Water is "in-compressible" in the same sense that a block of steel is a "rigid object", but at the end of the day, how does sound travel through either one..?
because steel isn't a rigid object and neither is water. sound waves are just waves of motion, in the case of steel it's a wave of pressure i.e. closer spacing of atoms at some point in the material than in another, which propagates in a certain direction.
@@JustinKoenigSilica It was a rhetorical question, but yes. I was intentionally referring to his other video looking at tapping a long steel bar and seeing when the response on the other side happens.
Fantastic videos! Thanks! One slight quibble: The answer to your multiple choice quiz is really “B”, not “C”. The battery does not “guess.” The battery (like any power source) will have a curve of Voltage as a function of load (Amps), which is a function of the battery chemistry. At no load (0 Amps) the battery voltage might be something like 9.4V. As load increases the Voltage will drop, until at maximum current - a dead short - the Voltage will be at some minimum level, maybe about 4.5V. We can look at the system on a micro level and solve Ohm’s Law at each point in the system and at each point in time - basically Finite Element Analysis. When the switch is first closed, the first bit of wire after the switch “sees” the battery’s no-load voltage at the switch and zero volts just after our little smidge of wire. Since the resistance in that tiny bit of wire is nearly zero the current (based on Ohm’s Law) will “want” to be nearly infinite, but it is limited by the battery chemistry, which does not respond instantaneously to a change in load. As current starts to flow through our first bit of wire the voltage at the end of our bit of wire will increase, which will start current flowing through the next bit of wire, and so on. As the current propagates through the wire the current will start to rise towards the battery’s max. (dead short) current, but two things happen: 1. Higher current causes the battery voltage to drop; and 2. As current flows through more wire there is more resistance, which limits the current (I = E/R). Effectively a “pulse” of higher voltage will be passed along the wire. Any discussion of "waves," “reflection,” and “damping” is just a mathematical description of what is happening, not an explanation of why it is happening. If you break the system into tiny pieces and think through what happens in each tiny section over time, using only Ohm’s Law and the boundary condition of the each element (and the limitations of the battery chemistry), you can see why the voltage rises and falls in each element until it reaches an equilibrium.
To sync the generators on the grid they only need to be matched locally. You don't care if the generator 10ms away (half a cycle @ 50hz) is phase matched with the generator you're in front of with respect to a universal standard. You only care about its phase when it's actually reached your generator. You sync them up locally and they run 180 degrees out of phase compared to each other globally. But if you take your oscilloscope and start at one generator and move it towards the other they stay in phase. Halfway there the signal will still be in phase with each other, but 90 degrees out of phase globally. So to get it all going, you start the first generator. You then wait for that one to stabilise, then start and sync the second one and then finally connect it. Any slight difference between the phase will cause them to fight against each other and they speed up and slow down until they actually match and rotor lock to each other. The local phase relationship is all that matters for them to sync. The map shows the instantaneous global difference with respect to a specified point. It's meaningless in terms of phase matching. It's still interesting as looking at the phase tells you something about the loads that are connected, but it doesn't matter in the context you're talking about.
Power plants are not synchronized between themselves, they are all synchronized to the grid, and physics apply. If you, somehow, could measure the phase between two distant power plants, they most likely won't match. But sure they'd match the grid at the very point they connect to it.
The way it was explained to me, they don't care about each other. There is a device a motor called a synchronizer where the plant hooks to the grid. Then you bring your generator up to speed and when the phase angle/gauge reads 0 you engage/energize the lines where you are, like slip shifting (like shifting without using the clutch).
Yes and house to house doesn't matter at all. The only point it matters is another point where a generator is installed. They have a Guage that shows when they are in synch. Funny part is once both are in sync and they are both plugged together they basically stay in synch for the most part.
@@RT-hl4uk the generators do care about each other hence the synchroniser you deacribe thids allows the new generator to ab added to the network with minimum disturbance. Once connected the controls will slowly ramp the output to feed the required power into the grid.
Correct, there is always "Phase delay" which depends on length of wire/LC.. "Grid Tie" systems match the phase in that point of the circuit which would be different then other parts of the system...
2:00 I found it interesting that the higher the density of electrons (negative charges) equates to lower voltage. It's probably elementary but I never thought of it that way.
Because of electrical conventions (and you can partially thank Benjamin Franklin, of all people, for that), we generally talk about “positive current” as the motion of “electron holes” moving through a wire, not electrons. If you want, Google “electrical engineer time machine xkcd”, you’ll learn some more, and better than I could ever describe.
For me the same. But I was wondering if it's elementary - in Coulomb law the closer the charges, the bigger the eletric force, so higher density of charges means more energy. Here is totally opposite and I was wondering what exactly phenomena is behind this?
So the question now is, how does the battery know how much initial current to put on the wire? I expect it's a transient response function of the RLC transmission line circuit that's directly connected to the battery, but you get into circular logic because that transmission line segment can always be shortened, to the point that it's inside the actual battery cell. Maybe it's a function of the construction of the battery, which is effectively its output impedance , then later measurable on the transmission line which has its own characteristic impedance?
You don't need a Tesla coil to increase the voltage like that. Just use a capacitor and an inductor, calculate the frequency, use a half-bridge driver to alternate between VCC and GND, and you can make infinite voltages. (Theoretically)
12:48 Yes, please don't connect a scope to a tesla coil. Frying the scope would be the least of your worries - don't play with high voltage unless you *exactly* what you are doing. I think it should be possible to do this experiment at low voltages (9 V building up to about 30 V). Anything more than about 100 V can be deadly, so keep the max voltage below 50 V to be safe.
