I love little details like the flower tucked behind the woman's ear; it helps remind us that people were people, even a million years ago and even if they're maybe not exactly the same as we are.
A more 'sensationalist' channel would have presented the predictions as facts. But as always, this channel clearly states that those are predictions, speculations, and invites everyone to think. I hope this channel continues to inspire young men and women to explore our natural world and history.
@@MoviesFreeGalore and yet dozens of other corporations who claim to have the same goal do the exact opposite. No need to be rude about someone giving praise where its due, even if its something we all obviously agree with its still nice for them to be able to see it openly every once in a while
Except there is consistently tons of science willfully being left out by this network on a variety of other subjects; there, “speculation” is forbidden.
So much history in the world, and these are the only surviving things we've found. Imagine all the things we've lost through time, always a delight when new discoveries come up.
They use similar methods to analyze DNA left at a crime scene to predict what the perpetrator looked like. It doesn't seem very exact, but it at least narrows down some factors like coloration
Probably just look like a modern human. This is still way too early of a science to do more than paint with a broad brush. They're looking to see general characteristics not enough for a police lineup.
Epigenetics can be used to tell how prone someone is to certain types of cancer, and what is their prognosis if the disease occurs. It can quite accurately pinpoint someones age as well. Epigenome contains information if you or your direct ancestors went through severe malnutrition. These are just some examples I recall off the top of my head.
So fascinating!!! I'm looking up the podcast now. I need more pbseons!!! By the way... Have you guys thought of doing a video on the evolution of snails and slugs? I know they're soft creatures and probably don't have a high fossil count but I would still be very interested in learning that we have of them!
I participated in the Genographic Project 1.0 and 2.0. The 2.0 would estimate the amount of Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA, I had unusually high of both: 3.5% Neanderthal and 5.5% Denisovan.
that sounds really cool, recently an indigineous ethnic group from the Philippines called the Aeta had 6% Denisovan dna which might suggest that Denisovans might have survived much longer than neanderthals maybe?
@@cerridianempire1653 Can't interpret that from a %, population size of both groups in the area may have lead to greater intermixing between homo and deni, west Africans have up to 19% dna from an unidentified hominin but no remains have been identified, while a high % of their dna would suggest they'd been around only recently based on that theory and we'd likely have some physical evidence available.
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 pretty improbable, at least not particularly commonly. We're pretty hard-wired against cannibalism, and these other human (sub?-)species were ckose enough to us that that should trigger. We may have had some hand in their demise, but hunting them for food? probably not. It's already pretty rare for us to do that with apes today, but with others in the Homo genus or even the Homo Sapiens species? (some argue Neanderthals and Denisovans are just a subspecies)
@@nerdyspinosaurid Neither of them are subspecies. Neanderthals and Denisovans form a sister group to the Homo sapiens, and it’s very well known that the hybrids that Sapiens and Neanderthals produced were mostly infertile, only being able to reproduce with Homo sapiens time to time. They were genetically distinct enough to be considered separate species.
What I’m more interested than anything is evidence of non homo sapien agriculture and/or evidence of sophisticated culture verging on civilization. I think it’s plausible because agriculture does not leave very significant traces behind and in the early stages one disaster could wipe a small offshoot of burgeoning civilization off the map. We know agriculture is at least 14,000 years old but what if it was 40,000 we know from the fossil record there was enough excess grain to feed dogs enough to change them physiologically which is extremely interesting. Up vote to get PBS to do an episode on non homo sapien cultures!!!!
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 not necessarily and even just a speculative video on the processes we would use to discover such a thing and what we can scientifically confirm what absolutely is not true while exploring niche possibilities for what may have been would be a fun thought experiment you should watch histocrats three part series on the birth of civilization especially part one and two where he talks about the evidence of things like primitive beer making where the only tools they had were remaining were things like depressions in caves where they’d ferment the alcohol in any case even a video about Neanderthal cave art is equally exciting the fact there were different species of human within such a short span of time of the dawn of civilization to our current understanding has to capture your imagination and curiosity
@@jordan9604 no time for periods gotta go go go brother I don’t even know when the last thought ended and the next one began there were no periods in Latin and they figured it out somehow
I've been looking forward to this episode, even if the model of the Denisovan that has been built may have been wrong in some of its predictions, it still feels moving to see what may have been the face of a distant cousin.
@@swimdownx6365 I don't think so... just making it more complex on the molecular level, as there should be a specific structure on the DNA to be methylated, the proteins doing the mathylation are also coded in the DNA (i.e. more efficient version of the protein will be able to do more methylations and thus the genome would be more regulated) etc. There was a paper some 3 years ago showing how both gene sequence and its regulatory sequences work together to give more phenotypes with more intersteps. Methylation also works for switching between two versions of phenotype be it sommer and winter generation of some insect species, or effeciency of metabolism in human based on the fact, if their grandmothers were hungry in their youth, so all this should be taken as one feature.
I remember reading the first Nat'l Geographic's article on the Denisovans. The pinkie bone was broken in two. One was sent to the Max Planck institute.... one half was lost. Last I knew, that half has not been found.
