Exotic X - Baja-BC

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  • Опубліковано 9 лют 2025
  • Nick Zentner | December 6, 2020.
    Exotic Terranes A to Z! Episode X: Baja - British Columbia.

КОМЕНТАРІ • 114

  • @JENewport
    @JENewport 2 роки тому +1

    I love all of these videos. You are hitting home runs! Thank you.

  • @sharonwhiteley6510
    @sharonwhiteley6510 2 роки тому +4

    WOW, the "KEEP YOUR FIRES BURNING " blanket is so touching and to be cherished and honored.

  • @jeandorsey7991
    @jeandorsey7991 2 роки тому +2

    Yes, Mr. Zenter watching again. 😀 Needed a refresher course for the next batch of Itchy Boots 👢 as Noraly skirts up Baja BC to Alaska. 😉

  • @martinnyberg9295
    @martinnyberg9295 3 роки тому +2

    1:52:39 Yes! 💜😃 And here I thought I was the only one!
    I keep dreaming that I’ve been enrolled at LSU (where I, in reality, did my undergraduate and masters, and swam on the swim team in the 1990s) for a semester while having to spend time here in Sweden (which sort of happened in reality once) and have to do a final exam in a class I even forgot that I had to study for. I’m turning 51 this May and celebrating the 30th anniversary of my first semester at LSU this fall, so I suppose you have many years of that same dream to look forward to. 😬
    I have a trick for getting to sleep that kind of helps that dream though. I play an audiobook to lull me to sleep, and quite often the book enters my dreams. I’ve had Richard Dawkins, Stephen Fry, and Lawrence Krauss as guest lecturers in my dreams, which is a much better dream. 😄

  • @dashdotdot
    @dashdotdot 3 роки тому +4

    I love coming across all these videos - thanks so much Professor Zentner! (and thanks to Chris, too, nice footage)

  • @sheetmetalhead
    @sheetmetalhead 4 роки тому +12

    Nick this has been a great trip you’ve lead us on, and we are almost to the end, I don’t want it to end☹️

  • @jamesdownard1510
    @jamesdownard1510 4 роки тому +5

    Nick, no Hercule Poirot or Sherlock Holmes detective story could be more engrossing (or illustrative of the process of deductive exploration) than the fabulous journey through billions of years of time and moving landscape than seen in this series. I'm totally hooked.

  • @bonblue4993
    @bonblue4993 4 роки тому +7

    That cracked me up when you were telling Bijou he could lay down because at the very moment you said that, his eyes got pretty droopy!

  • @janehallstrom7628
    @janehallstrom7628 4 роки тому +8

    To you, Nick! This is a great series. Thank you!

  • @mazer4112
    @mazer4112 4 роки тому +33

    I’m already feeling a bit edgy since we are close to the end of the series. Where will I get my weekly Nick Zentner Geology lesson fix from? Anyone starting a twelve step program 😜 fortunately I can rewatch them all plus the earlier ones, it won’t be the same though. I’m jonesing already. 😢😢 Thank you Nick Zentner for enriching my life, and those of my friends as well. Confession,I had to have surgery a couple of times this year, I brought my laptop into my hospital room and subsequently invited every hospital employee who walked in, to watch some Nick Zentner geology lessons with me. They all got a kick out of the videos, some becoming regular viewers. You are downright entertaining, 🙏

    • @lorrainewaters6189
      @lorrainewaters6189 4 роки тому +7

      Dear Mazer, I feel exactly the same as you. I am almost panicking, thinking that there will be no more Nick lectures soon... He has helped us all find fascinating things to think about since way back in March. Let's hope he has another idea. Best wishes, Lorraine, fellow Zentnerd.

    • @outsider2222
      @outsider2222 4 роки тому +4

      Me too...

    • @larrygrimaldi1400
      @larrygrimaldi1400 4 роки тому +4

      I started rewatching all the earlier ones on off days, up to #54 already, looking forward to Onthefly field trips

    • @mrtony1985
      @mrtony1985 4 роки тому +4

      I'm hoping he may continue in some capacity maybe talking about geological oddities or other interesting parts of the world. Could be fun.

    • @cyndikarp3368
      @cyndikarp3368 4 роки тому +1

      I could watch whole series again. Several times to fully grasp complexity of North Cascade's Exotic Terranes. Learn new each time.