I just have to point out that observing a phenomenon without altering its outcome can actually be achieved through indirect measurement methods that do not interfere with the system being observed. contrary to your statement @ 31:19 you can measure the speed of a car by using a camera to record its passage between two points at a known distance apart. In this method, the camera captures the photons (light particles) that naturally bounce off the car as it moves. These photons are emitted regardless of whether they are being recorded or not, thus the act of recording them with the camera does not influence the car’s speed or trajectory. By knowing the distance between these points and the time taken for the car to travel from one point to the other (timestamped by the camera), the speed of the car can be calculated using the basic formula for speed: distance divided by time. This indirect method of measuring speed is unobtrusive, as it does not require any physical contact with the car or any alteration to its natural state of motion. The car is unaware of the observation process and continues on its trajectory unaffected, ensuring that the measurement is both accurate and non-invasive. sorry to be that guy, but i couldn't help myself.. lol..
When you put a current into the wire you are also transmitting a radio signal, with a frequency that is the connecting/disconnecting rate. The 'dead end' branches add reflections to each single pulse, resulting in a more complex signal being broadcast than just a square wave on/off. Do you think that it would be possible to have a length of wire with many dead ends which caused a coherent signal to be transmitted when you connected and disconnected it? I'm imagining a branched network of wires, and the reflections at junctions and endings all would add up to a single pulse of coherent radio signal.
Your videos are fantastic and your experiments are by far the best analyses of the behavior of electrical systems that I have seen so far. They address my long standing questions that long prevented me from ever making any progress in the "field", because I always got bogged down so much with these details about the behavior of fields and particles that I never got to the more advanced stuff. Watching this video now, it suddenly occurred to me that the concept of a fork in the wire (and the wire itself for that matter) are both contrived conveniences at our macro level to describe the topology of the space in which electrons travel. The part where the two pieces of wire are joined are topologically equivalent to a closed loop albeit with a sharp angle that would make the curve continuous but indifferentiable. What if we smoothened out those sharp points such that the flow never "hit" anything and was guided by the gentle curve of the path? By the way, this back reflection of the current is precisely why "impedance matching" is important. A similar reflection happens when there is an abrupt change in the current medium and the signal reflected from that point partly cancels out the incoming signal resulting in tx/rx losses. Kudos and keep up the good work.
IMO you should lock the exposure for the diagram/table camera so it stops adjusting for your hands and shadows. I think I'm more sensitive to it than most but it meant I had to alt tab off the video
24:12 I was expecting you to say solids rather than electrons! You did a video about 2 years ago on the "speed of motion" being related to the speed of sound in whatever you're moving - presumably, this is due to the pressure wave moving inside the metal rod you're whacking with a hammer, and therefore by definition that metal rod is compressible!
For a resonant antenna, I think you almost want the reverse of the tesla coil. Ideally energy goes in, but isn't reflected back down the cable. The energy from the cable should hit at roughly the low point of the antenna's like a swing.
After watching this twice to fully understand. Yes. Build the analysis. All it takes is wires wood whatever forms you need and patience. Demonstrating the resonance at different points with a pretty good amount of precision. Hot.
I don’t know to what extent the secondary winding of a Tesla coil acts as a transmission line. Transmission lines have a characteristic impedance and lose energy to reflections when they’re not driven with impedance matched sources and loads. They’re modeled as a bunch of series inductors and parallel capacitors, one big chain of low-pass LC filters. But a Tesla coil is just one LC filter, and a band-pass filter not a low-pass. On the finer scale, yes there is capacitance between its windings, but with a single layer of windings the design of the Tesla coil minimises this capacitance. If the coil’s operational frequency is high enough for this inter-winding capacitance significant isn’t something I’d know, but I’d guess not. There are some interesting things you can do with wavelength lengths of transmission lines at a fixed frequency, Applied Science did a trick or two in his somewhat recent NMR video. When it comes to country wide transmission lines and synchronising the AC waveform, there are two ways that happens. In the case of a spinning generator, that generator is also a motor. The torque it produces or consumes is a function of the phase offset between the load and the rotor (for a synchronous generator, asynchronous generators are similar), so if a generator is lagging it will slow down the rest of the grid by dragging more power out of it. It’s a self-synchronising system, within reason. On the smallest scales, the spinning generators act like energy storage, buffering small spikes of power and smoothing them out. The other way is through grid-tied inverters. DC generation like solar, or AC where you have a frequency difference like in the middle of Japan or the English Channel, or even in a wind turbine where the motor speed changes too much to be mains synchronised, you have switching electronics to turn DC into AC. Turning AC into DC can be as easy as just having some rectifiers, but I bet they’d do power-factor correction too. Turning AC to DC means looking at the AC waveform locally and switching your power into it. Actually measuring the voltage of something you yourself are influencing will be an entire rabbit hole of control theory I’m sure. I can only assume that the phase offset of the inverter is carefully adjusted until the desired current flows. At the scale of house solar grid inverters, this phase offset must be minuscule, or maybe so small it doesn’t even need to be implemented. There’s also the matter of keeping the AC frequency exactly 60Hz on average, for clocks and timers, which I believe could be done with accurate clocks at each independent generator, but in practice is probably done with GPS timing.
Complaining about anthropomorphizing or simplifying some things in order to better explain one particular thing at a time seems like a recipe for never developing any intuitive understanding of anything. Of course it's all really complex and interconnected, but you have to be able to digest it a bite at a time. That's why we have partial derivatives. You're trying to get a handle on one effect at a time and then you can correct for the interplay
The correct way is to say that the "stored" energy is localised in fields around the electrons. If you quickly move (accelerate) the electrons, the energy of that movement (electron orbitals notwithstanding) gets radiated and lost into the open space by an EM wave propagating outwards. The breakdown of the classical EM field theory is precisely when the accelerating charges in the atomic electron orbitals do not radiate energy away.