@@conwaylai8562 Maybe. But at the time, the bone was thought to be from a Sapien, I think. They didn't know of the Denisovan line until the bone was sequenced.
I'd really love to see an episode on dingoes. How did they come to Australia? Were they tamed/domesticated by the Indigenous Australians and then became feralised? I have questions
The study in epigentics is something we really need to advance in. It can help us see a lot more then what they looked like but also how there internal organs may of slightly differed and etc Learning about dna and how it works in general in really important to our advancement
I’ve been watching your channel since I was 12, now 16. I’ve really become fascinated and wanting to know more with evelution because of you guys. I love your channel keep making more vids
As a biologist who loves fossil this is so amazing and exciting! I really hope we can found more fossils to find out how this people where. Also I really like this young lady, she makes the videos very fun 😊
It seems like these people are in dire need to find out their what brought about their EXISTENCE the planet but never can find out what they would like it to be why.
"Wider fingertips." "Wider skulls." * looks at my weirdly square fingertips and my lucky hat, which is custom-made because regular hats don't fit my head * Welp. That's one to add to the "reasons to get a DNA test someday" list.
I wonder if there's a particular reason Denisovan fossils are so rare. Do you suppose it's environmental, or is it possible that they had some kind of funerary practices that tended to destroy the body?
Probably the environment, fossilised remains are very rare. It takes like a million things to get something to fossilise. The amount of fossils that have discovered so far from the human line are so few. That they could all fit in a cardboard apple box.
As someone who works in the field of epigenetics, this was a really interesting episode for me! I had no idea DNA methylation could be used to predict physical features.
To see a 3D model of an ancient human from a small pinky bone... What a time to be alive! Thank you to the scientists, and to PBS Eons for explaining it in simple language without dumbing it down!
Right? That's the thing that "clicked" for me in this video! I've heard the term bandied about, but didn't actually know what it meant in terms of genetics, but now it'll actually make sense in the future 😊 "oh, so it's coding for this, but it's weighted" So frickin satisfying
I always like when this show introduces me to a new kind of paleo-science that I’ve never heard of but which allows to see what the world could’ve looked like long ago
I appreciate how your moving away from those cliched stock images of ancient humans on some 24/7 crazed game hunt or meat feeding frenzy. Keep up your fantastic work.
It's very interesting to learn there were other human species, and sad we're the only ones to survive. It makes me very curious how life would've been like if they were still living amongst us
I think more fun time would have been if we were living amaong other human species. All hunters and gatherers no worry of paying bills. And imagine hanging out maybe even dating a person of a different human species.
Naturally? I don't think so, except perhaps by settling the galaxy by sleeper ships, creating an extreme barrier against cross-mingling. Culturally: I guess it would be possible, but ethically highly problematic to create another human species mainstream homo sapiens can’t interbred with naturally with. Though I guess at that point the whole “separate species” things becomes irrelevant, as a hypothetical homo sapiens and homo sapiens aquaticus who fall in love would have the technological means to create a viable offspring.
Yeah, it'd require hundreds of thousands of years with no interbreeding for two populations to accumulate enough unique genetic differences to be considered different enough to be a new species/subspecies, and much longer for hybridizations to become unviable. Consider that Neanderthals likely diverged from us and began evolving independently >600,000 years ago, maybe as far back as 800,000 years ago, and interbreeding only occurred between 65,000-47,000 years ago, as far as we can tell.
To answer the question - it's possibly because of their range. There's a lot more acidic soils in the north out by Russia/Siberia (things like peat bogs and variable permafrost) and since there's also denisova type dna in places like Indonesia - bones don't do well in hot soggy environments.
Even though we don't have concrete answers and probably won't for a long time/ever, it's just so cool that we can make these predictions and guesses to start with. Genomics is such an interesting topic!
Seems anti-feminist to reduce a woman in the workplace to her appearance. Comments like that could be unwelcome as a science presenter doesn’t deserve to be judged in that way. Whatever happened to sisterhood. Maybe you forgot PBS is a business and not in the home.
This had me wondering: we have genetic evidence of Human and Neanderthal, uh... intermingling. Do we have evidence of the direct evidence of such couplings? Would they be considering the same species of one their parents? Or classified as something else entirely?
Speciation is a complicated subject, especially in paleontology. Most definitions of species include the ability to reproduce as a determining factor. Because of this there is some debate about whether or not neanderthals and homo sapiens we're even completely different species or just a different subspecies.
I love the episodes on human evolution. The recent podcast about the South African caves was a treasure Edit: lol you shouted out the podcast episode at the end
That feeling when you finally realise that you've been pronouncing "Denisovan" wrong for years, and no-one corrected you... then again, "Denny's Sew Van" would be a catchy band name... ;-)
Their is NO relations nor connections of the hybridized cromagnan NEANDERTHALS human EXISTENCE to the carbonated divine PRIMORDIAL BEINGS of the planet.
As Europeans carry the Neanderthal genes and also some of its physical manifestations, many Southeast Asians and Oceania carry the Denisovan genes so it's probably not bad to assume they also carry those physical manifestations.
Honestly, I’d love to hear more about the hominid species that was found in the Rising Star caves. We have more than enough bones, whole and fragmented, to get a pretty accurate morphology.
