Cosmology is a budding science. As more information comes in the model keeps getting adjusted. Betelgeuse like super novas, super massive black holes roaming about and colliding galaxies are just a few things we now know to consider when looking at how "clumpy" space is. Thank you for keeping us updated on the progress 👍
It's easy. Dark Energy = disinformation People on youtube are here to entertain you with silly hypotheses rather than science. Don't you get tired of the same recycled nothing burger? Most science channels here get so much wrong. Then they brainwash you with colourful animations. (queue [inaccurate] video of the universe expanding)
If you treat space like it's a room filled with elements and atoms Everything decays over time, Everything turns into something else. More pressure, More heat, More magnetic, More decay More time. And then more everything Love your videos Man I'm glad I subscribed
@@dcorgard no one ever said they were. Scientific theories are models to predict things. They are not reality itself, they simply describe it. They are useful, even if we know they are not perfect or don't work in all cases. Science is not about being correct, it's about making better predictions.
@@youareliedtobythemedia your last statement is incorrect, though. Accurate data is required.. accurate, correct, data. Science cares about accuracy.. otherwise shit won't leave the atmosphere... Correct?
Super massive BHs are now known to eject stars from binary systems in close encounters at high velocity from their galaxies which would reduce clumping to an increasing extent as time passes.
@vaakdemandante8772, sorry, but that's incorrect. He actually states beforehand, "the most famous of the tensions is the Hubble tension." The Hubble tension has nothing to do with the cosmological constant; it concerns different values of the Hubble constant. There has never been a tension about dark energy having different values throughout the universe's history, as its density remains constant.
When I read one of Stephen Hawking's books - and when my brain still worked - I believe I was able to calculate the probable Schwarzschild Radius that would make our Universe into a black hole. What I calculated, based on an assumed "dark matter" proportion of 90% did not seem outlandishly different from what was needed to make the Universe a Black Hole.
when we send a pulse to a UAP with a radar, sometimes we see a strange effect, the "blob" on the radar comes back with 2 or more seconds delay, that's a lot for this short distance. The impulse is "captured" by the object, it circles the UAP several times until the impulse is sent back or can escape, we have no clue, then we see the Blob on the Radar. It seems they have a strong gravitational field that can bend the impuls around the object until it's somehow escapes and comes back
It's the most interesting topic in Cosmology. The discrepancies in a "cosmological constant", whether it's called that or "S8" might be pointing to entirely different concepts, some opposing the "Big Bang" Theory. The "Continuous State" or "Steady State" hypothesis could be interacting with a series of "Big Bang" events, which would imply that there is more matter than anticipated beyond a necessary "Schwarzschild Radius" that would mean our Universe is a Black Hole as seen from the other side of the "event horizon". I intuitively feel that a great amount of matter beyond that horizon should be causing a perceived acceleration of expansion - if indeed there is a "continuous creation" element in our Universe.
@Cobbido a new theory that proposes that dark energy is basically an illusion and that expansion rate is either much smaller than we think or even zero. It's main argument is that: a) time flows slower near massive objects, as per Einstien. Thus in the middle of intergalactic voids it flows the fastest, and much slower near a star than elsewhere within intragalactic space. Thus, light coming out of a galaxy will see a redshift upon entering the void due to the diff in time flow, then a blueshift after entering a high-gravity zone like another galaxy. Buuuuuttt due to the overall clumpiness of the universe (this theory directly charges against the orthodox physics assumption that the universe's density is overall the same everywhere you look at - recent observations confirm that's not the case) then voids expand fast because clumpy regions tend to collapse towards their mass center. So when light enters a galaxy again, the blueshift in experiences gets partially cancelled by the redshift it experiences as a result of the galaxy falling towards the local group barycenter. Thus, overall the redshift wins, even if the universe is not really expanding, just the voids getting larger at the expense of the clumpy regions geting more concentrated
My idea so I get to name it! What I mean is, no one has claimed it so I'm officially calling, "Dibs." Now that "V-ger" is outside our Sun's gravitational influence, in interstellar space, it's now in the Milky Way's faster moving, Interstellar Time or "Mikey's Time." This can be proven by turning off everything except its clock and transmitter. Have "V-ger" read time for as long as possible. This SHOULD show the flow of time speeds up the further away you get from any celestial bodies or source of gravity. Until you reach the Milky Way's time standard or "Mikey's Time." •Our sun's time bubble: "Terran Time" we know and have measured. In a lifetime, our head is one second younger than our feet. •Milky Way's time bubble or "Mikey's Time." The rate/flow of TIME outside any influence but within the Milky Way: We just got there and are still figuring what the difference is. I'd say time will increase in speed, now and until V-ger is outside the Ort cloud. •Local Group's time bubble or the rate/flow of time outside of any influence but within the Local Group: Name still open and unknown. Wild guess .08 P-22% to a couple seconds faster, maybe. Used just for reference. You know what I mean. •Outside any influence in the, "True Interstellar Time Standard." or T.I.T.S. and have the emblem ;-P This name is NOT up for debate. The rate/flow of time is fastest here. Time flows fastest here so it's best to use a motor boat and hold tight. Always applies when you're in T.I.... ;-P A minute is a minute in all. It's the rate/flow I'm talking about. Heck, rivers of time flowing differently might explain dark energy and dark matter. Its the differences in time could explain dark energy repels and dark matter attracts. Fun to think about. Anyway, the Milky Way's, "True Interstellar Time Standard," emblem will be ";-P" and be known as, "Mikey's Time." Pass it on, please and thank you.
@Llortnerof The time bubble/influence around our sun can be, "Terran Time." So on and so on until we get to, "Mikey's Time," for the Milky Way's time bubble/influence. Until we get to, "True Interstellar Time Standard." Free of any and all influence. See, every galaxy can have their own Time Standard. It's not my idea. Just my idea to name them. ;-P
@michaelccopelandsr7120 fine we can call it that if you want. Just don't make aliens do the whole fall forward spring back thing....that might cause trouble on a cosmic level.
Maybe the lack of clumpiness is due to the expansion of space-time rather than dark matter... As space-time gets bigger there is more space in between stuff... Remember that the game board is growing and the pieces arent staying the same size
That's my off-the-top-of-my-head guess too. That the expansion of the universe is not uniform - it expands more under certain conditions. And we've just been fooled into thinking it's uniform because those conditions average out to be uniform on a macro scale (scale of the entire universe). But it's not uniform on a micro scale (scale of stars in galaxies, and clumps of galaxies).