There is no *correct* way to explain something. Neither is there a *correct* model. All models have limitations. Your explaination may be harder for some people to follow. And it's an explaination based in Maxwell. But that's neither the only model nor the only description. In fact, providing multiple explainations may be even better, reach more people, and get across deeper ideas. Like the fact we're describing models of reality, not reality itself.
What were the voltages, and what is the effect, if you place a diode on the open wire, right after the 'Y', and then disconnect the wire, and check for a capacitance effect?
The pointing vector is almost tied to the fields of electrons, but it can separate, and do its own thing. That is how antennas work after all. A pointing vector can measure the movement of EM energy through space by EM waves in the absence of charges. Also, at the other end of this phenomenon, there is an E-M field decoupling at a low frequency where the pointing vector fails to tell you anything at pure DC. I'm less familiar with this part of EM physics but I hear that it can cause accuracy problems in some EM field simulators near the DC.
It is rather so that time-varying charges and currents make E and B-fields that propagate out through space. Have a look at Jefimenko's equations (the time-dependent variants of Coulomb's and Biot-Svart's laws). That radiation of E-M fields carries some energy out, which is the Poynting-flux.
Why is the measured voltage of the transmission line always half of the supplied voltage during the transient time (before the circuit finally stabilizes)?
I have a Question (yes question is kind of annoying, but what is the d(V)/d(electron density) if you assume zero capacitance?: You have 3 copper weights at electrostatic equilibrium: 25kg, 5kg, and 2 kg of copper. If you connect the 25 kg copper to the positive terminal, and a 2 kg weight of copper to the negative terminal (assume e- leave from the (-) terminal) across a 2kv power supply; what would the electron potential be after disconnecting the power supply between the 5kg weight and the (25, and 2) kg weights. assume the weights are at infinity apart (reduce the capacitance to zero, information is still able to reach the weights). Also assume the weights are flat rectangular plates with the same thickness (assume 5 cm if needed).
People often have questions about impractical or even impossible scenarios. EE tends to be built on a bunch of simplifying assumptions. If you break those assumptions, parts of EE may not apply. You may be able to use Maxwell, or QED etc to answer such questions. But a lot of the intuition from EE no longer applies.
Your original video was perfect. However, many people don't understand how you packaged your ideas in such a difficult topic for delivery, even some who are engineers. So this explanation is good for them but I feel it was not really necessary. I do have one possible contribution if ever want to repeat this or something similar. Although it may not change the results of your demonstration much, you might get better measurements if you use a differential probe on your scope. Even if you say to me ... "the circuit was floating, I used only one probe and its GND was the only connection at any one point along my circuit, so it should be OK", I'd say ... there is still an imbalance between probe GND (because antenna-like low impedance) and probe TIP (because of high impedance). If you use two TIPs then that is no longer an issue. Then also, you can use another probe at the battery switch to trigger your scope and you won't have any impact on your measurements because of ground loops (I'm not referring to quantum effects of course). Added, for the "switch" you can use a two MOSFETs to connect your battery driven by a clean pulse, like a 555.
I can't imagine what you'd have to do to probe a tesla coil without blowing up your test equipment or destroying the tesla coil. I believe the secondary needs to be very well insulated to not arc to the output.
You could probably passively measure the speed of a car using trig. Use a camera to track the angular change and a tape measure to measure the distance from said camera to the road. I can’t think of anything here that would act on the car thereby changing the value you measure. Of course it’s probably not as accurate as the radar method though.
@@capt4in1 fair point :) but the car is still being hit by light in order for some to bounce to you. even if you're arguing it's an observational study, then maybe you're ABSORBING some light with the sensor that would have otherwise scattered back towards the car. Does this matter? no. xD
I don't think your discussion of the Tesla coil resonance is correct. The frequency that a typical Tesla coil resonates is on the order of a few hundred kHz to 1Mhz, which means that the wavelength is on the order of about a kilometer. Thus for the purpose of resonance the coil is pretty much acting like a regular old inductor and the top load is like a regular old capacitor. We don't need to consider the wave propagation aspects, the currents and surfaces charges are in equilibrium with the electric and magnetic fields which are changing at a slow enough rate that a Coulomb gauge can be considered applicable. Also the resonant pushes will be much slower than the wave propagation times.
Yeah I think you’re right, it may not be a pulse traveling back and forth as much as a slope of voltage that tilts one way and then tilts back the other way as the capacitor at the top charges and discharges. All the more reason I want to see!
The phase relationship between current and voltage is a consequence of the capacitance and inductance in the system. They aren't necessarily at 90 degrees to each other. In fact they're almost never 90 degrees apart. On the grid they want to be exactly the same phase. Any difference is power you're pushing up and down the line that's not doing useful work but still experiences resistive losses. IE it's wasted power. The difference between that perfect state and the actual one is called power factor. (Real power vs apparent power) We add capacitance and (rarely) inductance to the grid in order to manage power factor of a load to ensure that the load on the grid is purely resistive (as a power factor of 1, with no difference between the current and voltage phases).
You can actually buy a cheap water Tesla coil , its called a piezoelectric "humidifier" and it works almost the same way as a Tesla coil by moving water molecules at resonance bumping them together increasing the pressure and turning them into gaseous state (not actually gaseous stat but droplets so small that don't need much energy to turn into gas) .
I find some continuing confusion in the ideas of concentration of electrons and voltage, and Poynting vectors involving movement of electrons vs electric field propagation. Trying to compare this with Veritasium's notes: ua-cam.com/video/oI_X2cMHNe0/v-deo.htmlfeature=shared
Is it documented somewhere in detail how the oscilloscope measurements are made? Do you basically move your leads (however many you have) across the tap locations and run the experiment again and find the peaks in each waveform and take the vector quantity on the plot (which represent voltage and time) and plot it? I'm trying to understand if you interpret the whole waveform when you record with the oscope or you only take the peaks from the initial pulse that it samples and use that to plot something else.
