Can't vouch for the colors, but the bizarre physiology is/was real.
10 years from now at your Chevrolet Dealer: You want your new all-electric Brontosaurus in the original greenish-yellow, or perhaps a Pterodactyl Red and White?
Pterosaur*
this is actually a fuckin good idea! patent it before i do!
Good “do androids dream of electric sheep” reference lol
now we know where that rich Corinthian leather came from...
Pterodactylus
That fossil octopus ink thing blows my mind, bro. Stuff like that turns creatures made of stone into flesh and blood animals (for me, at least). It's just so cool.
Maybe it's already been said but at around 8:10 there's a mistake, brachiopods aren't molluscs, they are in their own phylum, Brachiopoda.
I'd been thinking about looking into how paleontologists could figure out the color of an extinct species. The timing of this video is amazing.
Well, Kurzgesagt didn't go into this much detail m.ua-cam.com/video/xaQJbozY_Is/v-deo.html
Imagine a guy in a bar saying he is a PhD in Dinochromatology. The girl, an Astrobiochromatologist, is not impressed.
and next to them is a Furry Gender Studies PhD specializing in gender biases in Chromatology who identifies as all colors of the spectrum.
@@Jake-iw3tl oh stfu dude, why u guys have to ruin everything?
@@Jake-iw3tl how dare people study humans rather than rocks!
@@iamcyber
Show me on this fossil where the funny man touched you
@@spinecho609 "study" More like taint
7:27 Hey that's what I do for a living! Not the part about getting our samples from fossils, but the vast majority of the testing I do uses HPLC. Though we use much more modern systems that only vaguely resemble the one in that photo.
I learned two things from this.
1) Possibly more accurately colored depictions of dinosaurs are on their way. Awesome!
2) 7:15 Flamingo's nose holes, go straight through.
Spam the button for him to say Tinsel Tinsel Tinsel! Let’s Tinsel! Tinsel!
Well now that u pointed the flamingo thing out 😂 I have now gained that piece of knowledge
...I even google searched more beaks because I thought MAYBE it was a trick of the photography but nah-
1:18 Hank, please show us on the doll what bioluminescence said to you.
Paleontology is so interesting, I like to imagine evolutionary biologists in a round table throwing ideas about how birds started flying based on a feather stamp on a rock. It's fascinating!
Wings would help predators running down hills chasing prey
Or stopping you from dying from great heights
Actually, it came from their skeletons (along with their feathers). They noticed that the earliest feathered dinosaurs didn't have the necessary bone structure to support strong enough muscles for powered flight. So they concluded that, using their claws, they would climb up and glide from tree to tree as a mode of getting around much faster and more efficiently to find more sources of food, or to even escape from predators. And the evolution of flight proceeded from there. Pretty cool stuff!
I only know this from always watching the latest documentaries, thanks to my inner geek's childhood obsession with these most fascinating creatures, haha.
@@negative.infinity
Once you get to gliding you get the bigger predator therapods
Striking down from above
Assumption can go a long way with no way of proving it.
@@lasarousi
It happened one way or another
Microraptor is one of my favorite dinosuars. I still wanna see someone having an accurate one as a pet in a Jurassic Park movie.
Didn't they try to create one (I mean a pet like mini dinosaur) by trying to reverse-evolve a chicken?
Eh, I hate microraptors but then I play Ark Survival Evolved and they are one of the most annoying of the small dinosaurs in that game.
@@Psilocybism you mean Jack Horner and the chickenossaurus TedTalk?
Hell, I’d take one as a pet today. Creating something very similar will probably be doable in a decade or two with the way biological science and genetic engineering is progressing.😀
Aren't microraptors the dinos in the first scene of the book? Where they break into the nursery of this house and get into the baby's crib and uh... yeah. I think those were microraptors. I'd personally want something more horrifying like that in a JP movie, instead of a microraptor on a leash. (Though a tiny raptor with a studded collar WOULD be, like, the coolest thing ever.)
It's about time the movie industry gives dinosaurs feathers in dinosaur movies
Jurassic park: does well
Palaeontology: bout to end this teams entire career
Jurassic park: gives dinosaurs feathers
Hardcore fans: wait what!!!
But its ugly >:(
How is feathers ugly, stretched out lizard skin and thin to the bone is fuckin creepy
@@invertacreator5865 I kinda agree. But… it does make sense to have the lizard skin considering that being chased by a feathery dinosaur would be slightly less terrifying (not saying that it isn’t absolutely terrifying either way)
i saw a video talking about how t. rex likely didn’t have feathers, or at least only had a few small tufts here and there. but anyways my point is how it’s not accurate for allll dinosaurs to have feathers
". . . inside brachiopods, which are hard-shelled molluscs. . ." No they are not. Brachiopoda is a phylum, as is Mollusca. Brachiopods and molluscs are in entirely separate phyla, i.e. extant species are separated by 500 million years of evolution. Modern humans are more closely related to all extant bird species than extant brachiopods are to extant molluscs.