It also makes no sense that all the galaxies are moving away from each other. If there are galaxies all around, how do they move away in all directions? It sounds more like space is spreading out.
These tensions give the hint that they are parts of the universe the either change over time; or the laws of physics just like energy is clumpy over existence. Maybe something more wild: like physics at the largest scale still being a combination of it's system local in the lower scale, like [atoms to quarks] but [giant reigons of the universe large gravitational waves]. Who knows, one day years in the future one or a few tensions will be solved by a brilliant mind.
It seems like the dark matter would tend to get less clumpy as the universe expands, since it is not "sticky" like baryonic matter. Dark matter only seems to interact with itself and baryons via gravity. Since dark matter is much more abundant than baryonic matter, the universe should get less clumpy over time, on average.
It's not the early universe, it's a different universe all together hence the variations in clumpiness,.... we are seeing across the void, the membrane, into another universe, and the red regions recently discovered are where these universes are touching.
I saw your Tardigrades comment also and it reminded me of the issue that highly intelligent people who are capable of both literal and lateral thinking are often unheard and this is such a disappointment to me that the human race in 2025 STILL uses memory as a judgement of intelligent thinking! My brother has a PhD in astrophysics but is just a “cassette head” - a regurgitator of information that others have discovered, he wants to explore further and I understand his frustration but he an most of his colleagues are all just carbon copies of each other and the text they learned from via “academia”! They literally can’t think further than they have been taught! It’s a bizarre and constant problem in both astrophysics and the wider scientific community! If a person like yourself worked with them they could be guided in ways they literally would have never considered! 👍🤝
Given that I have always been skeptical about certain aspects of the accepted cosmological model (for example, cosmic inflation, which just strikes me as ridiculous!), this is good news, pointing us slowly but surely towards new physics and a new model.
Time slows closer to the Earth than in space. If the early universe was smaller, all the matter would have been closer together and time might operate at a slower rate than it does for us, in the modern era. Factor in the time changes when light has to go around a galaxy cluster? It has to travel a longer distance in the same time. Like looking through a window with timely blotches on the glass?
It travels a longer distance in a longer time. This behaviour is explainable and has been observed. Nothing new. Time differences of the order of months have been observed. Not a lot in over 10 billion years.
I propose a new field called the Unobtainiton that explains all of these fluctuations. I will expect a grant soon and then we will start working on some more models.
Could dark matter be normal matter in higher dimensional spatial folds? Or, in other words, we cant see the matter because its hidden in areas containing warp bubbles? Could dark energy, therefore, be stretch bubbles?
Maybe more new space gets created where there is matter and big voids in space don't get a lot of new space creation ? This would unclumpatize the clumpy regions. Or would this necessitate new equations beyond GTR ?
why different clumpiness? one plausible one is that the spreading out of spacetime over the billions of years of expansion, and since it might be affected - somehow, not sure yet - by distance, the observations. maybe the redshift calculations are off? *shrug* they've been using pulsars and other stuff to do distances, but what if there's a change in some physics value, or an unknown variable (TBH, most likely, and have some suspicions), that's still unaccounted for that's showing up in the differing lambda values?
Does this have anything to do with the big crunch theory, that eventually things would stop spreading apart and start moving closer? Or is it just that the clumps should be clumpier, but the clumps will still keep spreading apart?
My bet. Dark matter and dark energy and ordinary gravity and gravitational wave background are simply a consequence of quantum collapse. That is, classical matter in a very complex curved space is dual to quantum fields in a flat space-time, and all the described effects are consequences of the collapse of the wave function of decoherence. In other words, when the classical world is formed, which we can perceive by some mechanism similar to the Penrose mechanism, quantum information is not lost, as Penrose believes, and is not recorded in the subtle correlations of ordinary matter, but is recorded in the ordinary world in the form of a curvature of space itself.
When I was in school and a teacher said I didn't explain something properly I invoked dark explanations. It was information that correctly explainedthe issue, of course, just that it couldn't be detected by the teachers methods. Therefore my paper was correct until she develops a new method to detect my dark explanations, and deserved an A++.
I believe he'd be happier if his students find an exomoon, or if his terrascope or jovianscope projects receive funding. An optical telescope using Jupiter's outer atmospherir layers would give us MASSIVE magnification power at a very low cost, i hope to see it in my life time
Cosmology is like Eskimos describing what Central Los Angeles is exactly like just from calculations. I hope we get an Eskimo Los Angeles News channel one day where Anton relays the Eskimos imaginings of Los Angeles in short form content.
Because it's not just down to gravity... Dark Energy may be a dilation illusion... Though is the Zero Point's virtual particles contains or is Axions, and blackholes and such emit those, then you could have a counter to clumping mentioned here, just not as aggressive as first through. Just saying things could be both a lot simpler and yet more complicated than first thought.... and it one thing contains any decent % of an illusion adding to the total, there could be more doing the same thing...😃
I wonder how these apparent discrepancies in the current cosmological model will play out. Only time will tell I guess. Maybe we're in for a scientific revolution that will transform our understanding of the universe, though it could just be that the current consensus model needs a little tweaking but is still correct on a fundamental level.
Notice that the 1st galaxies formed MUCH earlier than our models allow.. Right-there, you've got excessive-clumpiness, right? Those too-big/too-quick galaxies are showing you the same difference. _ /\ _
Dark matter is regular mass that is dilated. Dilation/gamma is the phenomenon our high school teachers were talking about when they said "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". This doesn't mean mass increases, it means mass becomes spread throughout spacetime relative to an outside observer. Time dilation is just one aspect of dilation, it's not just time that gets dilated. Even mass that exists at 75% light speed is partially dilated. It occurs wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers. Our own galactic center is dilated. This means that there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. In other words that mass is all around us. It's the "missing mass" needed to explain galaxy rotation curves. Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has been confirmed in 6 ultra diffuse galaxies including NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 to have no dark matter. In other words they have normal rotation rates. Mass is a clingy thing thanks to gravity. It makes sense that dilated mass would exist as a halo around galaxies.