Biotechnologist here. I'm curious to see if the other epigenenitic regulation factors were counted into the prediction (i.e: acetylation). Becauss in our genome, expression is regulated not only by methylation. PBS EONS can you guys make an update video on the spinosaurus tail? This cool "amphibian" Dino needs a justice for its tail hahaha.
Was wondering if paleogenomics can be used in modern day? Ie forensics to determine what a suspect or victim looks like if very little is left eg natural disaster, fire?
There are cases where DNA at crime scenes is used to predict what the suspect may look like. I saw a true crime documentary a few weeks ago where they predicted what I suspect might look like, and they were able to find somebody who looked a lot like the prediction.
I'm kind of curious, how much of the Denisovan genome is present in the human genome, as well as what percent of humanity has some of their genes and how much ?
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 Neanderthal was mainly shaped by harsh environnement too, thats why it looked so different despite having common ancester few yers ago. I agree about the number part tho, Sapiens were in larger amount. Also climate started to change and Europe was de-icing...meaning the harsh environnement Neanderthal specialized on was slowly disapearing...huge animals, cold climate...all of that vanished. It changed for more agile and faster prey, for wich Sapiens "endurance hunting" strategy develloped in Africa was wayyyy better. Final nail to the coffin would be that Neanderthal lived in very small groups, rarely stumbing across each other...so any technological novelety wouldn't spray easely or even at all among them. While Sapiens kept improving the way they craft weapons (stone fragmentation), Neanderthal had the same way of doing it for ALL THEIR REIGN!! And it was the same manner to do as their common ancestor with Sapiens...that's something right? So Neanderthal vanished, not because he was "less evolved" than Sapiens...in fact it's the contrary. He was way too specialist and couldn't adapt quickly enough to the lost of his niche. On the other hand Sapiens was a generalist, and still is. That's also why he/we succeded so much. generaliusts always win in the long term
I heard once that Australian aboriginals had more Denisovan dna than any other modern human. If true, it makes it easier to imagine Denisovans with the dark skin trait mentioned. I always pictured Denisovans as looking like a mix of Neanderthals and Papua New Guinea & Australian aboriginal people since I heard that.
This is my favorite topic. And Michelle presents it so well. I just have to say, though, Michelle, you look amazing! I love your hair and that dress is gorgeous!
Me, with Germanic ancestors, just feeling mildly embarrassed by pronouncing neanderthal incorrectly. I'm assuming you're doing it correctly. Named for the area the first remains were documented, if I'm not mistaken.
I am absolutely fascinated by the Denisovans, interesting to learn how science has arrived at its speculations of what they might have looked like considering how little physical evidence is even available
Humans have inherited some genes due to interspecies hybridization, humans from South Asia, Oceania and Amerindians have high amounts of their genes, a 2020 study found a Denisovan gene related to lip thickness in Amerindian populations
I would love to see a video on the Baldwin effect. It sounds like a way that natural selection can produce the appearance of Lamarckism and creativity after a sudden change in environmental pressures, but I don't fully understand it.
I saw a science show a long time ago that featured a science researcher from somewhere in Europe. Guy was a Neanderthal. Had all the classic features. They are alive and well, and just as smart as we are.
Hello EONS! I'm sorry, I'm not too tech savvy, but I was trying to find a way to message you guys. I would absolutely love it if you could delve into the history of the Haast eagle, or the Harpagornis, from New Zealand. It was the largest flying predatory avian in modern history. There are even pelvic bones from the Moa, which were basically, ostriches on steroids. which were penetrated by Haast eagle claws. There is such a case in Auckland museum. I would love to hear your take on that, and how humans caused the extinction. Just imagine how majestic it would be if they were still flying around today. A raptor the size of a small Cessna plane!!!! Incredible. Anyway, hope you guys see this. Thanks for all you do!
my six year old really likes your podcast, do you think you will transfer some of these videos over to the podcast? I know he would love to listen to some of theses.
apparently there is also some jewelry floating around, so there is a bit more to glean about the Denisovans. maybe in time more can be discovered around Asia, and more than some vague generic attributes gleaned from the DNA.
Given the low number of Denisovan samples, is it really "scientific" to make broad descriptive distinctions around phenotype in the way this video suggests? As this channel itself has pointed out, contemporary humans themselves are hugely varied in phenotypic expression even given massive genotypic overlap. I can't help but think that if we only had fragmentary remnants of current sapiens, we'd also tend to overstate differences based on extrema that happen to be represented in the archeological record.
exactly! Thats why I prefer to saw them as close cousins...like a North european, South european, East asian, West asian, North african, South african, native americans... very different at first glance but when you look deeper they're all from the same tree, same branch...just different leaves!
Yeah but they had lot less population. In fact suggests that Neanderthals were highly inbred besides evidence that Neanderthal, Denisovan and latter modern humans were intermixing. So perhaps “phenotypical diversity” isn’t as broad as modern humans.