  • @tooligan113
    @tooligan113 4 роки тому +7

    Another big WOW!!! of the info presented. I thought it was Baja-BC or nothing, now we have 2 other viable possibilities. With out doubt Prof.'Z's ability to do the research into other scientific papers, correlate and present that info. in a GEOL. 101 fashion is a true skill. I am also a bit anxious since we are close to the end of the series, and ask for a EXOTIC AA COLUMBIA EMBAYMENT live stream

  • @Blathnaid.-.
    @Blathnaid.-. 3 роки тому +1

    Thank you Sir, I "bottle up" your lectures ! Incredible exciting, entertaining and sympathetic " As you can see, I have now arrived at the topic Baja BC Movement. It's already far past midnight in Europe, but your videos just haven't let me sleep for days.
    My God, is our beloved Earth exciting. Many years ago I already came across a geologist who made geology special. Prof. Iain Stewart.
    Hypnotizing ! I thank people like him and you for conveying what used to be such a dry, ponderous subject matter in such a wonderfully lively and topical way to those around you. And thank you for making your knowledge accessible through the social networks !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    Many greetings Blathnaid.

  • @sidbemus4625
    @sidbemus4625 4 роки тому +4

    Thanks Nick...looking forward to Friday and Sunday.

  • @lorrainewaters6189
    @lorrainewaters6189 4 роки тому +3

    Thank you Nick. I finally got through this livestream and I learned so much. See you Friday.

  • @djenebasidibe468
    @djenebasidibe468 4 роки тому +3

    Unfortunately I missed the live stream. :( So I am rewatching it now. But I am not going to skip the first 15mins. They are all too precious. :) Love them.

  • @Sven-_Trials
    @Sven-_Trials 4 роки тому +5

    Watched on replay, I needed a shot of whisky after this one..

  • @annotten7413
    @annotten7413 3 роки тому +2

    Nick : I do this just because I enjoy doing it
    Me : I knew that 2 years ago when I first found your YT series of lectures

  • @jennykorb9629
    @jennykorb9629 4 роки тому +3

    Thank you for sharing and teaching!!!! Hugs to you.

  • @leswoodburn5764
    @leswoodburn5764 4 роки тому +4

    Brilliant explanation, love it and thanks.

  • @Vickie-Bligh
    @Vickie-Bligh 4 роки тому +2

    I appreciate all of what you do. And your view of science is spot on! I wish you'd been one of my science teachers at UW. Restoring the 'kielbasa' on your box is where my mind has been going from the very first time you mentioned the rafting in of exotic terranes and Baja BC. Occam's Razor.

  • @Dan-dk7sw
    @Dan-dk7sw 4 роки тому +3

    Another outstanding class Prof! Thank you SO much!!

  • @donnacsuti4980
    @donnacsuti4980 4 роки тому +1

    Thank you Nick for such a wonderful series and such educational talks. A true pleasure to listen to you you're a very kind man. I hope that you continue to do some other forum o film online. You could take us on one of your walks I enjoyed those. Showing us some of the scenery as well as the rocks. Probably a lot less work than what you were doing in this last class. Learned so much! Thank you for helping us keep sane during these difficult times

  • @robertwhite6939
    @robertwhite6939 4 роки тому +2

    Less of an edge. More field trips. More rocks .Thanks for the lesson !

  • @rinistephenson5550
    @rinistephenson5550 4 роки тому +3

    Our childhood prepared us for this when we played ''Chutes and Ladders.'' :D

  • @edwinreece438
    @edwinreece438 4 роки тому +4

    Very exciting episode, like reading a murder mystery building to a conclusion.

  • @geoffgeorges
    @geoffgeorges 4 роки тому +5

    wow, wow , wow, the love well deserved showered down on Nick, the Pendelton blanket is amazing.

  • @kevsk22
    @kevsk22 4 роки тому +1

    Hello from Leicester in the u.k.
    Enjoy all your videos Nick.
    1 day I will catch one of these live from the begining.

  • @donnacsuti4980
    @donnacsuti4980 2 роки тому

    Sounds like an " old cogger " probably misspelled (the nativity figure). Love the owl. This box opening is fun. Wow blanket is a very nice gift , beautiful

  • @loveistheanswer8137
    @loveistheanswer8137 4 роки тому +2

    Hello Nick. From Ontario. It’s been a busy summer. Hope all is well. I like this topic.