A dilation/time dilation graph illustrates the phenomenon. It has velocity from stationary to the speed of light on the horizontal line and dilation/gamma on the vertical. Dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light. The best way to understand it is to imagine a spaceship traveling at a constant acceleration rate. When the ship reaches 50% light speed, as viewed from an Earthbound observer with a magically powerful telescope, it would appear normal because as the graph shows nothing has changed at that point. When the ship reaches 75% light speed it would appear fuzzy because as the graph shows relativistic effects would be noticeable at that point. When the ship reaches 99% light speed it would not be visible because every aspect of its existence would be spread throughout spacetime relative to an Earthbound observer. No matter how fast the ship goes everything would be normal from its perspective. Relativistic effects are all from an outside/stationary/Earthbound observers point of view.
Thank goodness for this comment- I was VERY close to losing all hope that humanity had a future! Seriously, it’s mind bogglingly frustrating sometimes when it feels like everyone is just smugly repeating bs as a profound and well known thing! A literal jerk circle if you will, I don’t feel so alone in the universe anymore 👍🤝
@@shawns0762Look up the *Lorentz factor* which is the exact formula to kinematic (velocity) time dilation. Second, look up *gravitational time dilation.*
99.8% of the mass in our solar system is in the sun. 99.9% of the mass in an atom is in the nucleus. This indicates 100's of trillions of solar masses in the centers of common spiral galaxies. Gravitational forces would be astronomically higher in our galactic center if it wasn't for the phenomenon of dilation/gamma.
Actually, the redshift, blue shift, and various distance of objects is recorded. Are you saying that they haven't compared these variables and still somehow determined dark energy and dark matter?
Its easy. There must be a dark anti-clump particle. Dark spread. Dark matter, dark energy and dark spread. Why not. Just add a dark spread param to the models and tune it to compensate for the expected clumpiness. Do whatever it takes. Heck just add a new fundamental dark spread constant if you need to. Who needs explainations after all.
Things happen faster away from galaxies and things happen slower near a gravitational well. There’s no gravity without massive amounts of matter. There’s also no measurable distance without massive amounts of matter and there is no measurable amount of time without massive amounts matter. (No gravity no distance and no time without the existence of the formation of massive amounts of matter.) Time is accelerated and distance is stretched between all of the supermassive black holes in the universe. Stretched means there is *less* measured distance and *faster* clocks, *both of which* contribute to a faster rate of causation and a faster speed of light compared to where there is more gravity where distance is not as stretched and time runs slower where we are. If you can understand this, you can understand general relativity and you can see why there is no need for dark matter because causation is faster the farther away from the center of the galaxy it is. Dark energy is not needed either because the vacuum of space is from black holes that are growing by absorbing spacetime regardless of the amount of matter is being absorbed. This is the opposite of inflation. So the redshift is known to be from light leaving a galaxy and in a sense the farther away the source of the light is, the more the accumulation gravity it is leaving behind so the more redshifted the light is so that when the light enters the much smaller mass of our galaxy, the light is only slightly blueshifted back to its original spectrum. It’s really not even hard to understand or explain.
I "have" the anwser! The dark matter particle are meta stable and decay in some type of another particle like photons ( dark photons) that go out in the light speed along the time and reduce the clumpness of the galaxy matter.
The most important thing is why systems form. Our solar system has had ''lost'' planets fly by us, and some may have been captured. Suns are the great attractors close by, and we all are here because of it.
But gravity was different, it has to be, both the energy and gravity. In the early time, before the first supernovas did the heavier elements not exist and matter created, containing high energy was not yet in the universe (E=MC^2) so all the energy that today is locked inside heavy elements was available to create stares, as helium. Over time does the universe convert more and more energy and stars to unusable heavy metals and do therefore no longer add to the available stuff to create stars and the "clumsiness" goes down.
Dark matter might not exist but wormholes might. The gravity at one point would pull on the other. but Portal would close before much ligh could get through
Physicists call dark matter "an observable effect for which a cause has not yet been discovered." We can easily see something is going on. What causing it we don't know.
Since wormholes are expected to be incredibly tiny (smaller than an atom in diameter) the probabilities of a photon entering them would be minuscule anyway, unless it's close to a star. And let's not forget they'd be unstable either, so they could be randomly opening, closing, re-opening some kilometers away, and so on
the universes bounces between what many will see as expanding and contracting. mark the date i guess so future beings will see when this was first announced by someone far more enlightened than any other on the planet for this age. the next obvious question is: how many times has it 'bounced'? at least twice so far is the answer you'll all be looking for and how to prove that.
I can see how losa "Stuff" makes localised gravity wells (a bly or so} that changes time,,higher gravity/dark matter/or whatever does it around baryonic matter, SLOWS TIME ,,so the Expansion WOULD BE FASTER in between the clumps and past them, SO , as we look Overall, expansion is a number,,,look at a clump, expansion is another number,,look at a gap, you get another one,,,, Tension , by the look of it ,,might be related ,,,Tension/Time/and Gravity are all linked somehow ,,,, Nobel prize if you work it out,,,
See,, tension stops/slows down clumping,,i guess that means it is anti-grav,,or expansion between clumps is faster than the gravitic attraction,,with the Square of the distance ,,,soo,,Nobel there,,write the equations ,,qik,,
I'm not a physicist, but perhaps the tensions can be explained by my theory that a certain amount of matter turns into its space equivalent during a fusion reaction and the clumping problem is caused by the fact that earlier in the Universe less time had passed during which fusion in stars had occurred. The more time that passes for space-from-matter, the less the clumping in the Universe. This would probably affect things like galaxy size and density of clusters. I'm aware that this is probably wrong, but it seems so simple and natural that it is attractive to think about. I feel that the mass-to-space calculation would probably be trivial for a physicist from the current data and no theory for how this transformation actually takes place would be required if for exercise this was assumed to be true.
you're onto something!!! Some phycisists, mostly Soviet ones, developped a theory similar to what you're proposing, instead the conversion was done within blackholes. Blackholes would be converting part of the matter into negative pressure - at small distances gravity wins so the effects are not noticeable, but on larger distances they are. Explains not just dark energy but also why the cosmic expantion is accelerating over time, rather than expanding at a constant rate - thus, no Hubble "constant", but more the Hubble "factor" as it's really f(t) . Recently, some Western scientists have basically recreated it after it was found the number of super massive black holes was lower in the early universe, that they formed and got fat way too quickly to be explained by today's theories, and also that the number of them as well as their masses strongly correlates with the age of the universe
@@JosePineda-cy6om Fascinating. I wasn't aware of that. I'm suspicious that neutrinos, having very small mass but massive numbers are somehow involved with the conversion of matter into space.