I've got to assume on the graph that the reason a hue scale was used is that just like angle, hue is essentially cyclical [after red it goes to purple then back to blue again] - so, a deflection of 360 degrees would be the *same* phase, and would appear as the same color, and hypothetically a cumulative deflection of *more* than 360 degrees as you follow some path would show up as multiple trips around the color wheel. I don't think there's any particular reason to expect the phase difference between points hundreds of miles apart to be small - if we look at, let's say boston and a point deep in the red at the southern tip of illinois, the distance between those points is about a thousand miles, which is about a full third of a wavelength already even using the assumption that it's the speed of light, and we don't know how far off the path between those points is from a straight line or what the actual propagation speed in the power lines actually is
I would love to see your version of the reality of 'particles' vs 'waves'.... Because there really aren't anything that are 'particles', it is a convergence of a specific energy field in a 'point space'. Beyond some physical size (whole atoms?) there is no physical element to these things. It is simply wavefronts that interact with other wavefronts to create 'particles'. I would also love your take on gravity. In schoolbooks, in any media I've seen online, I only ever see the 2D representation of the effect of mass on space-time. The issue is that 2D representation does NOT accurately represent the reality of gravity. 3D would have a difficult time, but would be worlds better. The phase shift control mechanisms are very likely (don't quote me as fact) PFC, power factor control. Every single power system, and many client side systems, MUST have power factor control to prevent back EMF, excessive heating, etc in power lines, generation stations, and even inside your homes. One alternative use for power factor control mechanisms would be phase shifting, which means the hardware is already in place to adjust phasing between separate generation networks. To people angry about anthropomorphising these things, >> Most people have NO context for many of these concepts. They have no way to visualize wavefronts minus physical matter. They have no concept of quantum entanglement. Sometimes you simply have to use known reference points to engage certain peoples' understanding
My big takeaway from this is that higher voltage means fewer electrons relative to some other point in space? Electricity messes with me because it's opposite in so many ways, when there's a thing there it's negative but my brain says that negative means fewer things 🤪
Voltage is just the difference in "electrical pressure" between two points. So it is always relative to something else. A vaccume makes the same pressure difference as a pump.
If you do make a tesla coil video, please add a very thorough explanation of EVERYTHING [like why is it not build like a normal transformer if it essentially works as one, what the components contribute, how we could measure the resonance,...]. I made one a while ago, but I was using youtube tutorials and I had no clue of what I was doing and I still don't. I would rather understand what I am doing when building one than just copying over, every time I want to make one. I know that there are youtube videos that get into it and explain the principles and other stuff well enough, but I thought it would be even better if I watched you building one then hear the issues you encountered and why they were problems and the steps you took to solve them.
It does cause problems. There is a whole sequence for getting power plants connected to the grid that gets them in sync with the waveform. ua-cam.com/video/xGQxSJmadm0/v-deo.htmlsi=L7iO7iFo2EfSTVEZ
it does creates a huge problem for grid operator. althroud exact mechanic of proccess rely on slipping of frequency in overloaded generator. one is basic grid protection system is automatic frequency unloading. all major blackout in some way created by this procces
The phase between current and voltage is power factor, ideally you want 0 degreees. The phase of the voltage between different locations for the same line, no body cares about it. Generating stations just sync up to what voltage phase they "see" locally, and make sure that the generator is a working as a generator, and not as a motor. Frequency is super critical, and it is transmitted as a signal from some central location, which provides the reference frequency to all generators in the grid, ie normally everybody generates at the same exact frequency. If load is too high for some generator, it might reduce its generating frequency, and needs to be fixed ASAP (out the water valve) or pulled out of the grid.
@AlphaPhoenix2 Dude, please - don't take away my Nobel Prize! ) Prize for the discovery of direct current transformation - based on combinations of conductor sections with different current densities at resonances! Чувак, пожалуйста, - не отнимай мою Нобелевскую премию! ) Премию, за открытие трансформации на постоянном токе - на основе комбинаций участков проводника с разной плотностью тока в резонансах!
The magnetic field only exists when you move elections and in a space around the electrons?!? No, no, no. EM waves may be generated by moving elections but they are very much decoupled from source charges, as they can travel far away from them and have their own magnetic field component. Not to forget to mention the electrons' intrinsic magnetic dipole from its spin. You can certainly debate with atomic physicists whether there is anything actually moving or spinning in that case but you can't have it both ways. Eather electron dipole is intrinsic or electrons have the physical size and are not point articles and god luck convincing anybody of that.
At the very least I’d argue it’s a property of a charge with momentum - in the case of an electron, angular momentum. Yes they can propagate long distances, but in the antenna you had charges changing in momentum
Water is "in-compressible" in the same sense that a block of steel is a "rigid object", but at the end of the day, how does sound travel through either one..?
because steel isn't a rigid object and neither is water. sound waves are just waves of motion, in the case of steel it's a wave of pressure i.e. closer spacing of atoms at some point in the material than in another, which propagates in a certain direction.
@@JustinKoenigSilica It was a rhetorical question, but yes. I was intentionally referring to his other video looking at tapping a long steel bar and seeing when the response on the other side happens.
shut up
incredibly good diagrams you're drawing to explain all this, makes it a lot more intuitive
Fantastic videos! Thanks! One slight quibble: The answer to your multiple choice quiz is really “B”, not “C”. The battery does not “guess.” The battery (like any power source) will have a curve of Voltage as a function of load (Amps), which is a function of the battery chemistry. At no load (0 Amps) the battery voltage might be something like 9.4V. As load increases the Voltage will drop, until at maximum current - a dead short - the Voltage will be at some minimum level, maybe about 4.5V. We can look at the system on a micro level and solve Ohm’s Law at each point in the system and at each point in time - basically Finite Element Analysis. When the switch is first closed, the first bit of wire after the switch “sees” the battery’s no-load voltage at the switch and zero volts just after our little smidge of wire. Since the resistance in that tiny bit of wire is nearly zero the current (based on Ohm’s Law) will “want” to be nearly infinite, but it is limited by the battery chemistry, which does not respond instantaneously to a change in load. As current starts to flow through our first bit of wire the voltage at the end of our bit of wire will increase, which will start current flowing through the next bit of wire, and so on. As the current propagates through the wire the current will start to rise towards the battery’s max. (dead short) current, but two things happen: 1. Higher current causes the battery voltage to drop; and 2. As current flows through more wire there is more resistance, which limits the current (I = E/R). Effectively a “pulse” of higher voltage will be passed along the wire.