  • @twotone3471
    @twotone3471 4 роки тому +17

    Bijou is obviously on the payroll of the Anti-Baja BC Geologists.

  • @bagoquarks
    @bagoquarks 4 роки тому +4

    *A BIG PAYLOAD* gets delivered at 1:05:15 - 1:09:05, or how the Sierra Nevada batholith, with its distinct paleo-magnetic signature, gets latitudinally placed between two otherwise similar (by mineral composition) batholithic chunks that have their own matching, yet "discordant", paleo-magnetic properties. A theory still under debate? Yes, but having considerable internal consistency. BTW, the Kula and Farallon plates are the long-departed tectonic surf boards that provided the rides!

  • @peacenow4456
    @peacenow4456 4 роки тому +2

    Excellent Chris! Thx! We lived in the transverse ranges; Ojai/Ventura area for 15 yrs. Don't know Blue Cut but looked it up. It's in San Bernadino Mts. by Hwy 15 not 5. Due north of Ontario/San Bernadino off N of Hwy 210 goes E-W by Pasadena ( San Gabriel Mts.) where I've also lived. Google it. As a SoCal gal spent a few teen summers in Wrightwood.

  • @megmolkate
    @megmolkate 4 роки тому +2

    The geology is awesome but I am really here for Bijou

  • @kevinroserose9275
    @kevinroserose9275 4 роки тому +2

    HEY NICK, I AM LOVING THE EXOTIC TERRANE SERIES. IT WOULD BE GREAT THAT AFTER EPISODE Z YOU CONTINUED WITH NORTH CASCADE GEOLOGY FROM 50 MILLION YEARS AGO TO THE PRESENT. LOTS TO TALK ABOUT THERE WITH ALL THE YOUNG BATHOLITHS AND PLUTONS ( INDEX, GROTTO, CHILLIWACK SNOQUALIMIE ETC.). WHAT EVENTS LED TO THEIR EMPLACEMENT AND RAPID UPLIFT?

  • @twotone3471
    @twotone3471 4 роки тому +6

    Baja BC is no harder to comprehend than India being part of Antarctica, and yet people can say one was true and completely reject the other because its inconvenient to their worldview, which is to say everything "Big" happens elsewhere. The Baja BC story isn't even over as most of California creeps towards Alaska every year.

    • @davidpnewton
      @davidpnewton 3 роки тому +1

      Also contemporaneously shown by the accretion of the Yakutat Terrane to Alaska which is a piece of Siletzia taken north from Washington to Alaska.

  • @donnacsuti4980
    @donnacsuti4980 2 роки тому

    Such a sweet cat nice to see him

  • @billblomgren9618
    @billblomgren9618 4 роки тому +3

    After watching that.. when is the test??? The spreading areas getting subducted could be a solid reason for magma incursion.

  • @janerussell3472
    @janerussell3472 4 роки тому +2

    To get a little technical, for those interested in paleomagnetism, for hematite the stable Single Domain grain-size range is large, extending from ds = 0.05 mm to d0 = 15 mm. So a large percentage of hematite grains will be stable SD grains. In most rocks, a significant percentage of ferromagnetic grains will fall within the stable SD grain-size field. These grains are highly effective carriers of paleomagnetism. So thank goodness for cyanobacteria that helped make the iron rust. lol.
    What they call "relaxation time" is less than 1 microsecond at 575°C but exceeds the age of the earth at 510°C! If we choose 100 s as the critical relaxation time, [ in the lab ] ts, this grain changes behavior from superparamagnetic to stable SD at 550°C. The temperature at which this transition occurs is the "blocking temperature" (TB). Remanent magnetism formed at or below TB can be stable, especially if temperature is decreasing.
    So, temp dependence is one factor in the study of paleomag. If we chose10^3 yr as the relevant critical relaxation time, [ rather than 10^9 ] the age of the the corresponding blocking temperature would be 530°C rather than 550°C using ts = 100 s.
    So, a certain latitude or 'wriggle room' is involved. SD grains that have t > 10^9 yr at 20°C can be superparamagnetic at elevated temperature.
    Fascinating subject, involving statistics, E/M, and various other disciplines. Hats off to MYRL!!!

  • @paulliebenberg3410
    @paulliebenberg3410 4 роки тому +3

    Yeah Salinian Block, think about the verse in Kristofferson's (or Joplin's) "Me and Bobby McGee"; "One day up near Salinas, Lord, I let him slip away". That's how we say it here in California!