For a scientific audience, YES ABSOLUTELY GO OFF! However, for the layman audience SciShow is designed to reach, the layman's definition of 'mollusc' is probably the closest in morphology, the most common descriptor in layman's science.
Not that I think your comment is invalid-just the opposite! This would have been ripe for a fact bar or annotation, even considering the format! I just understand it's a lot easier for the uninformed layman to think 'oh, it's weird like snails and clams and octopi' than trying to understand the still-debated science of exact clades and nomenclature.
Just woke up and I couldn't believe seeing my Microraptor illustration being used for the video's thumbnail. 😂 Thank you SciShow!
How old was that HPLC?!?! 🤣 I'm a chemist in the pharmaceutical industry. That PC is more than 30 years old, I think. The separation columns these days are 5 to 15cm long, and a lot narrower than that. That was older looking than what I remember using when I first graduated 24 years ago!
I'm a chemistry student and we have ones like that in the teaching labs. We do have a newer one but I never used it and I almost forgot about it until I read your comment.
Welcome to academic labs. Mine was older than me
My undergrad teaching labs had a IR spectrometer from the early 60s (it was a scanning IR, not FTIR!!!) and an ICP that used a DOS computer. So that HPLC looks pretty young
Huh, that was the actual equipment used for the study? I'd have expected a mere stock photo, or the like. 🤷♂️
There is some industrial equipment that has to use older computers because the controlling software isn’t compatible with newer operating systems and no one is writing software for these very uncommon, but extremely expensive, nearly irreplaceable machines anymore. It wouldn’t surprise me in the least if uncommon but expensive laboratory equipment was often in the same boat.
New drinking game: When Hank says "for instance" drink a shot. We all get wasted in a few episodes.
Next up, the science of liver cirrhosis
Found John’s youtube account
@@ronmaximilian6953 for instance
@@loganthesaint ethanol is a toxin and the metabolism thereof creates more dangerous aldehydes. In large doses or over time, this causes inflammation, fat deposits in the liver, and scar tissue formation.
Especially if we end up in a "vivid lockdown" again - I'm in!👍
You can tell Hank's a molecular biologist when he explains HPLC like that.
Thank you for your emphasis on reminding us that SCIENCE is always, all ways, a work in progress. When something is deemed "scientifically correct", there is room for error, changes, mistakes, and failure. We humans want to be right, but sometimes we simply aren't. Good show Hank. What's next!!??
"so your telling me that dinosaurs weren't neon green?!"
yup
To be fair, some of them might have been since there's no reason to assume that green wasn't part of their color palette, because there are plenty of bright green birds today.
Porphyrins are also found in heme. Y'know, the main component of hemoglobin - in this case, red (iron) (blood red)
A really interesting disease is called "porphyria" - when porphyrins get chaotic - somehow might have given birth to vampire legends.
I'm surprised the males don't turn out brightly coloured and ornamented while females are camouflaged, like a lot of modern-day birds. After all, birds are a type of dinosaur.
I’d imagine that many were, but other likely were not. Think of hawks compared to parrots.
Brightly coloured is also sometimes relative, think European blackbirds where the males are, well, black with yellow beaks and the females are brown.
Oh heck yeah true visual dinosaur representation!!
You mean proto-birds
More like a chickens family tree
You got me there
you know, even if the findings about the melanosomes are wrong and it was actually bacteria, isn't it weird that it implied patterns that makes complete sense when you compare to modern animals ? it would be a huge coincidence that fossilized bacteria is spread out in a way that makes a predictable pattern that is so similar to modern animals colors.
Could be there was a pattern of some other feature in the skin or feathers, that attracted bacteria only where the feature was.
@@CAMacKenzie like the pigmentation ridges that already existed.
In short, no way to actually know.
@@lasarousi yeah but it could have been different colors
It also could potentially point at melanosomes were originally bacteria, and we had another cell takeover event to get pigments in our cells.
I wonder if there were albino dinos. A big white T rex would look cool.
“Big white trex” is the name of my post punk industrial band. 💁🏻
mostly likely any albino t-rexes would be predated long before they grew up, which is usually what happens to albino animals in the wild.
@@Wallach_a please watch tammy and trex
@@SevCaswell that probably depends on unanswerable questions about if they practiced parental care, because if parents protected their young from predators, then it's entirely possible they could reach adult size.
It's also worth saying that while albinism tends not to be successful leucism can actually provide advantages in certain environments, and most people can't tell the difference.
