Wow. You've taken the time to find and curate some of the best pale-oart I've ever seen in a video. Thank you for another deep dive into a fascinating subject.
Hey Dr. Polaris, right after the evolution and the history of the Radiodonts, why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a UA-cam Videos all about the evolution and the history of the Prehistoric Marine Reptiles called the Protostegidae (Protostegas), the Extinct Marine Testudines (Turtles) that may have thought to be are the relatives to the Extant Leatherback Sea Turtles, such as Archelon, Atlantochelys, Bouliachelys, Calcarichelys, Chelosphargis, Cratochelone, Desmatochelys, Iserosaurus, Kansastega, Notochelone, Protostega, Rhinochelys, Santanachelys, Teguliscapha, Terlinguachelys, Pneumatoarthrus, and Ocepechelon in the next couple of weeks to think about that one coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Some corrections: - Microraptors were powered flyers, not gliders - The appropriate plural is enantiornitheans, not enantiornithines, as argued by Albert Chen - Shanweiniao and Logiraostravis (as well as other longipterygids) are now thought to have been fruit eating herbivores
You did a pretty solid job, actually. Definitely a few mispronunciations here and there, but a lot better than many other attempts I’ve heard in paleontology videos. Nice to see so many obscure Cretaceous maniraptorans, too.
This was one of the best dinosaur ecosystem videos I've ever seen. So much information covering a wide variety of animals that were living in a region. It's really fascinating, and I loved how you indicated which species they have colouration evidence for. I remember when the first feathered specimen was dug up and how groundbreaking (no pun intended, but very welcome) that was. How greatly our knowledge has grown over the last 3 decades.
I once posted a picture of a mossasaur, pliesiosaur, ichthyosaur, and a penguin, and asked people which one is an aquatic dinosaur? Nobody picked the penguin. It was heart-wrenching.
Sauropods in the snow. What a thought! But I wonder if they maybe traveled from one area to another? I'm thinking about how blue whales migrate. Though I suppose we don't have evidence for sauropods doing any such thing. Do we know if they might have had fat reserves the way some far-migrating birds do? I've never once seen a picture of a "fat dinosaur," but it occurs to me that a fat layer WOULD help insulate in a colder climate. Size alone would also help conserve body heat, but fat wouldn't hurt either. The notion of sauropods gorging in the autumn like bears do, and then migrating south just enough to evade the worst of the snow, is very appealing! (Edit: oops, that's what I get for making a comment before finishing the video haha)
I remember as a kid thinking dinosaurs in snow would be so cool, and then being so happy when I later learned that actually was a thing. I still love artwork of dinosaurs in snowy environments. We, likely, do have evidence for complex social behavior in Psittacosaurus. There's a site where there's, like, 20 or so baby Psittacosaurus together with an older, but still sexually immature Psittacosaurus that probably all died at the same time. So you probably had a "teenager" Psittacosaurus that was babysitting a bunch of youngsters.
1:09 I guess a majority of your watchers are from United States, Liberia and Myanmar as they are the only countries that still hasn’t converted to the metrics system! For everyone else on Earth and on the IIS, 90 degrees Fahrenheit is about 32 degrees Celsius. You’re welcome!
This is one of the most fascinating videos you've produced. Showing a significant cross section of an ecosystem allows space for visualizations a guy who had a replica of the dinosaur mural from the Peabody Museum in New Haven from the 60s in his childhood bedroom would never otherwise have considered. Please, sir, may I have another?
There's a very recent theory that states that dinosaurs and pterosaurs may have survived the Triassic extinction in large part because they were very endothermic (alongside the small mammal ancestors).
I thought, non-avian dinosaurs at least some of the species do migrate since we found foot prints of iguanodons, they may have migrated for greener pastures Nice video by the way.
i will say i can't believe dinosaurs DIDN'T live in cold climates because i found a fossil near Whitehorse Yukon and its fucking freezing in the winter (yes i know the climate was different, but i can't see Yukon outside of how i know it)
Actually When i Was Growing up i never Thought of dinosaurs liveing in Jungles, more temperate forests you know kinda Like the Redwood forests or something like that but never jungles.