Any discussion of "waves," “reflection,” and “damping” is just a mathematical description of what is happening, not an explanation of why it is happening. If you break the system into tiny pieces and think through what happens in each tiny section over time, using only Ohm’s Law and the boundary condition of the each element (and the limitations of the battery chemistry), you can see why the voltage rises and falls in each element until it reaches an equilibrium.
Thank you for all the time you put into these; they makes the wheels turn for me.
To sync the generators on the grid they only need to be matched locally.
You don't care if the generator 10ms away (half a cycle @ 50hz) is phase matched with the generator you're in front of with respect to a universal standard. You only care about its phase when it's actually reached your generator.
You sync them up locally and they run 180 degrees out of phase compared to each other globally. But if you take your oscilloscope and start at one generator and move it towards the other they stay in phase. Halfway there the signal will still be in phase with each other, but 90 degrees out of phase globally.
So to get it all going, you start the first generator. You then wait for that one to stabilise, then start and sync the second one and then finally connect it. Any slight difference between the phase will cause them to fight against each other and they speed up and slow down until they actually match and rotor lock to each other. The local phase relationship is all that matters for them to sync.
The map shows the instantaneous global difference with respect to a specified point. It's meaningless in terms of phase matching.
It's still interesting as looking at the phase tells you something about the loads that are connected, but it doesn't matter in the context you're talking about.
Power plants are not synchronized between themselves, they are all synchronized to the grid, and physics apply. If you, somehow, could measure the phase between two distant power plants, they most likely won't match. But sure they'd match the grid at the very point they connect to it.
The way it was explained to me, they don't care about each other. There is a device a motor called a synchronizer where the plant hooks to the grid. Then you bring your generator up to speed and when the phase angle/gauge reads 0 you engage/energize the lines where you are, like slip shifting (like shifting without using the clutch).
Yes and house to house doesn't matter at all. The only point it matters is another point where a generator is installed. They have a Guage that shows when they are in synch. Funny part is once both are in sync and they are both plugged together they basically stay in synch for the most part.
@@RT-hl4uk the generators do care about each other hence the synchroniser you deacribe thids allows the new generator to ab added to the network with minimum disturbance. Once connected the controls will slowly ramp the output to feed the required power into the grid.
Correct, there is always "Phase delay" which depends on length of wire/LC.. "Grid Tie" systems match the phase in that point of the circuit which would be different then other parts of the system...
2:00 I found it interesting that the higher the density of electrons (negative charges) equates to lower voltage. It's probably elementary but I never thought of it that way.
Because of electrical conventions (and you can partially thank Benjamin Franklin, of all people, for that), we generally talk about “positive current” as the motion of “electron holes” moving through a wire, not electrons. If you want, Google “electrical engineer time machine xkcd”, you’ll learn some more, and better than I could ever describe.
Indeed, new to me. Though this is kind of the same as with gases. Faster air is lower density, despite what my intentions suggest.
For me the same. But I was wondering if it's elementary - in Coulomb law the closer the charges, the bigger the eletric force, so higher density of charges means more energy. Here is totally opposite and I was wondering what exactly phenomena is behind this?
They defined voltage as the density of positive charges.@@jakubbies4517
Thanks!
So the question now is, how does the battery know how much initial current to put on the wire? I expect it's a transient response function of the RLC transmission line circuit that's directly connected to the battery, but you get into circular logic because that transmission line segment can always be shortened, to the point that it's inside the actual battery cell. Maybe it's a function of the construction of the battery, which is effectively its output impedance , then later measurable on the transmission line which has its own characteristic impedance?
Oh at the beginning of your video I wished you would measure a Tesla coil with the resonance buildup, and 11 mins in, you say you will! So great!!! :)
You don't need a Tesla coil to increase the voltage like that. Just use a capacitor and an inductor, calculate the frequency, use a half-bridge driver to alternate between VCC and GND, and you can make infinite voltages. (Theoretically)
Yeah, using a Tesla coil is a good way of frying your scope.
12:48 Yes, please don't connect a scope to a tesla coil. Frying the scope would be the least of your worries - don't play with high voltage unless you *exactly* what you are doing.
I think it should be possible to do this experiment at low voltages (9 V building up to about 30 V). Anything more than about 100 V can be deadly, so keep the max voltage below 50 V to be safe.
30:30 - 31:01 me explaining to the officer why he cant give me a ticket for going 80 in a school zone
I just have to point out that observing a phenomenon without altering its outcome can actually be achieved through indirect measurement methods that do not interfere with the system being observed.
contrary to your statement @ 31:19 you can measure the speed of a car by using a camera to record its passage between two points at a known distance apart. In this method, the camera captures the photons (light particles) that naturally bounce off the car as it moves. These photons are emitted regardless of whether they are being recorded or not, thus the act of recording them with the camera does not influence the car’s speed or trajectory.
By knowing the distance between these points and the time taken for the car to travel from one point to the other (timestamped by the camera), the speed of the car can be calculated using the basic formula for speed: distance divided by time. This indirect method of measuring speed is unobtrusive, as it does not require any physical contact with the car or any alteration to its natural state of motion. The car is unaware of the observation process and continues on its trajectory unaffected, ensuring that the measurement is both accurate and non-invasive.
sorry to be that guy, but i couldn't help myself.. lol..