@@wigwam3270 while it's true during their downfall (started like 10k years before Sapiens arrival due to climate shift), during their peak they were more numerous and way less interbreeded. The lesser they were, the "purest" they became...and in DNA pure is a really really bad thing I'm pretty sure when they first saw Sapiens parties they were happy to finally breed with someone else than first degree cousins
Wouldn’t comparing individuals with the most Denisovan DNA to modern humans with very little or no Denisovan DNA give scientists clues about what Denisovans looked like?
Indigenous Australians, certain ethnic groups in the Philippines, and Papua New Guineans have the highest levels of Denisovan DNA. So it’s suspected that Denisovans may have looked similar to those peoples
I love little details like the flower tucked behind the woman's ear; it helps remind us that people were people, even a million years ago and even if they're maybe not exactly the same as we are.
Epi genetics 🧬 is final nail in coffin in Darwinism be Lamarckism.. why did we favor darwinism over Lamarckism in the first place
Not millions, hundreds of thousands.
The pinky bone is only between 50 and 75 thousand years old. Did neither of you watch the video?
Yeah, that Denisovan chick actually scrubs up alright.
@@redplanet7163 see, thats why we ended with so many genes from other hominids in our bodies :p
Imagine finding a Denisovan or a neanderthal corpse in ancient Siberian permafrost.
Well, they DID find a mastodon that died while chewing a mouthful of food.
I've always hoped that one day during my life time they will.
even a modern homo sapiens would be fascinating, to be able to look 20 thousand years into their genes, diet and to an extent even culture???
on second thought, Ötzi
@@lilsleepy1969 East Africans.
A more 'sensationalist' channel would have presented the predictions as facts. But as always, this channel clearly states that those are predictions, speculations, and invites everyone to think. I hope this channel continues to inspire young men and women to explore our natural world and history.
Well said.
Ya, channel lain cuma mentingin views, alhasil harus ngorbanin kredibilitas
It's literally PBS. They've been public access for like 40 years. Their method has been the presentation of information
@@MoviesFreeGalore and yet dozens of other corporations who claim to have the same goal do the exact opposite. No need to be rude about someone giving praise where its due, even if its something we all obviously agree with its still nice for them to be able to see it openly every once in a while
Except there is consistently tons of science willfully being left out by this network on a variety of other subjects; there, “speculation” is forbidden.
So much history in the world, and these are the only surviving things we've found. Imagine all the things we've lost through time, always a delight when new discoveries come up.
its got to be unimaginable the knowledge/history lost from time
Gosh, how wonderful it would be if there was actual recorded history from the period of these groups
Our inherent SLUTY nature reigns supreme, long live promiscuous diversity.
I love the artist rendition of her 🌼
I know she’s so cute. I like imagining that early humans put flowers behind their ears all the time
Right? She's beautiful ❤️
nice bit of stuff
I was watching an older episode when this one got uploaded! Made my morning :D
Haha, is night here.
Yep nearly midnight where I am
Dopamine
Yeah, and the shoes on human evolution are my favorite ones, too. It's a two-fer
im curious to see how they would depict a living person to a prediction like this to see how precise it really is.
I was thinking the same thing
They use similar methods to analyze DNA left at a crime scene to predict what the perpetrator looked like. It doesn't seem very exact, but it at least narrows down some factors like coloration
Probably just look like a modern human. This is still way too early of a science to do more than paint with a broad brush. They're looking to see general characteristics not enough for a police lineup.
It's really interesting how even modern humans can look so diverse. I saw another video that explored this entire subject.
Epigenetics can be used to tell how prone someone is to certain types of cancer, and what is their prognosis if the disease occurs. It can quite accurately pinpoint someones age as well. Epigenome contains information if you or your direct ancestors went through severe malnutrition. These are just some examples I recall off the top of my head.
So fascinating!!! I'm looking up the podcast now. I need more pbseons!!!
By the way... Have you guys thought of doing a video on the evolution of snails and slugs? I know they're soft creatures and probably don't have a high fossil count but I would still be very interested in learning that we have of them!
Get you some more eps! And agreed on the squishies!
Snails are one of the most common fossils in general, slugs not so much.
@@safron2442 because of the shell right?
Everything is wrong about this fallacy.
@@starlight0313 yep! And technically slugs are snails- they have just evolved to be able to live without them
I participated in the Genographic Project 1.0 and 2.0. The 2.0 would estimate the amount of Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA, I had unusually high of both: 3.5% Neanderthal and 5.5% Denisovan.
Cool!
Where are you from. I have 2 percent neanderthal
that sounds really cool, recently an indigineous ethnic group from the Philippines called the Aeta had 6% Denisovan dna which might suggest that Denisovans might have survived much longer than neanderthals maybe?
@@cerridianempire1653 Can't interpret that from a %, population size of both groups in the area may have lead to greater intermixing between homo and deni, west Africans have up to 19% dna from an unidentified hominin but no remains have been identified, while a high % of their dna would suggest they'd been around only recently based on that theory and we'd likely have some physical evidence available.
The artistic rendering of the denisoven facial features seem to look a whole lot like the melenesian population today.
It would be amazing to one day know more about how many cousins we had.