Silly question, but is the possession of feathers or fur-like plumage associated with the cool temperate climate these particular dinosaur species inhabited or were relatives of these dinosaurs in warmer climes also so well feathered? We older dinosaur enthusiasts still can't get used to seeing them lavishly covered with plumage in the manner of modern magpies!
Depends on the dinosaur family. The extent of feathers on dinosaurs is still greatly uncertain, we have some reasonably good guesses. Ornithomimids, Oviraptors, Dromeosaurs, troodontids, and therizenosaurs were almost certainly feathered (even the big ones), while Ceratopsians, Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs, stegosaurs, and sauropods were probably not. For large carnosaurs and Tyrannosaurs, things are less clear. As of now, most experts believe that while early tyrannosaurs were feathered, some of the later, larger ones were not, and T. Rex in particular probably had no feathers as an adult (in much the same way that modern elephants have very little hair). To my knowledge, most artists still render carnosaurs like allosaurus as featherless by default, though I don't think we could rule out feathers in those lineages, either.
Likely depended on species, since they had different needs for warmth. Those in cold climates and with small body size needed, but bigger species in warmer climates likely lacked or had very little as adults, like how elephants only have little bit of hair.
Not necessarily. If having plumage is an ancestral trait, you can suspect, as in modern mammals and birds, that small animals, usually retain their integument, while the big ones, living in a warm climate tend to lose it partially or completely.
@@globin3477 Yes, that corresponds to what I've read previously. Like you say, the largest dinosaurs didn't require the insulating fur and the armoured ones clearly don't have them, though there are lateral quill like extensions on the smaller ceratopsians. The smaller dinosaur families you mentioned which lived in warmer climes likely retained some feathers for display and fir for the cooler nights, but the extravagant plumage on appendages and tails with a dense coat on the body is surely only an adaptation to the cooler regions such as the Chinese genera in the video. After being brought up with reconstructions of dinosaurs colourful but conventionally reptilian it's still bizarre to see tyrannosaurs and other larger dinos with feathers or fur though! Thanks for info.
I'd dissagree. If Liaoningsaurus was a juvenile specimen of Chuanqilong, it would be the first instance of ontogenic niche shift in an ankylosaur, and would open the possibility that ankylosaurs were more omnivorous in their juvenile stage, perhaps to provide them with the needed protein and calcium for their armor.
Some corrections: - Microraptors were powered flyers, not gliders - The appropriate plural is enantiornitheans, not enantiornithines, as argued by Albert Chen - Shanweiniao and Logiraostravis (as well as other longipterygids) are now thought to have been fruit eating herbivores
Ever since I saw popular media depictions of the Prince Creek Formation that show it as some sort of frozen tundra/taiga environment rather than the much warmer place that it was in life, I was wondering about how often cold climates/snow occurred at times in the relatively warm, humid Mesozoic era, and whether or not there really was snow at the poles during the Cretaceous, and I thank you for clarifying some of those questions.
The backs of Sauropods must have been attacked by flys and parasites. And so, home of small animals that eat them. Do we know who any of these animals were? 🎉
Definitely not cold blooded, at least not in the way modern reptiles are. Other than that there is no consensus since we cannot test the living animals themselves. Which forces us to rely on less direct methods with various different answers for different types of dinosaurs and on the methods used to test it out, all be it some answers are more supported than others. Personally, I lean more towards them being warmblooded, with sauropods as an exception being homeothermic gigantotherms, with a high metabolism when young but slowing it down when they got older.
Most dinosaurs were probably at least mesothermic (partially warm blooded), but many of them were probably fully warm blooded like modern birds and mammals. Theropods in particular were almost certainly warm-blooded by default.
Hey Dr. Polaris, right after the evolution and the history of the Radiodonts, why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a UA-cam Videos all about the evolution and the history of the Prehistoric Marine Reptiles called the Protostegidae (Protostegas), the Extinct Marine Testudines (Turtles) that may have thought to be are the relatives to the Extant Leatherback Sea Turtles, such as Archelon, Atlantochelys, Bouliachelys, Calcarichelys, Chelosphargis, Cratochelone, Desmatochelys, Iserosaurus, Kansastega, Notochelone, Protostega, Rhinochelys, Santanachelys, Teguliscapha, Terlinguachelys, Pneumatoarthrus, and Ocepechelon in the next couple of weeks to think about that one coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
I dont understand, all birds evolved from ground dinosaurs. All dinosaurs evolved from bipedal walking ancestors too. If that's the case why would they lose nails/claws in order to run better? Wouldn't that have been worked out when they were bipedal running predators before the major radiations?