@@SevCaswell It would have stayed cooler though :-)
It's incredible that we know anything at all about eons past, and the vast majority of life and diversity is gone without a trace. We're peering at a masterpiece through a pinhole.
More monster and creature designs need to be based on the microraptor. Also, is it weird that I think the microraptor would make a cool tattoo?
*looks at all the paleoartists and Paleo enthusiasts with lesser known dinos tattooed* not really
7:50 I do ramen spectroscopy a few times per week at home: I pour in some water and dump in the flavor packets, then set my microwave to high at around 2 minutes. Hey presto, I have ramen.
What? You are supposed to pour the already boiling water on the noodles and after that dump in the flavor packets!!1!
Yep. Me too.
Plot Twist: All dinosaur feathers were bioluminescent but nobody will know for another 100 years.
This is going to end up in "T-rex, donut steel: character sheet", isn't it?
You know it.
Original fursona donut steel
quite possibly. do not underestimate deviantart people.
So that's yet another nail in Jurassic Park's coffin of being retconned by nature... :P
Microraptors are now my favourite dinosaur!!! 🖤
Well, besides my gorgeous canaries! 💛
This is amazing. Makes me want to go into paleontology even more
This is literally my favorite channel and for so long I was just getting videos from years ago in my feed, it makes me so happy to see that they’re still giving out some of the coolest information for free online
Don't forget Psittacosaurus. We know almost the exact coloration.
I enjoy palaeontology. This was excellent. Loads of detail.
More please Hank.✌
Hank, butterflies didn't appear until the Cretaceous at the earliest, and brachiopods aren't molluscs but their own phylum altogether.
Thats not what he said.. he was talking about modern butterflies
@@mikado_m He said "butterflies from the Jurassic" or thereabouts. Butterflies did not EXIST until the Cretaceous, so "Jurassic moths" would have been more appropriate.
@@dweebteambuilderjones7627 oh ye that makes sense
This is amazing. Signed, an older lady who never got over her dinosaur phase.
This is one of the best SciShow episodes I've seen. A lot of these episodes tend to make a lot out of some small thing, but I really appreciate the sheer number of methods for determining color that were all crammed into this video. It's really interesting stuff, and honestly quite encouraging to see how many different novel ways people are looking at this one topic.
I remember being told as a kid in school that nothing new could be learned in the field of paleontology because everything that we will find is already fossilized.
That teacher got fired a few years later but it is really good to see such huge leaps in paleontological study.
These colors actually offer possible color-sets. Depending on the variety of fossil we are looking at, we can examine current analagous structures, and map on the pigment, what it would look like with structural keratin, and what either might look like when combined with more fragile pigments we find in animals today. Instead of limiting ourselves to strictly the chemical color, we can actually develop possibility sets!
Ark players know whats up. Damn those microraptors and their torpidity lol
I’m not exactly sure where the Dorset coast begins and ends from a palaeontology perspective but the photo shown to depict it is showing the Dover coastline (chalk from diatoms) not Dorset where the cliffs are brown and laden with large fossils.
meanwhile non related people see a cliff wall: uuuuuuuuuuuuuh, england!
I believe Hank is referring to the Jurassic Coast that extends beyond Dorset. Still doesn't include the white chalk cliffs of the Dover area though.
. . . and, on the subject of color (kind of), I'd like to say thanks for changing to this style of green screen. It still seems to fade in and out in random areas, but it doesn't mess with my eyes nearly as bad as that grid.
Wrt the ankylosaur countershading:
Could it be a trait first evolved in some more vulnerable ancestor? Afterall, the trait wouldn't seem to offer much of a disadvantage, right? So, no particular reason for it to be selected against once it evolved?
Ankylosaurs still have predators.
8:12 Brachiopods are not mollusks they are their own grouping
watch out guys it’s the mollusk manager
@@jimjimsauce the invertebrate investigator
This idea makes me chuckle. In grade 8 ( back in 1992), I hypothesized this, a little tongue in cheek, for a school project.
Wow
Can we get a part two once Hank recovers? No rush, maybe even wait for 2024 for his health, but I'd love it to be on the to do list!
Damn micro raptors, always knocking me off my tames 🤣👿
can you do a episode on brushing your hair a hundred times a day. people tell me i should do it but i want to know if it actually does anything and what the science behind the answer is?
I love the microraptor! It's so cute!
Love the colourful clothes Hank
Wow kurzgesagt does a video on how we don't know how dinos looked like and only have hints
SciShow: i don't wanna say you're wrong but you leave me no choice
Science burn!
They even mention some of the same examples wehere we do know something about their colors. It's amazing how related content is released at the same time again and again XD
9:26
I recall Kurzgesagt saying in their video that we can get some pretty good info on how dinosaurs may have looked, in particular I recall them refering to the stripped tail. Mostly I think they were talking about soft tissues that may not be preserved as well. So while we can get some ideas about color, we may miss that a dinosaur had something like a trunk or other soft tissue-only appendage. This is why the exact methods dinosaurs used to conduct their nasty in the pasty has been debated.