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 pretty improbable, at least not particularly commonly. We're pretty hard-wired against cannibalism, and these other human (sub?-)species were ckose enough to us that that should trigger. We may have had some hand in their demise, but hunting them for food? probably not. It's already pretty rare for us to do that with apes today, but with others in the Homo genus or even the Homo Sapiens species? (some argue Neanderthals and Denisovans are just a subspecies)
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 if that's all there is to know about them then why exactly are you here?💩💨
@@nerdyspinosaurid Definitely agreed. They are sub species.
@@nerdyspinosaurid Neither of them are subspecies. Neanderthals and Denisovans form a sister group to the Homo sapiens, and it’s very well known that the hybrids that Sapiens and Neanderthals produced were mostly infertile, only being able to reproduce with Homo sapiens time to time. They were genetically distinct enough to be considered separate species.
What I’m more interested than anything is evidence of non homo sapien agriculture and/or evidence of sophisticated culture verging on civilization. I think it’s plausible because agriculture does not leave very significant traces behind and in the early stages one disaster could wipe a small offshoot of burgeoning civilization off the map. We know agriculture is at least 14,000 years old but what if it was 40,000 we know from the fossil record there was enough excess grain to feed dogs enough to change them physiologically which is extremely interesting. Up vote to get PBS to do an episode on non homo sapien cultures!!!!
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 not necessarily and even just a speculative video on the processes we would use to discover such a thing and what we can scientifically confirm what absolutely is not true while exploring niche possibilities for what may have been would be a fun thought experiment you should watch histocrats three part series on the birth of civilization especially part one and two where he talks about the evidence of things like primitive beer making where the only tools they had were remaining were things like depressions in caves where they’d ferment the alcohol in any case even a video about Neanderthal cave art is equally exciting the fact there were different species of human within such a short span of time of the dawn of civilization to our current understanding has to capture your imagination and curiosity
@@Mr.Autodelete Hey, I love you, but you need to remember . Periods . Please
@@jordan9604 no time for periods gotta go go go brother I don’t even know when the last thought ended and the next one began there were no periods in Latin and they figured it out somehow
change them physiologically in what ways?
@@Mr.Autodelete [i didn't need periods...didn't realize you didn't use any...lol]
fascinating application of epigenetics!...maybe the most powerful, yet relatively overlooked, mechanism for managing gene-expression.
@Esra K yeah, Epigenetics is overlooked by other methods of reconstruction
I've been looking forward to this episode, even if the model of the Denisovan that has been built may have been wrong in some of its predictions, it still feels moving to see what may have been the face of a distant cousin.
Shouldn't epi genetics be the finally nail in coffin for darwinism and proof of Lamarckism
Iooiooooiiiiiiiioooooooooiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
@@swimdownx6365 I don't think so... just making it more complex on the molecular level, as there should be a specific structure on the DNA to be methylated, the proteins doing the mathylation are also coded in the DNA (i.e. more efficient version of the protein will be able to do more methylations and thus the genome would be more regulated) etc.
There was a paper some 3 years ago showing how both gene sequence and its regulatory sequences work together to give more phenotypes with more intersteps.
Methylation also works for switching between two versions of phenotype be it sommer and winter generation of some insect species, or effeciency of metabolism in human based on the fact, if their grandmothers were hungry in their youth, so all this should be taken as one feature.
In an alternate universe the Denisovan version of PBS eons is making this video about Homo sapiens
A aboriginal group in PH( Philippines) called ITA(includes mamanwa and other aboriginal groups) have the highest denisovans DNA in the world.
I remember reading the first Nat'l Geographic's article on the Denisovans. The pinkie bone was broken in two. One was sent to the Max Planck institute.... one half was lost. Last I knew, that half has not been found.
Wow, crazy. I wonder if someone lost their job over that mistake.
@@ravenmckim5834 Definitely
Such a shame.
Stolen, most likely, not lost.
@@conwaylai8562 Maybe. But at the time, the bone was thought to be from a Sapien, I think. They didn't know of the Denisovan line until the bone was sequenced.
I'd really love to see an episode on dingoes. How did they come to Australia? Were they tamed/domesticated by the Indigenous Australians and then became feralised? I have questions
The study in epigentics is something we really need to advance in. It can help us see a lot more then what they looked like but also how there internal organs may of slightly differed and etc
Learning about dna and how it works in general in really important to our advancement
Can't you see that they are making stuff up as they go along?
Don't learn to much though or you'll get Dr watson'd.
I’ve been watching your channel since I was 12, now 16. I’ve really become fascinated and wanting to know more with evelution because of you guys. I love your channel keep making more vids
As a biologist who loves fossil this is so amazing and exciting! I really hope we can found more fossils to find out how this people where. Also I really like this young lady, she makes the videos very fun 😊
It seems like these people are in dire need to find out their what brought about their EXISTENCE the planet but never can find out what they would like it to be why.
"Wider fingertips." "Wider skulls."
* looks at my weirdly square fingertips and my lucky hat, which is custom-made because regular hats don't fit my head *
Welp. That's one to add to the "reasons to get a DNA test someday" list.
@Gi Gi whats that?
@Gi Gi i thought chocolate was a New World plant. Neanderthals didn't have chocolate.