Having more toes grants more stability and agility, but having fewer toes grants more efficiency and speed. Also, in tetrapods there is a general trend of loosing digits being much more common than gaining new ones. Some of the first amphibians that crawled on to land had seven or more toes on each foot, and as the tetrapod lineage evolved and diversified, many lineages lost toes and fingers as time went on. In truth, I don't know of any species known to have gained more fingers or toes as they evolved, although I know it must be at least possible, since humans and cats are sometimes born with extra fingers and toes. At least, I think that's what you're asking. If you're asking about toes that loose the claw to become just a bare, fleshy nub, that only happened in the hands/front feet, and it happened before dinosaurs split off from crocodilians. Modern crocodiles have five toes on their front feet, but two of those toes have no claws at all. In theropod dinosuars, these clawless fingers were lost entirely, leaving just three fingers on each hand by default. Several liniages lost even more fingers, like T. Rex's famous two-fingered hands, the way modern birds fused two of the fingers into one, and the alvisaurs, which had just one single finger on each hand.
Definitely not I mean one i’m not sure if there was nearly as much permafrost then as there is today Two, they’d have to be buried quickly And three, i don’t believe ANY of the permafrost we have today is that old. So even if some were buried in permafrost, they would have melted long before the present I mean we’ve found mummies that are largely bone but still have some skin and other soft tissue preserved but nothing that’s anywhere close to the ice age permafrost mummies in terms of completeness
Wow. You've taken the time to find and curate some of the best pale-oart I've ever seen in a video. Thank you for another deep dive into a fascinating subject.
Right? It's always worth the price of admission 🤓
Your channel does a great job explaining entire families of obscure extinct animals and answering some interesting questions
Regardless of if Dinosaurs lived there or not the last Temnospondyls lived in polar regions so that's cool enough
Love it when Polaris talks about topics most UA-camrs won’t cover
Sorry for any pronunciation mistakes in this video!
That's because of AI isn't perfect. Therefore sometimes odd prononciation errors occur.
Hey Dr. Polaris, right after the evolution and the history of the Radiodonts, why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a UA-cam Videos all about the evolution and the history of the Prehistoric Marine Reptiles called the Protostegidae (Protostegas), the Extinct Marine Testudines (Turtles) that may have thought to be are the relatives to the Extant Leatherback Sea Turtles, such as Archelon, Atlantochelys, Bouliachelys, Calcarichelys, Chelosphargis, Cratochelone, Desmatochelys, Iserosaurus, Kansastega, Notochelone, Protostega, Rhinochelys, Santanachelys, Teguliscapha, Terlinguachelys, Pneumatoarthrus, and Ocepechelon in the next couple of weeks to think about that one coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Some corrections:
- Microraptors were powered flyers, not gliders
- The appropriate plural is enantiornitheans, not enantiornithines, as argued by Albert Chen
- Shanweiniao and Logiraostravis (as well as other longipterygids) are now thought to have been fruit eating herbivores
You did a pretty solid job, actually. Definitely a few mispronunciations here and there, but a lot better than many other attempts I’ve heard in paleontology videos. Nice to see so many obscure Cretaceous maniraptorans, too.
It's ok!
This was one of the best dinosaur ecosystem videos I've ever seen. So much information covering a wide variety of animals that were living in a region. It's really fascinating, and I loved how you indicated which species they have colouration evidence for. I remember when the first feathered specimen was dug up and how groundbreaking (no pun intended, but very welcome) that was. How greatly our knowledge has grown over the last 3 decades.
Considering the Emperor Penguin lives in Antarctica, the answer is obviously yes.
I once posted a picture of a mossasaur, pliesiosaur, ichthyosaur, and a penguin, and asked people which one is an aquatic dinosaur? Nobody picked the penguin. It was heart-wrenching.