When you put a current into the wire you are also transmitting a radio signal, with a frequency that is the connecting/disconnecting rate.
The 'dead end' branches add reflections to each single pulse, resulting in a more complex signal being broadcast than just a square wave on/off. Do you think that it would be possible to have a length of wire with many dead ends which caused a coherent signal to be transmitted when you connected and disconnected it?
I'm imagining a branched network of wires, and the reflections at junctions and endings all would add up to a single pulse of coherent radio signal.
Your videos are fantastic and your experiments are by far the best analyses of the behavior of electrical systems that I have seen so far. They address my long standing questions that long prevented me from ever making any progress in the "field", because I always got bogged down so much with these details about the behavior of fields and particles that I never got to the more advanced stuff. Watching this video now, it suddenly occurred to me that the concept of a fork in the wire (and the wire itself for that matter) are both contrived conveniences at our macro level to describe the topology of the space in which electrons travel. The part where the two pieces of wire are joined are topologically equivalent to a closed loop albeit with a sharp angle that would make the curve continuous but indifferentiable. What if we smoothened out those sharp points such that the flow never "hit" anything and was guided by the gentle curve of the path? By the way, this back reflection of the current is precisely why "impedance matching" is important. A similar reflection happens when there is an abrupt change in the current medium and the signal reflected from that point partly cancels out the incoming signal resulting in tx/rx losses. Kudos and keep up the good work.
IMO you should lock the exposure for the diagram/table camera so it stops adjusting for your hands and shadows. I think I'm more sensitive to it than most but it meant I had to alt tab off the video
24:12 I was expecting you to say solids rather than electrons! You did a video about 2 years ago on the "speed of motion" being related to the speed of sound in whatever you're moving - presumably, this is due to the pressure wave moving inside the metal rod you're whacking with a hammer, and therefore by definition that metal rod is compressible!
For a resonant antenna, I think you almost want the reverse of the tesla coil. Ideally energy goes in, but isn't reflected back down the cable. The energy from the cable should hit at roughly the low point of the antenna's like a swing.
Anthropomorphising is a perfectly fine way to explain things. People will complain about anything
I mean it's a good way to understand it, but isn't good from a pure "why" perspective :)
@@catmacopter8545 it's physics. The "why"s always bottom out and end in "it's just so".
That is so cool! I never would have figured out a tesla coil works like that.
pull-up/ pull-down registor in curcuit represents the implementation!!!
noticed?
After watching this twice to fully understand. Yes. Build the analysis. All it takes is wires wood whatever forms you need and patience. Demonstrating the resonance at different points with a pretty good amount of precision. Hot.
I don’t know to what extent the secondary winding of a Tesla coil acts as a transmission line. Transmission lines have a characteristic impedance and lose energy to reflections when they’re not driven with impedance matched sources and loads. They’re modeled as a bunch of series inductors and parallel capacitors, one big chain of low-pass LC filters. But a Tesla coil is just one LC filter, and a band-pass filter not a low-pass. On the finer scale, yes there is capacitance between its windings, but with a single layer of windings the design of the Tesla coil minimises this capacitance. If the coil’s operational frequency is high enough for this inter-winding capacitance significant isn’t something I’d know, but I’d guess not.
There are some interesting things you can do with wavelength lengths of transmission lines at a fixed frequency, Applied Science did a trick or two in his somewhat recent NMR video.
When it comes to country wide transmission lines and synchronising the AC waveform, there are two ways that happens.
In the case of a spinning generator, that generator is also a motor. The torque it produces or consumes is a function of the phase offset between the load and the rotor (for a synchronous generator, asynchronous generators are similar), so if a generator is lagging it will slow down the rest of the grid by dragging more power out of it. It’s a self-synchronising system, within reason. On the smallest scales, the spinning generators act like energy storage, buffering small spikes of power and smoothing them out.
The other way is through grid-tied inverters. DC generation like solar, or AC where you have a frequency difference like in the middle of Japan or the English Channel, or even in a wind turbine where the motor speed changes too much to be mains synchronised, you have switching electronics to turn DC into AC. Turning AC into DC can be as easy as just having some rectifiers, but I bet they’d do power-factor correction too. Turning AC to DC means looking at the AC waveform locally and switching your power into it. Actually measuring the voltage of something you yourself are influencing will be an entire rabbit hole of control theory I’m sure. I can only assume that the phase offset of the inverter is carefully adjusted until the desired current flows. At the scale of house solar grid inverters, this phase offset must be minuscule, or maybe so small it doesn’t even need to be implemented.
There’s also the matter of keeping the AC frequency exactly 60Hz on average, for clocks and timers, which I believe could be done with accurate clocks at each independent generator, but in practice is probably done with GPS timing.
Complaining about anthropomorphizing or simplifying some things in order to better explain one particular thing at a time seems like a recipe for never developing any intuitive understanding of anything.
Of course it's all really complex and interconnected, but you have to be able to digest it a bite at a time. That's why we have partial derivatives. You're trying to get a handle on one effect at a time and then you can correct for the interplay
“That’s why we have partial derivatives” - love it!
Well said
I like this content. 🎉
I like you ;)
The correct way is to say that the "stored" energy is localised in fields around the electrons. If you quickly move (accelerate) the electrons, the energy of that movement (electron orbitals notwithstanding) gets radiated and lost into the open space by an EM wave propagating outwards.
The breakdown of the classical EM field theory is precisely when the accelerating charges in the atomic electron orbitals do not radiate energy away.