  • @billrey8221
    @billrey8221 4 роки тому +1

    Nick, I like the idea of Baja Bc it is a conveyor belt of martial to make up the terrain of WA. I understand the magnetic signature of the rock too. How can all of this terrain come in from the Juan de Fuca Plate? That plate is all oceanic martial other than the island of Selassie. This exotic terrain has to come from the continent. Could you do another video and slow it down for us, like basic introductory community college level, I love this topic. The Mexican Flag on Mt. Stuart is hilarious! Please help me sleep at night so I am not thinking about this problem.

  • @zachbarlow25
    @zachbarlow25 4 роки тому +2

    Wouldn't there be bits an pieces of Baja BC be strewn about between California and Oregon?

  • @lorrainewaters6189
    @lorrainewaters6189 4 роки тому +1

    Nick, So when you talk about CPC etc being next to Wrangellia, there are also all those terranes into which the plutons inserted themselves, right?

  • @bonblue4993
    @bonblue4993 4 роки тому +2

    Is that a huge crystal intrusion in the big picture on the right?

  • @rongaul8169
    @rongaul8169 4 роки тому +1

    Could there be different layers of Mojave/Lemhi zircons in the Nanaimo? Deposited as the CPC slid north.

  • @donnacsuti4980
    @donnacsuti4980 2 роки тому

    Rewatching thanks for reposting this

  • @rinistephenson5550
    @rinistephenson5550 4 роки тому +3

    I did a freeze frame on Bijou's appearance, and he looked so angry. I told DH it needed a caption of ''I'm going to kill you.'' DH suggested ''Wait until you see what I do to your bed - you thought pyroclastic flows were bad.'' LOL

  • @barbaraburkhardt3047
    @barbaraburkhardt3047 4 роки тому +2

    Hi Nick, I replay the videos at least twice to get up to speed. Note: I think you should add latitude to your parade of cardboard box images. And longitude if available. A line of the shore of the Old North America plate would be useful also.

  • @germanchocolatecake7131
    @germanchocolatecake7131 4 роки тому +1

    There is still not a “bajaBC” Wikipedia page.

  • @barbaraburkhardt2448
    @barbaraburkhardt2448 2 роки тому +1

    Time to watch past Baja BC revelations.

  • @BudKnocka
    @BudKnocka 4 роки тому +1

    Ain’t it that hanging slab under Idaho interrupting the flow of magma under the kraton?

  • @deangordon6444
    @deangordon6444 4 роки тому +2

    Question: Why use a Brunton Pocket Transit when the iPhone has a compass in it that reads true north and a level?

    • @Panicagq2
      @Panicagq2 3 роки тому +1

      My Brunton always works, doesn't need charging and honestly...because it used to be kind of a 'badge of office'. Not so much anymore, with really nice equivalents available for much less money. I'm just so used to it now anyway, and the thing won't die lol

  • @steverideout4255
    @steverideout4255 4 роки тому +3

    considering the mid-atlantic ridge showing consistent regular magnetic pole shifts; could the paleomagnetic signature in the plutonic/batholiths be locked in while the polarity was flipped or moving? How long does a pluton take to solidify ? Could this conceivably result in a magnetic inclination signature differing from the latitude otherwise represented?

  • @helenaj9436
    @helenaj9436 3 роки тому +1

    I'm behind so I expect no reply...
    But, is there a way him and Randall Carlson could team up for a 3hr YT show or Podcast? I'd get spotify for that.

  • @Roarmeister2
    @Roarmeister2 4 роки тому +2

    Bijou says, My House - My Rules.

  • @anderw2
    @anderw2 4 роки тому +1

    Isn't 85 to 55 Ma about the same time that the Rocky Mountains were built?

    • @twotone3471
      @twotone3471 4 роки тому +1

      Yes 70-35 MY for that. Its the Laramide Orogeny if you want to look up info on it.

  • @gregoryhoefer3660
    @gregoryhoefer3660 5 місяців тому

    This local geology input inspires artworks. Thanks All.

  • @iviewthetube
    @iviewthetube 4 роки тому +2

    If BC came from Baja, then did Baha de California come from Nicaragua?

    • @davidpnewton
      @davidpnewton 3 роки тому

      Yes.