I think you'd get the same result if you showed them a picture of a penguin and one of a dimetrodon
i really like this new style of video, where u go over a entire formation
fitting that you upload this when it is absolutely freezing in my area.
Tell me about it 27 degrees and it's supposed to snow tomorrow here where I live
Glad i live in tropical country
Recently it was negative 15 celsius for a couple days
Stay frosty!
Sauropods in the snow. What a thought! But I wonder if they maybe traveled from one area to another? I'm thinking about how blue whales migrate. Though I suppose we don't have evidence for sauropods doing any such thing. Do we know if they might have had fat reserves the way some far-migrating birds do? I've never once seen a picture of a "fat dinosaur," but it occurs to me that a fat layer WOULD help insulate in a colder climate. Size alone would also help conserve body heat, but fat wouldn't hurt either. The notion of sauropods gorging in the autumn like bears do, and then migrating south just enough to evade the worst of the snow, is very appealing!
(Edit: oops, that's what I get for making a comment before finishing the video haha)
I’ve always gotta commend the amount of research and time that goes into all of your videos. You truly are underrated and deserve more subscribers.
I remember as a kid thinking dinosaurs in snow would be so cool, and then being so happy when I later learned that actually was a thing. I still love artwork of dinosaurs in snowy environments.
We, likely, do have evidence for complex social behavior in Psittacosaurus. There's a site where there's, like, 20 or so baby Psittacosaurus together with an older, but still sexually immature Psittacosaurus that probably all died at the same time. So you probably had a "teenager" Psittacosaurus that was babysitting a bunch of youngsters.
Those were some extraordinary creatures great video! And some of the best artwork I've seen in a long time really good stuff thank you very much.
Great video!
1:09 I guess a majority of your watchers are from United States, Liberia and Myanmar as they are the only countries that still hasn’t converted to the metrics system! For everyone else on Earth and on the IIS, 90 degrees Fahrenheit is about 32 degrees Celsius. You’re welcome!
World’s tiniest violin started playing when u commented this
I love your videos dude and I hope you never stop making them man
They had the metabolism to live in cold climates similar to how birds do. Live birth is better for colder climates though.
Penguins:
@Ceres4S2D1 I said better not that they couldn't live there.
Im sure they were in all environments
And wouldn't you know it? I'm snowed in.
Shame you didn't bring up the mammals like Repenomamus.
I agree, but the mammals are a fully different video. This was quite specific to dinosaurs, non avian and avian
Unfortunately the video was already long enough, so I just focused purely on the dinosaurs.
Understandable.
I love my snowy dinosaurs, i bet they snuggled up and got cozy under their feathers!!!
Love the paleo art
This is one of the most fascinating videos you've produced. Showing a significant cross section of an ecosystem allows space for visualizations a guy who had a replica of the dinosaur mural from the Peabody Museum in New Haven from the 60s in his childhood bedroom would never otherwise have considered. Please, sir, may I have another?
fitting video given how cold it is right now. 🥶😊👍🌨
Beautiful art, beautiful animals
Marvelous show as always.
2:53 feathered sauropod, unless this is a Therizinosaurus
Apparently it is the sauropod Euhelopus. The bird is Changchengornis, and the gliding lizard is Xianglong.
@ interesting although there’s no evidence of sauropods having feathers
Seeing how diverse they were and where birds exist nowadays, yh im sure there were many
The Prehistoric Planet documentary series gave me this awareness. I couldn't be more grateful for that.
There's a very recent theory that states that dinosaurs and pterosaurs may have survived the Triassic extinction in large part because they were very endothermic (alongside the small mammal ancestors).
Can't wait for the radiodonts.
So, this place had a climate similar to New England. Nice to know there were nonavian dinosaurs that could live in my climate
Sí que lo hicieron, si son de sangre caliente, al igual que los mamíferos...
Whe people bring up opposite birds based on the orientation of their wings, I can't really conceptualize what that would look like
Never realised so many iconic dinosaurs where from that formation.
VANCOUVER MENTIONED! Let's go!! (I will say, however, that we've had stupidly warm winters the last couple years and I don't like it)
I thought, non-avian dinosaurs at least some of the species do migrate since we found foot prints of iguanodons, they may have migrated for greener pastures Nice video by the way.