There is no *correct* way to explain something. Neither is there a *correct* model. All models have limitations. Your explaination may be harder for some people to follow. And it's an explaination based in Maxwell. But that's neither the only model nor the only description. In fact, providing multiple explainations may be even better, reach more people, and get across deeper ideas. Like the fact we're describing models of reality, not reality itself.
I have always wondered this, you are amazing. Thank you.
23:53 Could one could say that an "incompressible" substance /resists/ compression?
What were the voltages, and what is the effect, if you place a diode on the open wire, right after the 'Y', and then disconnect the wire, and check for a capacitance effect?
You should've name this channel omega phoenix or beta phoenix
The pointing vector is almost tied to the fields of electrons, but it can separate, and do its own thing.
That is how antennas work after all. A pointing vector can measure the movement of EM energy through space by EM waves in the absence of charges.
Also, at the other end of this phenomenon, there is an E-M field decoupling at a low frequency where the pointing vector fails to tell you anything at pure DC. I'm less familiar with this part of EM physics but I hear that it can cause accuracy problems in some EM field simulators near the DC.
It's called the Poynting vector, named after mr. Poynting.
It is rather so that time-varying charges and currents make E and B-fields that propagate out through space. Have a look at Jefimenko's equations (the time-dependent variants of Coulomb's and Biot-Svart's laws). That radiation of E-M fields carries some energy out, which is the Poynting-flux.
@@Sibula Thanks for poynting that out!
One region of space has events that could have been caused by some other region, is another way to reference causality and lightcones
Why is the measured voltage of the transmission line always half of the supplied voltage during the transient time (before the circuit finally stabilizes)?
I have a Question (yes question is kind of annoying, but what is the d(V)/d(electron density) if you assume zero capacitance?:
You have 3 copper weights at electrostatic equilibrium: 25kg, 5kg, and 2 kg of copper. If you connect the 25 kg copper to the positive terminal, and a 2 kg weight of copper to the negative terminal (assume e- leave from the (-) terminal) across a 2kv power supply; what would the electron potential be after disconnecting the power supply between the 5kg weight and the (25, and 2) kg weights.
assume the weights are at infinity apart (reduce the capacitance to zero, information is still able to reach the weights). Also assume the weights are flat rectangular plates with the same thickness (assume 5 cm if needed).
There is nothing with zero capacitance
People often have questions about impractical or even impossible scenarios. EE tends to be built on a bunch of simplifying assumptions. If you break those assumptions, parts of EE may not apply. You may be able to use Maxwell, or QED etc to answer such questions. But a lot of the intuition from EE no longer applies.
Your original video was perfect. However, many people don't understand how you packaged your ideas in such a difficult topic for delivery, even some who are engineers. So this explanation is good for them but I feel it was not really necessary.
I do have one possible contribution if ever want to repeat this or something similar. Although it may not change the results of your demonstration much, you might get better measurements if you use a differential probe on your scope. Even if you say to me ... "the circuit was floating, I used only one probe and its GND was the only connection at any one point along my circuit, so it should be OK", I'd say ... there is still an imbalance between probe GND (because antenna-like low impedance) and probe TIP (because of high impedance). If you use two TIPs then that is no longer an issue. Then also, you can use another probe at the battery switch to trigger your scope and you won't have any impact on your measurements because of ground loops (I'm not referring to quantum effects of course). Added, for the "switch" you can use a two MOSFETs to connect your battery driven by a clean pulse, like a 555.
If you think a Tesla Coil is neat, try looking into Transverse Electromagnetic waves vs Longitudinal Electromagnetic waves.
I can't imagine what you'd have to do to probe a tesla coil without blowing up your test equipment or destroying the tesla coil. I believe the secondary needs to be very well insulated to not arc to the output.
You could probably passively measure the speed of a car using trig. Use a camera to track the angular change and a tape measure to measure the distance from said camera to the road. I can’t think of anything here that would act on the car thereby changing the value you measure. Of course it’s probably not as accurate as the radar method though.
Light from whatever source hitting your camera has momentum
@@AlphaPhoenix2 yeah and the light hitting your camera isn’t changing the speed of the car:)
@@capt4in1 fair point :) but the car is still being hit by light in order for some to bounce to you. even if you're arguing it's an observational study, then maybe you're ABSORBING some light with the sensor that would have otherwise scattered back towards the car.
Does this matter? no. xD
I don't think your discussion of the Tesla coil resonance is correct. The frequency that a typical Tesla coil resonates is on the order of a few hundred kHz to 1Mhz, which means that the wavelength is on the order of about a kilometer. Thus for the purpose of resonance the coil is pretty much acting like a regular old inductor and the top load is like a regular old capacitor. We don't need to consider the wave propagation aspects, the currents and surfaces charges are in equilibrium with the electric and magnetic fields which are changing at a slow enough rate that a Coulomb gauge can be considered applicable. Also the resonant pushes will be much slower than the wave propagation times.
Yeah I think you’re right, it may not be a pulse traveling back and forth as much as a slope of voltage that tilts one way and then tilts back the other way as the capacitor at the top charges and discharges. All the more reason I want to see!
Interesting that the current lags the voltage 90 degrees in a wire when answering #1. Is there a way to show the current leads in the twisted pair?
The phase relationship between current and voltage is a consequence of the capacitance and inductance in the system. They aren't necessarily at 90 degrees to each other. In fact they're almost never 90 degrees apart.
On the grid they want to be exactly the same phase. Any difference is power you're pushing up and down the line that's not doing useful work but still experiences resistive losses. IE it's wasted power.
The difference between that perfect state and the actual one is called power factor. (Real power vs apparent power) We add capacitance and (rarely) inductance to the grid in order to manage power factor of a load to ensure that the load on the grid is purely resistive (as a power factor of 1, with no difference between the current and voltage phases).
I still think you missed an opportunity not calling it BetaPhoenix....