She's got a lil flower in her hair! I love the thumbnails for these videos
I wonder if there's a particular reason Denisovan fossils are so rare. Do you suppose it's environmental, or is it possible that they had some kind of funerary practices that tended to destroy the body?
Probably the environment, fossilised remains are very rare. It takes like a million things to get something to fossilise. The amount of fossils that have discovered so far from the human line are so few. That they could all fit in a cardboard apple box.
What the person above me said.. also there may not have been a huge number of them
@@Meraxes6 Why would that apply so strongly to Denisovans?
They have been found so very recently, and we do not know much about them yet. More discoveries may come in the future.
@@blarbkanopcious4243 they lived in a very remote area, and they may have never been numerous to begin with
As someone who works in the field of epigenetics, this was a really interesting episode for me! I had no idea DNA methylation could be used to predict physical features.
Soon enough, eventually they’ll be able to determine what a baby will look like when grown!
Finding these videos has concreted what I want to do with my life Im super into paleontology geology and pretty much all earth sciences
love this presenter's manner of disseminating information. if only i had teachers this engaging and clear when i was in school.
Ik I like her too...she has some really nice...personalities...yeah...
Her voice tho...
@@jaysleezy5464 whyd you have to go and make it creepy 🤨😑
I don't, I find her kinda snobby
@@jaysleezy5464 ibid
To see a 3D model of an ancient human from a small pinky bone... What a time to be alive! Thank you to the scientists, and to PBS Eons for explaining it in simple language without dumbing it down!
I recommended PBS Eons to two of my clients today, just as a little aside, and they both got excited and wrote the name down.
EPICgenetics! I really liked the methyl group volume knob analogy ... it really helped me understand. So thanks!
Right? That's the thing that "clicked" for me in this video! I've heard the term bandied about, but didn't actually know what it meant in terms of genetics, but now it'll actually make sense in the future 😊 "oh, so it's coding for this, but it's weighted"
So frickin satisfying
I always like when this show introduces me to a new kind of paleo-science that I’ve never heard of but which allows to see what the world could’ve looked like long ago
I appreciate how your moving away from those cliched stock images of ancient humans on some 24/7 crazed game hunt or meat feeding frenzy. Keep up your fantastic work.
Gosh, I find all of this absolutely facinating. Thank you for explaining it in terms that are easy to understand lol
The narrator is clearly lying.
How they figured out how Denisovans is amazing. What a great video!! Thank you for sharing!
This sounds like it could be helpful in distinguishing denisovan fossils from Neanderthal in collections, without having to sequence every single one!
Currently wrapping up a Master's class on this! So fun and interesting
Love the hair and the dress, great content as always!
Very cute.😍
I love this series. They dumb down complex things to my level.
Great as always. The volume metaphor was very creative and honestly a great way to explain it.
It's very interesting to learn there were other human species, and sad we're the only ones to survive. It makes me very curious how life would've been like if they were still living amongst us
I think we (homo sapiens) killed them off because they “looked different”
Thank You PBS!
Wow, so cool to be living in a time where a new group of people is being discovered. Thank you!
There's a lot I don't like about living in this time period but being able to learn this much about our ancient past is incredible
I think more fun time would have been if we were living amaong other human species. All hunters and gatherers no worry of paying bills.
And imagine hanging out maybe even dating a person of a different human species.
Fascinating.
I wonder if any more human species or subspecies may arise in the future.
Naturally? I don't think so, except perhaps by settling the galaxy by sleeper ships, creating an extreme barrier against cross-mingling.
Culturally: I guess it would be possible, but ethically highly problematic to create another human species mainstream homo sapiens can’t interbred with naturally with. Though I guess at that point the whole “separate species” things becomes irrelevant, as a hypothetical homo sapiens and homo sapiens aquaticus who fall in love would have the technological means to create a viable offspring.
Yeah, it'd require hundreds of thousands of years with no interbreeding for two populations to accumulate enough unique genetic differences to be considered different enough to be a new species/subspecies, and much longer for hybridizations to become unviable. Consider that Neanderthals likely diverged from us and began evolving independently >600,000 years ago, maybe as far back as 800,000 years ago, and interbreeding only occurred between 65,000-47,000 years ago, as far as we can tell.
First off, I love her dress. Second, epigenetics sounds fascinating. I also wonder why we've found so few Denisovan fossils so far.
To answer the question - it's possibly because of their range. There's a lot more acidic soils in the north out by Russia/Siberia (things like peat bogs and variable permafrost) and since there's also denisova type dna in places like Indonesia - bones don't do well in hot soggy environments.
This host (can't remember their name) always has such a cool style @_@
Love your content, can’t wait for the next video!
Even though we don't have concrete answers and probably won't for a long time/ever, it's just so cool that we can make these predictions and guesses to start with. Genomics is such an interesting topic!
Excellent video as always! You should do a video on the Tanis site!
Man, I really wish I would have pursued those genetics classes in High School. It was interesting finding out the genome of fur colors in Rabbits.