Some definitely did just not these ones
Their feet were made for walkin
@@SoulDelSol but why was there so many of them it was probably a migration
@ fact check tru
Yay! Radiodonts!
I love radiodonts!
Epic content!!
We're there any cold climates when dinosaurs were alive?
Yes. But not as cold as today
4:01-4:03 how do you spell the third Titanosaur’s name?
Edit: Never mind, found it "Ruixinia".
Yes, yes they did
I would love to see the return of alter-earth!
Argeed especially if on a video during the last ice age
What do you think about making a video about Antarctican fauna of the Cenozoic?
Dinosaurs in snow ❄️🌨️ this might be be mad enough to believe
Birds are dinsaurs, therefore Penguins are dinosaurs!
And mice are whales! Nut job.
i will say i can't believe dinosaurs DIDN'T live in cold climates because i found a fossil near Whitehorse Yukon and its fucking freezing in the winter (yes i know the climate was different, but i can't see Yukon outside of how i know it)
Dr. Polaris whats your intro song
Actually When i Was Growing up i never Thought of dinosaurs liveing in Jungles, more temperate forests you know kinda Like the Redwood forests or something like that but never jungles.
Is this the arcteryx logo 9:51
Silly question, but is the possession of feathers or fur-like plumage associated with the cool temperate climate these particular dinosaur species inhabited or were relatives of these dinosaurs in warmer climes also so well feathered? We older dinosaur enthusiasts still can't get used to seeing them lavishly covered with plumage in the manner of modern magpies!
Depends on the dinosaur family. The extent of feathers on dinosaurs is still greatly uncertain, we have some reasonably good guesses. Ornithomimids, Oviraptors, Dromeosaurs, troodontids, and therizenosaurs were almost certainly feathered (even the big ones), while Ceratopsians, Hadrosaurs, ankylosaurs, stegosaurs, and sauropods were probably not.
For large carnosaurs and Tyrannosaurs, things are less clear. As of now, most experts believe that while early tyrannosaurs were feathered, some of the later, larger ones were not, and T. Rex in particular probably had no feathers as an adult (in much the same way that modern elephants have very little hair). To my knowledge, most artists still render carnosaurs like allosaurus as featherless by default, though I don't think we could rule out feathers in those lineages, either.
Likely depended on species, since they had different needs for warmth. Those in cold climates and with small body size needed, but bigger species in warmer climates likely lacked or had very little as adults, like how elephants only have little bit of hair.
Not necessarily. If having plumage is an ancestral trait, you can suspect, as in modern mammals and birds, that small animals, usually retain their integument, while the big ones, living in a warm climate tend to lose it partially or completely.
@@valivali8104ya mammoths are like big elephants kind of and they're super hairy
@@globin3477 Yes, that corresponds to what I've read previously. Like you say, the largest dinosaurs didn't require the insulating fur and the armoured ones clearly don't have them, though there are lateral quill like extensions on the smaller ceratopsians.
The smaller dinosaur families you mentioned which lived in warmer climes likely retained some feathers for display and fir for the cooler nights, but the extravagant plumage on appendages and tails with a dense coat on the body is surely only an adaptation to the cooler regions such as the Chinese genera in the video. After being brought up with reconstructions of dinosaurs colourful but conventionally reptilian it's still bizarre to see tyrannosaurs and other larger dinos with feathers or fur though! Thanks for info.
I'd dissagree. If Liaoningsaurus was a juvenile specimen of Chuanqilong, it would be the first instance of ontogenic niche shift in an ankylosaur, and would open the possibility that ankylosaurs were more omnivorous in their juvenile stage, perhaps to provide them with the needed protein and calcium for their armor.
the Chuanqilong holotype itself is also just a teenager
It would be more surprising if the answer was no.