    • @iviewthetube
      @iviewthetube 3 роки тому

      @@davidpnewton Thanks David, I see by your channel that you are interested in both astronomy and geology. Have you seen the images come back from Mars and the back of the Moon with all of those impacts? Those make me think that impacts have had a greater role in the formation of the Earth than originally thought. I am beginning to think that most plate tectonics initiated with impacts and that many ocean volcano archipelagos are the result of intrusions caused by impacts.

    • @woodruffashbourne8372
      @woodruffashbourne8372 4 місяці тому

      No, Baja California is rifting away from Mexico. It is now on the Pacific plate.

  • @sharonwhiteley6510
    @sharonwhiteley6510 2 роки тому +1

    Oh no, please don't tell me your informative fun sessions are about to end

  • @anaritamartinho1340
    @anaritamartinho1340 Рік тому

    THE CP RIDGE WAS IN THE SAME TIME AS THE SUDCION OF THE PLATE OCEANIC...Have to see again

  • @JimboPalmer
    @JimboPalmer 4 роки тому +4

    I spent 98 episodes of Nick at Home thinking his wife threw him out of the house to protect her privacy. In reality he is hiding his props from the cat.

    • @annotten7413
      @annotten7413 3 роки тому +4

      Anyone who owns a cat fully understands this comment

  • @bonblue4993
    @bonblue4993 4 роки тому +1

    Oops! I meant a quartz intrusion!

  • @nathanokun8801
    @nathanokun8801 4 роки тому +1

    PROPOSAL: The magnetic data shows the BC and Baja "kielbasas" were roughly the same latitude when the magnet-containing rock cooled to solid states. This means that they were in that side-by-side "double parked" configuration, but even further south than Baja is now. The Sierra kielbasa which is further east did not move so is not part of this story at all. If the double-parked kielbasa, as a unit, began to move directly north, then the Baja portion to the east would slam into North America where it is slanted to the south-east at Baja, be torn free of the BC section to its west that can still move north, until the BC section finally gets caught by the North American continent (the extension due to all of those added-on terranes on the west edge), where it too is now jammed to a stop. This would require a tectonic plate with those two kielbasas located on its eastern edge moving directly north while the American Plate moves slowly west, slicing off layers of the kielbasas first at Baja and finally at BC, with that carrying plate then completely subducting, unless it is somehow caused by the same plate action now causing the current San Andreas motion, but with perhaps a pause between the older motion causing Baja-BC and the current slicing-California northern motion of the San Andreas fault. This would explain why there are the two widely-separated pieces in Baja and BC, with nothing on the western edge of America in-between with that same age and magnetic parameters.

  • @johnsleighter4860
    @johnsleighter4860 Рік тому

    i am 73 and still have the dream Chris has.. Should I get help?

  • @janerussell3472
    @janerussell3472 4 роки тому +2

    It's good to dig down deep in one area. Unfortunately I've now forgotten the global picture, such as "New York" as we know it, and the US landmass, was attached to Morocco during the Pangea period 200 mya. LOL. There was no Atlantic sea then.The rocks alone show the Great Lake area was in tropical conditions. I guess dinosaurs grazed the rich vegetation [ lets not depict them all as meat eaters just because they were huge ]

    • @janerussell3472
      @janerussell3472 4 роки тому

      I'm a slow learner. But now I've found Roger Penrose was a slow learner I don't feel so bad. The game doesn't always go to the hare, it seems. I've never passed an exam...but that was because I knew too much. I tried to cram it all in and ran out of time, paper not completed. lol. I needed exam skills.

    • @janerussell3472
      @janerussell3472 4 роки тому

      Trying to pull things together from disparate sources and disciplines is not easy. We live in a time of specialists, so I shouldn't beat myself up too much. [The specialists also use jargon. ] For example, we have to think the onset of life had a big effect on geology...without the cyanobacteria throwing out oxygen, for example, the iron wouldn't have rusted out of the seas. Higher lifeforms that use iron and oxygen wouldn't be here.

  • @vrichenstein
    @vrichenstein 4 роки тому +1

    Cutting the sausage in three's actually helped. Everyone learns in a different way I guess.

  • @geraldinesera8915
    @geraldinesera8915 3 роки тому +1

    I moments ago tried to find an historical record regarding Aboriginal people awakening in the night vomiting and with vertigo.
    At dawn they could better appreciate why... nothing across the Georgia Strait was familiar to them. They new the island had moved.