@ oh yes, neutrinos!! I always gt furious how little attention neutrinos get from mainstream phycisists. How much matter per second do super massive black holes eat from cosmic microwave and from neutrinos? How much do they expell thru Hawking radiation? Seems nobody bothers to even inquiry??
The Timescape theory uses this inhomogeneity and anisotropy as part of its explanation for why time flows at different rates in different parts of the universe.
It is very funny that stuff like big bang, which was the accepted theory, with even the timing being agreed, to such specifics, that if you even sang about universe being estimately 12 billion years old Like singer Katie Melula did, In her 2005 silly lovesong "9 million bicycles in beijing", you would get The guardian writing an article titled "Katie Melua's bad science" With quotes like: "In short, Katie Melua has no right to call the age of the universe "a guess" or quote it as 12 billion years when we now know it to be 13.7 billion years old. You might think that I am being rather uptight, but the role of the scientist is slowly being undermined with a growing belief that scientific results are merely subjective guesses that go in and out of fashion" I can only come to the conclusion, that scientific results are merely subjective guesses that go in and out of fashion.
The story of measurements of light speed is even more embarrassing for metrologists. You'd think it should assymptotically converge over time but no - the official value goes up and down velp weirdly until it really started to coalesce near the end of the 70s. Scientisns are human, they were tampering with their results because they didn't want to risk losing reputations or, worse, funding if their published number was way too off the accepted value. So everybody self-convinced of a value, then it moved up, down, up, down. It wasn't an assymptotic convergence at all
It's crazy how many scientists still didn't realize that the Lambda CDM model is beyond broken... I have no idea of what would be the correct model, but... I don't know, but we should start looking for it.
We're in the phase that epystemologists call "revolutionary science": there are way too many anomalies conflicting with the accepted orthodox theory for it to be correct. But so far none of the alternative theories have success in explaining these anomalies WHILE at the same time retaining the explanatory power to explain the phenomena the previous theory helped us understand. So diff groups of scientists propose lots and lots of ideas, slowly one is accepted (a funeral at a time) until all remaining scientists accept the new theory, a new paradigm is born, and we're into "normal science" phase again
@@MCsCreations i fell in love with Feyerabend in my youth, though today i find him a bit extreme LOL. His main challenge against astrology wasn't theoretucal, or cansistoncy, or whatever but: does ut work at least 51% of times? Answer's no, so it's not science. I believe part of today's stagnation of science is the insistence that every new insight must fit with everything else - continental theory was rejected for decades because Wegener could'nt explain the mechanism for it, so it was rejected in spite of the mountain of owidence for it. In today's world, Kepler's laws would've been rejecned as "ad-hoc hypothesis", even though the 3 are natural derivatives from Newton's mecanic. But in the end, i'm much more worried about this other pount Feyerabend was warning us, about the unholy alliance between science and political power. Just as he said, Science (TM) is now the new Inquisition, the source of legitimacy for rulers, and so the emphasis is not what's true or not, but rather what benefits hhose in power at any pount in time. We all saw during covid how lots and lots of TRUTHFUL facts were being censored or outright discarded as "missinformatian" because they weren't convenient, their truthfulness only acknowledged much much latter when it was politically neutral. As Feyerabend said, in a free world, politics should get divorced from science, or we all suffer
Cosmology is a budding science. As more information comes in the model keeps getting adjusted.
Betelgeuse like super novas, super massive black holes roaming about and colliding galaxies are just a few things we now know to consider when looking at how "clumpy" space is.
Thank you for keeping us updated on the progress 👍
When the title lets you know ahead of time, that you will not understand what Anton is talking about. 😜
It's easy. Dark Energy = disinformation
People on youtube are here to entertain you with silly hypotheses rather than science.
Don't you get tired of the same recycled nothing burger?
Most science channels here get so much wrong. Then they brainwash you with colourful animations. (queue [inaccurate] video of the universe expanding)
Hahaha.
Thanks once again, wonderful person!
If you treat space like it's a room filled with elements and atoms Everything decays over time,
Everything turns into something else.
More pressure, More heat, More magnetic, More decay More time. And then more everything
Love your videos Man I'm glad I subscribed
S8: the Stress level between 0 and 10 for cosmologists when measurements don't conform to the current model 😅
Not stress, excitement, as it means there is something new to learn
But their theories are flawless, so the Universe must be wrong!
@@dcorgard no one ever said they were. Scientific theories are models to predict things. They are not reality itself, they simply describe it. They are useful, even if we know they are not perfect or don't work in all cases.
Science is not about being correct, it's about making better predictions.
You're the only one saying theories are flawless. @@dcorgard
@@youareliedtobythemedia your last statement is incorrect, though.
Accurate data is required.. accurate, correct, data.
Science cares about accuracy.. otherwise shit won't leave the atmosphere... Correct?
hope all is well for you, Anton!!
I dont know, if it would be too much for some of the audience, but id love to see the actual formula where S8 is used.
Unfortunately for me I have the feeling if I looked at the formula I would understand it just enough to give myself a massive headache.
S8 unification??
S8 symmetry group, would be my best guess.
Well that's left me scratching my head, Nice one Anton
The Universe is like a gravy that wasn't stirred enough.
god has a sense of humor
@palma1245 no reason for a God.
Still being stirred....
@@palma1245 I wonder if god thinks his god has one
@@ODDYSEY-182 akshually it isn't, it's settling
Thank you Anton, great topic.
I think i laughed out loud literally every single time you said clumpy
Super massive BHs are now known to eject stars from binary systems in close encounters at high velocity from their galaxies which would reduce clumping to an increasing extent as time passes.
At 1:32, there was a Freudian slip; he meant to say a slightly different value of the Hubble constant, not the cosmological constant (lambda).
no slip, he said what was mean to be said - Hubble constant does not even fit in this context
@vaakdemandante8772, sorry, but that's incorrect. He actually states beforehand, "the most famous of the tensions is the Hubble tension." The Hubble tension has nothing to do with the cosmological constant; it concerns different values of the Hubble constant. There has never been a tension about dark energy having different values throughout the universe's history, as its density remains constant.
When I read one of Stephen Hawking's books - and when my brain still worked - I believe I was able to calculate the probable Schwarzschild Radius that would make our Universe into a black hole. What I calculated, based on an assumed "dark matter" proportion of 90% did not seem outlandishly different from what was needed to make the Universe a Black Hole.
Im gonna need you to explain this using sock puppets
can i still enjoy season 8 of Cosmology if i missed the last couple of seasons?