Please consider adding Russian dub (if it's up to you) ❤ I want to share your videos with my friends, but most of them don't speak English good enough
Some corrections:
- Microraptors were powered flyers, not gliders
- The appropriate plural is enantiornitheans, not enantiornithines, as argued by Albert Chen
- Shanweiniao and Logiraostravis (as well as other longipterygids) are now thought to have been fruit eating herbivores
Ever since I saw popular media depictions of the Prince Creek Formation that show it as some sort of frozen tundra/taiga environment rather than the much warmer place that it was in life, I was wondering about how often cold climates/snow occurred at times in the relatively warm, humid Mesozoic era, and whether or not there really was snow at the poles during the Cretaceous, and I thank you for clarifying some of those questions.
Here before indy reno spreads misinformation again.
Nope, they were big fat lizards that were cold blooded.
Why not? It's all just speculation.
21:30 is really just a bird at this point.
I’m don’t get it what are you talking about
The backs of Sauropods must have been attacked by flys and parasites. And so, home of small animals that eat them. Do we know who any of these animals were? 🎉
Hello
Os dinossauros viveram em climas frios ?
Sim.
Where they coldblooded? Or semi warmbooded?
Definitely not cold blooded, at least not in the way modern reptiles are. Other than that there is no consensus since we cannot test the living animals themselves.
Which forces us to rely on less direct methods with various different answers for different types of dinosaurs and on the methods used to test it out, all be it some answers are more supported than others.
Personally, I lean more towards them being warmblooded, with sauropods as an exception being homeothermic gigantotherms, with a high metabolism when young but slowing it down when they got older.
Most dinosaurs were probably at least mesothermic (partially warm blooded), but many of them were probably fully warm blooded like modern birds and mammals. Theropods in particular were almost certainly warm-blooded by default.
Dinosaurs are such amazing animals, I wish I could see more than surviving avian varieties
Hey Dr. Polaris, right after the evolution and the history of the Radiodonts, why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a UA-cam Videos all about the evolution and the history of the Prehistoric Marine Reptiles called the Protostegidae (Protostegas), the Extinct Marine Testudines (Turtles) that may have thought to be are the relatives to the Extant Leatherback Sea Turtles, such as Archelon, Atlantochelys, Bouliachelys, Calcarichelys, Chelosphargis, Cratochelone, Desmatochelys, Iserosaurus, Kansastega, Notochelone, Protostega, Rhinochelys, Santanachelys, Teguliscapha, Terlinguachelys, Pneumatoarthrus, and Ocepechelon in the next couple of weeks to think about that one coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
I will not sleep until I hear of dinosaur eskimos
I dont understand, all birds evolved from ground dinosaurs. All dinosaurs evolved from bipedal walking ancestors too.
If that's the case why would they lose nails/claws in order to run better? Wouldn't that have been worked out when they were bipedal running predators before the major radiations?
Having more toes grants more stability and agility, but having fewer toes grants more efficiency and speed. Also, in tetrapods there is a general trend of loosing digits being much more common than gaining new ones. Some of the first amphibians that crawled on to land had seven or more toes on each foot, and as the tetrapod lineage evolved and diversified, many lineages lost toes and fingers as time went on. In truth, I don't know of any species known to have gained more fingers or toes as they evolved, although I know it must be at least possible, since humans and cats are sometimes born with extra fingers and toes.
At least, I think that's what you're asking. If you're asking about toes that loose the claw to become just a bare, fleshy nub, that only happened in the hands/front feet, and it happened before dinosaurs split off from crocodilians. Modern crocodiles have five toes on their front feet, but two of those toes have no claws at all. In theropod dinosuars, these clawless fingers were lost entirely, leaving just three fingers on each hand by default. Several liniages lost even more fingers, like T. Rex's famous two-fingered hands, the way modern birds fused two of the fingers into one, and the alvisaurs, which had just one single finger on each hand.
Why is all your content so dated and copied from so many other creators??
Was any non-avian dinosaur ever buried in permafrost?
Definitely not
I mean one i’m not sure if there was nearly as much permafrost then as there is today
Two, they’d have to be buried quickly
And three, i don’t believe ANY of the permafrost we have today is that old. So even if some were buried in permafrost, they would have melted long before the present
I mean we’ve found mummies that are largely bone but still have some skin and other soft tissue preserved but nothing that’s anywhere close to the ice age permafrost mummies in terms of completeness
No. No Mesozoic permafrost would have survived the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, a time when even the poles experienced warm, tropical conditions.
Answers yes your welcome