I'm kind of scared to know how our close relatives died out so long ago, and so completely, judging by how we scarcely found any fossil evidence
Can I just say that both the haircut and outfit for the host in this episode are absolutely amazing
Seems anti-feminist to reduce a woman in the workplace to her appearance. Comments like that could be unwelcome as a science presenter doesn’t deserve to be judged in that way. Whatever happened to sisterhood. Maybe you forgot PBS is a business and not in the home.
Girllllllll. I was seriously trying to find a non-gross way to say how smoking hot she is lol. It’s wild, like…that lip colour? Sheeeesh 🔥🥵😍
I find the topic fascinating. Especially because all of these new species could - and did - interbreed with homo sapiens.
lovely video.. i was lost in the story and thought i was in denisoven era through time travel..
This had me wondering: we have genetic evidence of Human and Neanderthal, uh... intermingling. Do we have evidence of the direct evidence of such couplings? Would they be considering the same species of one their parents? Or classified as something else entirely?
I've been to Manchester, I'm pretty sure I've seen the results of such a union...
Speciation is a complicated subject, especially in paleontology. Most definitions of species include the ability to reproduce as a determining factor. Because of this there is some debate about whether or not neanderthals and homo sapiens we're even completely different species or just a different subspecies.
@@dereksmalls6238 nice one kidda 😂
So, one of his 16 great-great-grandparents either was a Neanderthal, or a Neanderthal-human hybrid.
@@dereksmalls6238 💀
I love how this is what inspired the Croods movie. Very nice narration
I love this channel so damn much
this is such a cool discovery and a method both!
I have to say this episode is a vast improvement in presentation by this host. Nicely done! 👍
PBS Eons bringing us the knowledge!
Excellent video as always, and stellar presentation!
I don't have any sound and it's killing me, I've been DYING for another human episode like this
You can use subtitles (cc) 🙂
Amazing intellect content and beauty, thank you.
Michelle you look incredible! I love your hair and outfit here 😍 serving looks AND science, we love to see it! ❤️
I love the episodes on human evolution. The recent podcast about the South African caves was a treasure
Edit: lol you shouted out the podcast episode at the end
Native Austrians have more Denisovan genes
I've been so excited waiting for this one!!!
Last time I was this early to a video, the Cambrian explosion was happening
That feeling when you finally realise that you've been pronouncing "Denisovan" wrong for years, and no-one corrected you... then again, "Denny's Sew Van" would be a catchy band name... ;-)
Interesting. I thought that Denisovans were closer related to Homo sapiens than to Neanderthals.
Their is NO relations nor connections of the hybridized cromagnan NEANDERTHALS human EXISTENCE to the carbonated divine PRIMORDIAL BEINGS of the planet.
Love this type of video. Thank you!
A video about auroch sounds interesting.
As Europeans carry the Neanderthal genes and also some of its physical manifestations, many Southeast Asians and Oceania carry the Denisovan genes so it's probably not bad to assume they also carry those physical manifestations.
What if they didn't have bodies at all, like, just a head? That would explain why they went extinct.
Bwahahaha😂
Foolish
And how did they reproduce? So kissing makes babies? So maybe they just rolled around until they met? Rather extreme oral sex, don't you think?
Honestly, I’d love to hear more about the hominid species that was found in the Rising Star caves. We have more than enough bones, whole and fragmented, to get a pretty accurate morphology.
Homo naledi
@@andybeans5790 that’s just the name. We should have an Eons episode about them
Biotechnologist here. I'm curious to see if the other epigenenitic regulation factors were counted into the prediction (i.e: acetylation). Becauss in our genome, expression is regulated not only by methylation.
PBS EONS can you guys make an update video on the spinosaurus tail? This cool "amphibian" Dino needs a justice for its tail hahaha.
They say "never judge a book by it's cover" but this is more like "never judge a cover by it's book"
awe the flower in her hair
Now let's clone a Denisovan and check how many of the predicted traits match! :D
How am I just now finding this channel
If you are wondering about the nice song, it is Honey by Daniel Roe
Was wondering if paleogenomics can be used in modern day? Ie forensics to determine what a suspect or victim looks like if very little is left eg natural disaster, fire?
There are cases where DNA at crime scenes is used to predict what the suspect may look like. I saw a true crime documentary a few weeks ago where they predicted what I suspect might look like, and they were able to find somebody who looked a lot like the prediction.
Y'ALL I HAVEN'T WATCHED THIS YET BUT ANCIENT HUMANS IS MY FAVORITE TOPIC ON THIS CHANNEL WOOOOOOO
I'm kind of curious, how much of the Denisovan genome is present in the human genome, as well as what percent of humanity has some of their genes and how much ?
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 nifty
@@speurtighearnamacterik8230 Neanderthal was mainly shaped by harsh environnement too, thats why it looked so different despite having common ancester few yers ago.
I agree about the number part tho, Sapiens were in larger amount.
Also climate started to change and Europe was de-icing...meaning the harsh environnement Neanderthal specialized on was slowly disapearing...huge animals, cold climate...all of that vanished. It changed for more agile and faster prey, for wich Sapiens "endurance hunting" strategy develloped in Africa was wayyyy better.