Yes, but you should really catch up on the previous 13 billion years when you have the time.
when we send a pulse to a UAP with a radar, sometimes we see a strange effect, the "blob" on the radar comes back with 2 or more seconds delay, that's a lot for this short distance. The impulse is "captured" by the object, it circles the UAP several times until the impulse is sent back or can escape, we have no clue, then we see the Blob on the Radar. It seems they have a strong gravitational field that can bend the impuls around the object until it's somehow escapes and comes back
Gnomes, it's always gnomes...
I seem to be aware that the answer to both of these big problems/questions already exists!! :-)
Or maybe there's a problem on how raw CMB data was cleaned from the "noises". It could easily effect on clumpiness
the answer is 42
Actually its Pi
137
@@PumaOGVwhooooooosh 😂
Tree(3)
But what’s the question? 🧐
It's the most interesting topic in Cosmology. The discrepancies in a "cosmological constant", whether it's called that or "S8" might be pointing to entirely different concepts, some opposing the "Big Bang" Theory.
The "Continuous State" or "Steady State" hypothesis could be interacting with a series of "Big Bang" events, which would imply that there is more matter than anticipated beyond a necessary "Schwarzschild Radius" that would mean our Universe is a Black Hole as seen from the other side of the "event horizon".
I intuitively feel that a great amount of matter beyond that horizon should be causing a perceived acceleration of expansion - if indeed there is a "continuous creation" element in our Universe.
Going to be interesting to see if the TimeScapes model has any influence on this tension
WHAt do you mean?? ANSWER ME!! elaborate!!
@Cobbido a new theory that proposes that dark energy is basically an illusion and that expansion rate is either much smaller than we think or even zero. It's main argument is that: a) time flows slower near massive objects, as per Einstien. Thus in the middle of intergalactic voids it flows the fastest, and much slower near a star than elsewhere within intragalactic space. Thus, light coming out of a galaxy will see a redshift upon entering the void due to the diff in time flow, then a blueshift after entering a high-gravity zone like another galaxy. Buuuuuttt due to the overall clumpiness of the universe (this theory directly charges against the orthodox physics assumption that the universe's density is overall the same everywhere you look at - recent observations confirm that's not the case) then voids expand fast because clumpy regions tend to collapse towards their mass center. So when light enters a galaxy again, the blueshift in experiences gets partially cancelled by the redshift it experiences as a result of the galaxy falling towards the local group barycenter. Thus, overall the redshift wins, even if the universe is not really expanding, just the voids getting larger at the expense of the clumpy regions geting more concentrated
It's a bew study, Google it since we aren't permitted to provide links.
My idea so I get to name it! What I mean is, no one has claimed it so I'm officially calling, "Dibs." Now that "V-ger" is outside our Sun's gravitational influence, in interstellar space, it's now in the Milky Way's faster moving, Interstellar Time or "Mikey's Time." This can be proven by turning off everything except its clock and transmitter. Have "V-ger" read time for as long as possible. This SHOULD show the flow of time speeds up the further away you get from any celestial bodies or source of gravity. Until you reach the Milky Way's time standard or "Mikey's Time."
•Our sun's time bubble: "Terran Time" we know and have measured. In a lifetime, our head is one second younger than our feet.
•Milky Way's time bubble or "Mikey's Time." The rate/flow of TIME outside any influence but within the Milky Way: We just got there and are still figuring what the difference is. I'd say time will increase in speed, now and until V-ger is outside the Ort cloud.
•Local Group's time bubble or the rate/flow of time outside of any influence but within the Local Group: Name still open and unknown. Wild guess .08 P-22% to a couple seconds faster, maybe. Used just for reference. You know what I mean.
•Outside any influence in the, "True Interstellar Time Standard." or T.I.T.S. and have the emblem ;-P This name is NOT up for debate. The rate/flow of time is fastest here. Time flows fastest here so it's best to use a motor boat and hold tight. Always applies when you're in T.I.... ;-P
A minute is a minute in all. It's the rate/flow I'm talking about. Heck, rivers of time flowing differently might explain dark energy and dark matter. Its the differences in time could explain dark energy repels and dark matter attracts. Fun to think about. Anyway, the Milky Way's, "True Interstellar Time Standard," emblem will be ";-P" and be known as, "Mikey's Time."
Pass it on, please and thank you.
Hum, I am no expert but from what you describe you may have just discovered the theory of relativity.
**quietly rearranges it to read "Milky Time"**
@@colorado841 You're talking about the whole thing. I'm talking about what's IN it. ;-P
@Llortnerof The time bubble/influence around our sun can be, "Terran Time." So on and so on until we get to, "Mikey's Time," for the Milky Way's time bubble/influence. Until we get to, "True Interstellar Time Standard." Free of any and all influence. See, every galaxy can have their own Time Standard. It's not my idea. Just my idea to name them. ;-P
@michaelccopelandsr7120 fine we can call it that if you want. Just don't make aliens do the whole fall forward spring back thing....that might cause trouble on a cosmic level.
Maybe the lack of clumpiness is due to the expansion of space-time rather than dark matter... As space-time gets bigger there is more space in between stuff... Remember that the game board is growing and the pieces arent staying the same size
That's my off-the-top-of-my-head guess too. That the expansion of the universe is not uniform - it expands more under certain conditions. And we've just been fooled into thinking it's uniform because those conditions average out to be uniform on a macro scale (scale of the entire universe). But it's not uniform on a micro scale (scale of stars in galaxies, and clumps of galaxies).
It also makes no sense that all the galaxies are moving away from each other. If there are galaxies all around, how do they move away in all directions? It sounds more like space is spreading out.
That's right, but the galaxies are embedded in that space like raisins in bread dough and lik them whn the dough moves so do they.
These tensions give the hint that they are parts of the universe the either change over time; or the laws of physics just like energy is clumpy over existence. Maybe something more wild: like physics at the largest scale still being a combination of it's system local in the lower scale, like [atoms to quarks] but [giant reigons of the universe large gravitational waves].
Who knows, one day years in the future one or a few tensions will be solved by a brilliant mind.
Fun fact:The universe might be taking the shape of a donate
Might... ha ha. Donate..... ha ha ha.... Fix your crap, brutha / sista
What kind of donate? Political? Charitable?
It seems like the dark matter would tend to get less clumpy as the universe expands, since it is not "sticky" like baryonic matter. Dark matter only seems to interact with itself and baryons via gravity. Since dark matter is much more abundant than baryonic matter, the universe should get less clumpy over time, on average.