They said we know for a few, but there's many that we have no clue about
microraptor is adorable
8:12 brachiopods aren't molluscs, they are their own separate phylum.
So, there´s a chance that colours are just a pigment of the imagination?
That Morpho peleides in the explanation of structural color is literally the same reference photo I used for my first tattoo, and ten years later when I got it refreshed to match the rest of the genus another artist is tattooing on my back.
Discoveries about colour are also happening in creatures from over 500 million years ago found in the Burgess Shale. Marrella splendens had structures consistent with having an iridescent sheen. Also, they found blood squeezed out around the specimens that is copper based instead of iron based, meaning that they had bright blue blood instead of red, like a horseshoe crab.
Thank You so much for this video!!!
I really want to become a Paelentologist when I’m older
9:14 THANK YOU. I won't stop saying it until everybody knows.
Lovely, inspiring video! Thank you 😘
10:50 ”we are not gonna do any more hedging” *proceeds to say apparently* 🤦🏻♀️
This has it all!!! Birds, dinosaurs, cephalopods, and MICROSCOPY!
Geeze Louise! That is soooo very cool!
Ah yes… Ramen spectroscopy 🍜
Thankyou SciShow
Some day I will let you use my time machine.
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Before watching I am pretty sure it is about melanosomes
You were RIGHT
Your way of speaking is much more pleasant to listen to lately
or in this video atleast.
Paleontology's early 2000-2010s technicolor deviantart ocs
The title sounds like an average 2021 meme.
I've found that very soon after Kurzgesagt uploads, SciShow often uploads a video on the same topic. I'm curious if it's something they discuss together in advance, or a convenient way to pitch-in on the same topic while it's trendy, or just coincidence?
Who
I expect they're both just responding to the same trends
My favourite episode yet.
god i love microraptors, they're just adorable lil bird creatures
I got your 'Archeops' reference in the thumbnail. haha
Perhaps equally as important is the patterns of the colors. It could provide clues as to the environment in which they lived.
The archaeopteryx in the thumbnail looks like an Archen.
My kindergarten teacher told me I could color my Dinos whatever color I wanted because no one is sure what color they were... So I made them into rainbows
Ah macaw colored dinosaurs.
*Having early 2000s paleoart flashbacks
Love these videos!
4:40 lol But it is interesting.
And probably there is also a difference in hue in the same species, just as we see in the present world. That means that when a certain animal has a certain color, you can find many different color tones.
I have some wild mice. The color range is from very dark brown to very light brown. And some are even grayish to blackish.
Anyway, fossils are amazing. It gives us such a good insight of what the world might have looked like millions of years ago!
EDIT: Ow, Hank says the same thing here. 10:40
Thumbnail's the cutest drawing of a dino i've ever seen
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Using Raman Spectroscopy to figure out the color of long gone organisms... Now that's using your noodle! 🍜🕺
10:06 i would day either way paint then how you know until you find otherwise, and to not overthink the possibilities.
If stars align, they align.
But never stop wondering how accurate.
With better information on dino coloration, it makes me wonder when feathered raptors become more and more maintstream, they at some point accidentally get called 'raptors of paradise'.
Just thinking about the fact polarbears have black skin but white fur and wonder if that would ever show in a fossil…
7:05 ginger mouse was my nickname in high school
Amazing content, love the rapid fire technique you use.
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You can see structural color in some plants too. The berries of pollia condensata and the leaves of the pavonina begonia are some of my favorite examples. Gorgeous holo blue on the berries and a beautiful hidden blue shimmer on the begonia. I think the silver limbo begonia might be structural too. Metallic shiny silver leaves.
Great show..where is Rose..we miss her..🥺
9:57
Like the Polar Bear, for example.
The pigment of his skin is black/dark. They have dark skin, but with a white fur.
Maybe a future paleonthologist that found a poler bear fossil would think they were black because of black pigment and theorize it was used for heat or for camouflage with trees.
But, in fact, although the heat explanation may be right, the camouflage is not, since there are not much black trees in the North Pole.
Of course, polar bears are almost completely white because of it's fur and it camouflages with the snow.
Ngl i was a little shocked by the art at 1:00, seeing such outdated anatomy was kind of surprising
Idk I watch enough of these videos I would love to make a career out of it one day
"Thirdly, there's bioluminescence, but that's another episode's problem" (/j)
I laughed out loud when hank said the 200m ink worked.
You guys and keurgsegat (yea I can't spell it for crap lol) uploaded two awesome videos on this topic like super close together:D fun stuff!