Final nail to the coffin would be that Neanderthal lived in very small groups, rarely stumbing across each other...so any technological novelety wouldn't spray easely or even at all among them. While Sapiens kept improving the way they craft weapons (stone fragmentation), Neanderthal had the same way of doing it for ALL THEIR REIGN!! And it was the same manner to do as their common ancestor with Sapiens...that's something right?
So Neanderthal vanished, not because he was "less evolved" than Sapiens...in fact it's the contrary. He was way too specialist and couldn't adapt quickly enough to the lost of his niche. On the other hand Sapiens was a generalist, and still is. That's also why he/we succeded so much. generaliusts always win in the long term
I heard once that Australian aboriginals had more Denisovan dna than any other modern human. If true, it makes it easier to imagine Denisovans with the dark skin trait mentioned. I always pictured Denisovans as looking like a mix of Neanderthals and Papua New Guinea & Australian aboriginal people since I heard that.
The devious floating Denisovans
This is my favorite topic. And Michelle presents it so well. I just have to say, though, Michelle, you look amazing! I love your hair and that dress is gorgeous!
Me, with Germanic ancestors, just feeling mildly embarrassed by pronouncing neanderthal incorrectly. I'm assuming you're doing it correctly. Named for the area the first remains were documented, if I'm not mistaken.
Yes
Wouldn't that be awesome. See how ancient hominids looks like just from the DNA.
I’m so happy I’m this early. I was so excited for a new episode to come out 😩🤚
Great episode and omg that dress is fabulous!
Look at Aeta tribe teens in the Philippines they are similar they have 6% Denisovan DNa
I am absolutely fascinated by the Denisovans, interesting to learn how science has arrived at its speculations of what they might have looked like considering how little physical evidence is even available
Humans have inherited some genes due to interspecies hybridization, humans from South Asia, Oceania and Amerindians have high amounts of their genes, a 2020 study found a Denisovan gene related to lip thickness in Amerindian populations
@@eltecnico9541 thanks, this is highly interesting!
I would love to see a video on the Baldwin effect. It sounds like a way that natural selection can produce the appearance of Lamarckism and creativity after a sudden change in environmental pressures, but I don't fully understand it.
U guys should definitely do an episode about manatees
How cool would it be to travel back in time and go back and visit and observe our human ancestors .... I need a time machine.
Get to work!!! ☑️
There's a guy at my gym that looks like that. Different hairdresser but the resemblance is uncanny.
I saw a science show a long time ago that featured a science researcher from somewhere in Europe.
Guy was a Neanderthal. Had all the classic features. They are alive and well, and just as smart as we are.
Hello EONS! I'm sorry, I'm not too tech savvy, but I was trying to find a way to message you guys. I would absolutely love it if you could delve into the history of the Haast eagle, or the Harpagornis, from New Zealand. It was the largest flying predatory avian in modern history. There are even pelvic bones from the Moa, which were basically, ostriches on steroids. which were penetrated by Haast eagle claws. There is such a case in Auckland museum. I would love to hear your take on that, and how humans caused the extinction. Just imagine how majestic it would be if they were still flying around today. A raptor the size of a small Cessna plane!!!! Incredible. Anyway, hope you guys see this. Thanks for all you do!
my six year old really likes your podcast, do you think you will transfer some of these videos over to the podcast? I know he would love to listen to some of theses.
Ahhh, now I get what methylation does, thanks so much! That's so frickin cool!
*edit:* also I love your style, it's so varied ^~^
apparently there is also some jewelry floating around, so there is a bit more to glean about the Denisovans. maybe in time more can be discovered around Asia, and more than some vague generic attributes gleaned from the DNA.
Given the low number of Denisovan samples, is it really "scientific" to make broad descriptive distinctions around phenotype in the way this video suggests? As this channel itself has pointed out, contemporary humans themselves are hugely varied in phenotypic expression even given massive genotypic overlap. I can't help but think that if we only had fragmentary remnants of current sapiens, we'd also tend to overstate differences based on extrema that happen to be represented in the archeological record.
exactly!
Thats why I prefer to saw them as close cousins...like a North european, South european, East asian, West asian, North african, South african, native americans... very different at first glance but when you look deeper they're all from the same tree, same branch...just different leaves!
It is scientific, particularly so in this case, because of gene expression
If you consider them kind of thought experiments it can be alright I think.
Yeah but they had lot less population. In fact suggests that Neanderthals were highly inbred besides evidence that Neanderthal, Denisovan and latter modern humans were intermixing. So perhaps “phenotypical diversity” isn’t as broad as modern humans.
@@wigwam3270 while it's true during their downfall (started like 10k years before Sapiens arrival due to climate shift), during their peak they were more numerous and way less interbreeded.
The lesser they were, the "purest" they became...and in DNA pure is a really really bad thing
I'm pretty sure when they first saw Sapiens parties they were happy to finally breed with someone else than first degree cousins
Fantastic episode! Learned a bunch!
Wouldn’t comparing individuals with the most Denisovan DNA to modern humans with very little or no Denisovan DNA give scientists clues about what Denisovans looked like?
Indigenous Australians, certain ethnic groups in the Philippines, and Papua New Guineans have the highest levels of Denisovan DNA. So it’s suspected that Denisovans may have looked similar to those peoples