It's not the early universe, it's a different universe all together hence the variations in clumpiness,.... we are seeing across the void, the membrane, into another universe, and the red regions recently discovered are where these universes are touching.
The more we find out, the more it seems our basic assumption about the Universe are just wrong.
Seems the outlier here is the number based on the CMB. So doesn’t it make sense to check if those calculations were correct?
Exactly 👍 THANK YOU 🙏 I don’t feel anywhere near as frustrated as I did before seeing someone else with the same thoughts as myself ✊🤝 🤝🤝
I saw your Tardigrades comment also and it reminded me of the issue that highly intelligent people who are capable of both literal and lateral thinking are often unheard and this is such a disappointment to me that the human race in 2025 STILL uses memory as a judgement of intelligent thinking!
My brother has a PhD in astrophysics but is just a “cassette head” - a regurgitator of information that others have discovered, he wants to explore further and I understand his frustration but he an most of his colleagues are all just carbon copies of each other and the text they learned from via “academia”! They literally can’t think further than they have been taught! It’s a bizarre and constant problem in both astrophysics and the wider scientific community! If a person like yourself worked with them they could be guided in ways they literally would have never considered! 👍🤝
Given that I have always been skeptical about certain aspects of the accepted cosmological model (for example, cosmic inflation, which just strikes me as ridiculous!), this is good news, pointing us slowly but surely towards new physics and a new model.
Almost as if the Galaxy was created and the "clumpiness" existed from the beginning.
Time slows closer to the Earth than in space.
If the early universe was smaller, all the matter would have been closer together and time might operate at a slower rate than it does for us, in the modern era.
Factor in the time changes when light has to go around a galaxy cluster?
It has to travel a longer distance in the same time.
Like looking through a window with timely blotches on the glass?
Absolutely bloody brilliant comment 👍🤝🤝🤝
It travels a longer distance in a longer time. This behaviour is explainable and has been observed. Nothing new. Time differences of the order of months have been observed. Not a lot in over 10 billion years.
@rogerphelps9939 forces beyond our current comprehension?
I propose a new field called the Unobtainiton that explains all of these fluctuations. I will expect a grant soon and then we will start working on some more models.
5:45 At the big bang everything was in a single clump. Now it's in a bunch of small ones. Seems to match up
Could dark matter be normal matter in higher dimensional spatial folds? Or, in other words, we cant see the matter because its hidden in areas containing warp bubbles?
Could dark energy, therefore, be stretch bubbles?
Spiritual objects in higher realms
Has been tried before, experiments showed most likely it wasn't the case
Like air bubblez
Maybe more new space gets created where there is matter and big voids in space don't get a lot of new space creation ? This would unclumpatize the clumpy regions.
Or would this necessitate new equations beyond GTR ?
The more we know, the less we know.
What if matter stretched spacetime? If spacetime is stretching, then there's more space , and then it's harder to clump
why different clumpiness? one plausible one is that the spreading out of spacetime over the billions of years of expansion, and since it might be affected - somehow, not sure yet - by distance, the observations. maybe the redshift calculations are off? *shrug* they've been using pulsars and other stuff to do distances, but what if there's a change in some physics value, or an unknown variable (TBH, most likely, and have some suspicions), that's still unaccounted for that's showing up in the differing lambda values?
Include time dialation (Or our observations of it) and things might be more normalised.
Love the use of the word might. Assertions don't help. Facts only please.
Does this have anything to do with the big crunch theory, that eventually things would stop spreading apart and start moving closer? Or is it just that the clumps should be clumpier, but the clumps will still keep spreading apart?
No.
clumps should be clumpier
dark energy 2 drop is insane
Nice job
Probably just a bug in the physics sim, that the devs will fix on the next update.
It's pretty much abandonware at this point.
Anton is the best!
Isn't gravity more like a pressure differential
My bet. Dark matter and dark energy and ordinary gravity and gravitational wave background are simply a consequence of quantum collapse. That is, classical matter in a very complex curved space is dual to quantum fields in a flat space-time, and all the described effects are consequences of the collapse of the wave function of decoherence. In other words, when the classical world is formed, which we can perceive by some mechanism similar to the Penrose mechanism, quantum information is not lost, as Penrose believes, and is not recorded in the subtle correlations of ordinary matter, but is recorded in the ordinary world in the form of a curvature of space itself.
I love this channel
How many languages do you speak, Anton? What do you speak at home?
Big brain!😊
When I was in school and a teacher said I didn't explain something properly I invoked dark explanations.
It was information that correctly explainedthe issue, of course, just that it couldn't be detected by the teachers methods.
Therefore my paper was correct until she develops a new method to detect my dark explanations, and deserved an A++.
This isn't just a way to annoy your teacher. It's a philosophy for life.
lol ❤
BRIAN KEATING BETTER GET RECOGNITION WHEN THEY WIN THE NOBEL PRIZE! 😂poor guy. He invented BOSS's precursor pretty sure this was his baby back when
I believe he'd be happier if his students find an exomoon, or if his terrascope or jovianscope projects receive funding. An optical telescope using Jupiter's outer atmospherir layers would give us MASSIVE magnification power at a very low cost, i hope to see it in my life time
Cosmology is like Eskimos describing what Central Los Angeles is exactly like just from calculations. I hope we get an Eskimo Los Angeles News channel one day where Anton relays the Eskimos imaginings of Los Angeles in short form content.
"The Eskimos believe there may in fact be potatoes there.."
Inuit, Eskimo is a slur.
Because it's not just down to gravity... Dark Energy may be a dilation illusion... Though is the Zero Point's virtual particles contains or is Axions, and blackholes and such emit those, then you could have a counter to clumping mentioned here, just not as aggressive as first through. Just saying things could be both a lot simpler and yet more complicated than first thought.... and it one thing contains any decent % of an illusion adding to the total, there could be more doing the same thing...😃
I wonder how these apparent discrepancies in the current cosmological model will play out. Only time will tell I guess. Maybe we're in for a scientific revolution that will transform our understanding of the universe, though it could just be that the current consensus model needs a little tweaking but is still correct on a fundamental level.
Notice that the 1st galaxies formed MUCH earlier than our models allow..
Right-there, you've got excessive-clumpiness, right?
Those too-big/too-quick galaxies are showing you the same difference.
_ /\ _
Hello wonderfull Anton!