  • @ronnronn55
    @ronnronn55 4 роки тому +1

    Bijou (sp?) is totally in the present. Meow!

  • @sidbemus4625
    @sidbemus4625 4 роки тому +1

    AT 1:32.....Feline Hunts Kielbasa.

  • @BudKnocka
    @BudKnocka 4 роки тому +1

    Should have used Chorizo Nick!

  • @fijagr
    @fijagr 2 роки тому

    You can read “L” (“Ł” to be precise) in kielbasa like “W” as in “wish”.

  • @daves2354
    @daves2354 2 роки тому

    I sometimes leave UA-cam playing for my dog if I go out but came back to finding this video playing. I've listened to about 5 or 6 minutes so far but I think I need a translator lol. Seriously wtf is this about? Just a brief explanation would be nice. No need to be rude. I'm sure I could start it over and figure it out but I really don't care to

  • @johncloo9093
    @johncloo9093 4 роки тому +1

    Thanks Nick you blue my mind what you need is a time machine and a stake in the ground that you can come back to every 10,000 years and see what happens.

  • @PeterMacansky
    @PeterMacansky 4 роки тому +1

  • @raspberryridge8840
    @raspberryridge8840 4 роки тому +1

    Bijou demonstrates "bioturbation" using the paperwork.

  • @johnnash5118
    @johnnash5118 4 роки тому +1

    The science hasn't nailed down an accurate paleomagnetic and polar location to support where the 20 degree paleolatitude was during the Stuart pluton crystallization; for example, if the North Pole was in the Siberian Sea, the 20 degree paleolatitude would have been @ present day SoCal; so it's not like we're snooty "disbelievers" by not conforming to conclusions; as "disbelief," "belief" and "hope" are not science, but cultist traits.

    • @davidpnewton
      @davidpnewton 3 роки тому

      However a pure "fixist" position would be based on belief and not evidence as well.
      Even ignoring Baja BC we have the combined offset of the Straight Creek Fault et al which closes the Columbia Embayment, meaning Oregon BC is incontrevertible and even northern California BC is incontrevertible. Moving to more modern times we have the movement produced by the San Andreas and the motion of the Yakutat Terrane relative to Siletzia as current examples of Baja BC-like motions.
      So the question is not whether something like Baja BC occurred. The question is how much northern motion occurred, when and through what underlying mechanisms? Straight Creek Fault et al is clearly part of the story, but only part. As for those who doubt it due to the sheer distance involved I would point them to the convergence rate of the Yakutat. That's 45 mm per annum. 4.5 m per 100 years. 45 m per ka. 45,000 m (45 km) per Ma. So that 2,000 km of Baja BC would take Yakutat 44 Ma at current rates of movement. Going with more moderate 1,000 for Baja BC would require 22 Ma of Yakutat-speed movement.
      22 Ma of Yakutat speed movement is quite conceivable. The Yakutat is being moved by precisely the mechanism proposed for Baja BC: dextral strike-slip offset.
      So is the movement quite as extreme as uncorrected paleomagnetic data suggests? Perhaps not after accounting for rock tilt and paleo-magnetic pole position changes. However to simply stick fingers in ears and ignore the paleomagnetic and indeed zircon data entirely is simply unconscionable for a scientist to do.

    • @johnnash5118
      @johnnash5118 3 роки тому

      @@davidpnewton For the record, in case I wasn’t clear; I only questioned the claimed “Baja-BC” origin considering Mexico didn’t exist as we see it today (perhaps a large archipelago 2 thousand kilometers SW of NA,) and the averaged placement of the paleo true North as if the choice is more valid than @the Siberian Sea. I have no issues with distance at all; but there is too much to assume and discover to give the terrane a glamorous name to attract attention.

  • @PeterMacansky
    @PeterMacansky 4 роки тому +1

  • @donnacsuti4980
    @donnacsuti4980 2 роки тому

    Such a normal cat , love that warm lap top aw spoil sport you won't let me lay there! Can't I eat those delicious smelling sausage? Well ok I'll just knock over all your papers, a cat has to do something to get attention.

  • @bettycaldwell8617
    @bettycaldwell8617 3 роки тому

    The elite drawbridge immunologically remain because disadvantage proportionately occur circa a common packet. calm, quickest encyclopedia