Why did you have an SKELETOR avatar if SKELETOR are an evil character?
@@Cobbido He is not nice!
Imagine if Anton where in the movie A Bug's Life and the cricket got mad at him, haha yeah I just thought that'd be interesting
My dog S8 my homework ⛳
Hooray for upcoming solutions!
Dark matter is regular mass that is dilated. Dilation/gamma is the phenomenon our high school teachers were talking about when they said "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". This doesn't mean mass increases, it means mass becomes spread throughout spacetime relative to an outside observer. Time dilation is just one aspect of dilation, it's not just time that gets dilated. Even mass that exists at 75% light speed is partially dilated.
It occurs wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers.
Our own galactic center is dilated. This means that there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. In other words that mass is all around us. It's the "missing mass" needed to explain galaxy rotation curves.
Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has been confirmed in 6 ultra diffuse galaxies including NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 to have no dark matter. In other words they have normal rotation rates.
Mass is a clingy thing thanks to gravity. It makes sense that dilated mass would exist as a halo around galaxies.
A dilation/time dilation graph illustrates the phenomenon. It has velocity from stationary to the speed of light on the horizontal line and dilation/gamma on the vertical. Dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light.
The best way to understand it is to imagine a spaceship traveling at a constant acceleration rate. When the ship reaches 50% light speed, as viewed from an Earthbound observer with a magically powerful telescope, it would appear normal because as the graph shows nothing has changed at that point.
When the ship reaches 75% light speed it would appear fuzzy because as the graph shows relativistic effects would be noticeable at that point.
When the ship reaches 99% light speed it would not be visible because every aspect of its existence would be spread throughout spacetime relative to an Earthbound observer.
No matter how fast the ship goes everything would be normal from its perspective. Relativistic effects are all from an outside/stationary/Earthbound observers point of view.
Thank goodness for this comment- I was VERY close to losing all hope that humanity had a future! Seriously, it’s mind bogglingly frustrating sometimes when it feels like everyone is just smugly repeating bs as a profound and well known thing! A literal jerk circle if you will, I don’t feel so alone in the universe anymore 👍🤝
@@shawns0762Look up the *Lorentz factor* which is the exact formula to kinematic (velocity) time dilation. Second, look up *gravitational time dilation.*
Where's SgrA? It's up there, it's down there, it's over here, it's over there. Now it's taking a shower.
99.8% of the mass in our solar system is in the sun. 99.9% of the mass in an atom is in the nucleus. This indicates 100's of trillions of solar masses in the centers of common spiral galaxies. Gravitational forces would be astronomically higher in our galactic center if it wasn't for the phenomenon of dilation/gamma.
maybe eventually the top bottom becomes the matter/universe quark core replacing the up, down reality we see today
🤔
Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. 🤘
The problem is actually very simple none of what they observe is moving at the same temporal velocity and they have never taken that into account!!
Actually, the redshift, blue shift, and various distance of objects is recorded. Are you saying that they haven't compared these variables and still somehow determined dark energy and dark matter?
Look up the new timescape model.
Its easy. There must be a dark anti-clump particle. Dark spread.
Dark matter, dark energy and dark spread. Why not. Just add a dark spread param to the models and tune it to compensate for the expected clumpiness. Do whatever it takes. Heck just add a new fundamental dark spread constant if you need to. Who needs explainations after all.
it is determined wee are knot in thee mind of gawd as it was written
It just the Time clocks with different speed
Things happen faster away from galaxies and things happen slower near a gravitational well. There’s no gravity without massive amounts of matter. There’s also no measurable distance without massive amounts of matter and there is no measurable amount of time without massive amounts matter. (No gravity no distance and no time without the existence of the formation of massive amounts of matter.)
Time is accelerated and distance is stretched between all of the supermassive black holes in the universe. Stretched means there is *less* measured distance and *faster* clocks, *both of which* contribute to a faster rate of causation and a faster speed of light compared to where there is more gravity where distance is not as stretched and time runs slower where we are.
If you can understand this, you can understand general relativity and you can see why there is no need for dark matter because causation is faster the farther away from the center of the galaxy it is.
Dark energy is not needed either because the vacuum of space is from black holes that are growing by absorbing spacetime regardless of the amount of matter is being absorbed. This is the opposite of inflation. So the redshift is known to be from light leaving a galaxy and in a sense the farther away the source of the light is, the more the accumulation gravity it is leaving behind so the more redshifted the light is so that when the light enters the much smaller mass of our galaxy, the light is only slightly blueshifted back to its original spectrum.
It’s really not even hard to understand or explain.
I "have" the anwser! The dark matter particle are meta stable and decay in some type of another particle like photons ( dark photons) that go out in the light speed along the time and reduce the clumpness of the galaxy matter.
The only thing that stays the same is change.
Clumpiness uh uh finds a way...
The most important thing is why systems form. Our solar system has had ''lost'' planets fly by us, and some may have been captured. Suns are the great attractors close by, and we all are here because of it.
Anyone else experiencing *_S10_* tension in their wallet/finances? I know I'm not alone in this 'Space'. =]]
"Let's briefly discuss the universe"
"Everything that exists"
Done.
The gnomic aether is at it again. Loljk
Lambda CDM was fine until a couple decades ago? The whole idea is like 25 years old.
Sooo literally a couple of decades ago! 🤦🏻♂️😂
But gravity was different, it has to be, both the energy and gravity.
In the early time, before the first supernovas did the heavier elements not exist and matter created, containing high energy was not yet in the universe (E=MC^2) so all the energy that today is locked inside heavy elements was available to create stares, as helium. Over time does the universe convert more and more energy and stars to unusable heavy metals and do therefore no longer add to the available stuff to create stars and the "clumsiness" goes down.
Dark matter might not exist but wormholes might. The gravity at one point would pull on the other. but Portal would close before much ligh could get through
Physicists call dark matter "an observable effect for which a cause has not yet been discovered." We can easily see something is going on. What causing it we don't know.
Since wormholes are expected to be incredibly tiny (smaller than an atom in diameter) the probabilities of a photon entering them would be minuscule anyway, unless it's close to a star. And let's not forget they'd be unstable either, so they could be randomly opening, closing, re-opening some kilometers away, and so on
If we, sun, galaxy is moving at high speeds....why are stars always in same location of our night sky ?
Because they are far away
the universes bounces between what many will see as expanding and contracting.
mark the date i guess so future beings will see when this was first announced by someone far more enlightened than any other on the planet for this age.
the next obvious question is: how many times has it 'bounced'?
at least twice so far is the answer you'll all be looking for and how to prove that.
I don't feel right until I see that smile. Thanks.
weird
@@tenbear5 Yes, I suspect he is a bottom.
I convinced your mom, the big bang is real!
So thankful I found The Electric Universe Model, where nothing is unexplained.
How does it explain redshift in every direction?
'Lectric is funny that way.
❤❤❤❤❤
I couldn't watch all of this. It just mad me too tense.
It's like is the model wrong or is there a phenomena that explains the differences? cosmologists are going to need some headache medicine
I have some growth for you right here.
I can see how losa "Stuff" makes localised gravity wells (a bly or so} that changes time,,higher gravity/dark matter/or whatever does it around baryonic matter, SLOWS TIME ,,so the Expansion WOULD BE FASTER in between the clumps and past them, SO , as we look Overall, expansion is a number,,,look at a clump, expansion is another number,,look at a gap, you get another one,,,,
Tension , by the look of it ,,might be related ,,,Tension/Time/and Gravity are all linked somehow ,,,,
Nobel prize if you work it out,,,
See,, tension stops/slows down clumping,,i guess that means it is anti-grav,,or expansion between clumps is faster than the gravitic attraction,,with the Square of the distance ,,,soo,,Nobel there,,write the equations ,,qik,,
Darkmatter doesn't exist. It relies on super symmetry, super symmetry isn't a thing. GG
So cool
I'm not a physicist, but perhaps the tensions can be explained by my theory that a certain amount of matter turns into its space equivalent during a fusion reaction and the clumping problem is caused by the fact that earlier in the Universe less time had passed during which fusion in stars had occurred. The more time that passes for space-from-matter, the less the clumping in the Universe. This would probably affect things like galaxy size and density of clusters. I'm aware that this is probably wrong, but it seems so simple and natural that it is attractive to think about. I feel that the mass-to-space calculation would probably be trivial for a physicist from the current data and no theory for how this transformation actually takes place would be required if for exercise this was assumed to be true.
you're onto something!!! Some phycisists, mostly Soviet ones, developped a theory similar to what you're proposing, instead the conversion was done within blackholes. Blackholes would be converting part of the matter into negative pressure - at small distances gravity wins so the effects are not noticeable, but on larger distances they are. Explains not just dark energy but also why the cosmic expantion is accelerating over time, rather than expanding at a constant rate - thus, no Hubble "constant", but more the Hubble "factor" as it's really f(t) . Recently, some Western scientists have basically recreated it after it was found the number of super massive black holes was lower in the early universe, that they formed and got fat way too quickly to be explained by today's theories, and also that the number of them as well as their masses strongly correlates with the age of the universe
@@JosePineda-cy6om Fascinating. I wasn't aware of that. I'm suspicious that neutrinos, having very small mass but massive numbers are somehow involved with the conversion of matter into space.
@ oh yes, neutrinos!! I always gt furious how little attention neutrinos get from mainstream phycisists. How much matter per second do super massive black holes eat from cosmic microwave and from neutrinos? How much do they expell thru Hawking radiation? Seems nobody bothers to even inquiry??
There is no dark side of matter. Actually, it's all dark.
By the way, which one's pink.
The Timescape theory uses this inhomogeneity and anisotropy as part of its explanation for why time flows at different rates in different parts of the universe.
Tuning in from 2025
It is very funny that stuff like big bang, which was the accepted theory, with even the timing being agreed, to such specifics, that if you even sang about universe being estimately 12 billion years old Like singer Katie Melula did, In her 2005 silly lovesong "9 million bicycles in beijing", you would get The guardian writing an article titled "Katie Melua's bad science" With quotes like:
"In short, Katie Melua has no right to call the age of the universe "a guess" or quote it as 12 billion years when we now know it to be 13.7 billion years old. You might think that I am being rather uptight, but the role of the scientist is slowly being undermined with a growing belief that scientific results are merely subjective guesses that go in and out of fashion"
I can only come to the conclusion, that scientific results are merely subjective guesses that go in and out of fashion.
The story of measurements of light speed is even more embarrassing for metrologists. You'd think it should assymptotically converge over time but no - the official value goes up and down velp weirdly until it really started to coalesce near the end of the 70s. Scientisns are human, they were tampering with their results because they didn't want to risk losing reputations or, worse, funding if their published number was way too off the accepted value. So everybody self-convinced of a value, then it moved up, down, up, down. It wasn't an assymptotic convergence at all
no Dark Matter, only PBH
It's crazy how many scientists still didn't realize that the Lambda CDM model is beyond broken...
I have no idea of what would be the correct model, but... I don't know, but we should start looking for it.
We're in the phase that epystemologists call "revolutionary science": there are way too many anomalies conflicting with the accepted orthodox theory for it to be correct. But so far none of the alternative theories have success in explaining these anomalies WHILE at the same time retaining the explanatory power to explain the phenomena the previous theory helped us understand. So diff groups of scientists propose lots and lots of ideas, slowly one is accepted (a funeral at a time) until all remaining scientists accept the new theory, a new paradigm is born, and we're into "normal science" phase again
@JosePineda-cy6om Yep, a paradigm shift. I love Thomas Kuhn's theory, because it applies to much more, not only science.
@@MCsCreations i fell in love with Feyerabend in my youth, though today i find him a bit extreme LOL. His main challenge against astrology wasn't theoretucal, or cansistoncy, or whatever but: does ut work at least 51% of times? Answer's no, so it's not science. I believe part of today's stagnation of science is the insistence that every new insight must fit with everything else - continental theory was rejected for decades because Wegener could'nt explain the mechanism for it, so it was rejected in spite of the mountain of owidence for it. In today's world, Kepler's laws would've been rejecned as "ad-hoc hypothesis", even though the 3 are natural derivatives from Newton's mecanic. But in the end, i'm much more worried about this other pount Feyerabend was warning us, about the unholy alliance between science and political power. Just as he said, Science (TM) is now the new Inquisition, the source of legitimacy for rulers, and so the emphasis is not what's true or not, but rather what benefits hhose in power at any pount in time. We all saw during covid how lots and lots of TRUTHFUL facts were being censored or outright discarded as "missinformatian" because they weren't convenient, their truthfulness only acknowledged much much latter when it was politically neutral. As Feyerabend said, in a free world, politics should get divorced from science, or we all suffer