"Plan B also goes up in flames"
You can actually buy a cheap water Tesla coil , its called a piezoelectric "humidifier" and it works almost the same way as a Tesla coil by moving water molecules at resonance bumping them together increasing the pressure and turning them into gaseous state (not actually gaseous stat but droplets so small that don't need much energy to turn into gas) .
Cool!
I find some continuing confusion in the ideas of concentration of electrons and voltage, and Poynting vectors involving movement of electrons vs electric field propagation. Trying to compare this with Veritasium's notes: ua-cam.com/video/oI_X2cMHNe0/v-deo.htmlfeature=shared
Poynting.
awesome explanations!
Is it documented somewhere in detail how the oscilloscope measurements are made? Do you basically move your leads (however many you have) across the tap locations and run the experiment again and find the peaks in each waveform and take the vector quantity on the plot (which represent voltage and time) and plot it? I'm trying to understand if you interpret the whole waveform when you record with the oscope or you only take the peaks from the initial pulse that it samples and use that to plot something else.
I've got to assume on the graph that the reason a hue scale was used is that just like angle, hue is essentially cyclical [after red it goes to purple then back to blue again] - so, a deflection of 360 degrees would be the *same* phase, and would appear as the same color, and hypothetically a cumulative deflection of *more* than 360 degrees as you follow some path would show up as multiple trips around the color wheel.
I don't think there's any particular reason to expect the phase difference between points hundreds of miles apart to be small - if we look at, let's say boston and a point deep in the red at the southern tip of illinois, the distance between those points is about a thousand miles, which is about a full third of a wavelength already even using the assumption that it's the speed of light, and we don't know how far off the path between those points is from a straight line or what the actual propagation speed in the power lines actually is
I would love to see your version of the reality of 'particles' vs 'waves'.... Because there really aren't anything that are 'particles', it is a convergence of a specific energy field in a 'point space'. Beyond some physical size (whole atoms?) there is no physical element to these things. It is simply wavefronts that interact with other wavefronts to create 'particles'.
I would also love your take on gravity. In schoolbooks, in any media I've seen online, I only ever see the 2D representation of the effect of mass on space-time. The issue is that 2D representation does NOT accurately represent the reality of gravity. 3D would have a difficult time, but would be worlds better.
The phase shift control mechanisms are very likely (don't quote me as fact) PFC, power factor control. Every single power system, and many client side systems, MUST have power factor control to prevent back EMF, excessive heating, etc in power lines, generation stations, and even inside your homes. One alternative use for power factor control mechanisms would be phase shifting, which means the hardware is already in place to adjust phasing between separate generation networks.
To people angry about anthropomorphising these things, >> Most people have NO context for many of these concepts. They have no way to visualize wavefronts minus physical matter. They have no concept of quantum entanglement. Sometimes you simply have to use known reference points to engage certain peoples' understanding
My big takeaway from this is that higher voltage means fewer electrons relative to some other point in space? Electricity messes with me because it's opposite in so many ways, when there's a thing there it's negative but my brain says that negative means fewer things 🤪
Voltage is just the difference in "electrical pressure" between two points. So it is always relative to something else.
A vaccume makes the same pressure difference as a pump.
The big aha moment for me was realizing electrons are negatively charged. If you have more of them somewhere, that plase has more negative charge.
than what is plasma?
If you do make a tesla coil video, please add a very thorough explanation of EVERYTHING [like why is it not build like a normal transformer if it essentially works as one, what the components contribute, how we could measure the resonance,...]. I made one a while ago, but I was using youtube tutorials and I had no clue of what I was doing and I still don't. I would rather understand what I am doing when building one than just copying over, every time I want to make one. I know that there are youtube videos that get into it and explain the principles and other stuff well enough, but I thought it would be even better if I watched you building one then hear the issues you encountered and why they were problems and the steps you took to solve them.
AC to DC converters, how the hell do those get to a stable solution?
Uh so if there is a significant phase difference across the power grid, why doesn't that result in a problem?
If I had to guess, it's measurable but not "significant". I really wish that plot had units
See third paragraph above. I may be wrong, but power factor control seems like the likely answer.
It does cause problems. There is a whole sequence for getting power plants connected to the grid that gets them in sync with the waveform.
ua-cam.com/video/xGQxSJmadm0/v-deo.htmlsi=L7iO7iFo2EfSTVEZ
it does creates a huge problem for grid operator.
althroud exact mechanic of proccess rely on slipping of frequency in overloaded generator.
one is basic grid protection system is automatic frequency unloading.
all major blackout in some way created by this procces
The phase between current and voltage is power factor, ideally you want 0 degreees. The phase of the voltage between different locations for the same line, no body cares about it.
Generating stations just sync up to what voltage phase they "see" locally, and make sure that the generator is a working as a generator, and not as a motor.
Frequency is super critical, and it is transmitted as a signal from some central location, which provides the reference frequency to all generators in the grid, ie normally everybody generates at the same exact frequency. If load is too high for some generator, it might reduce its generating frequency, and needs to be fixed ASAP (out the water valve) or pulled out of the grid.
Plasma Channel colab, how about the current of a magnetohydrodynamic vehicle, or a plasma powered boat
a generator will push another generator, think of it as two spinning wheels coupling. One slows one speeds up, it's likes flywheel.
@AlphaPhoenix2 Dude, please - don't take away my Nobel Prize! ) Prize for the discovery of direct current transformation - based on combinations of conductor sections with different current densities at resonances!
Чувак, пожалуйста, - не отнимай мою Нобелевскую премию! ) Премию, за открытие трансформации на постоянном токе - на основе комбинаций участков проводника с разной плотностью тока в резонансах!
Check out Time Domain simulations of Maxwell equation. It should explain.
Plse awer ean ararde
Hahahaha
The magnetic field only exists when you move elections and in a space around the electrons?!?
No, no, no.
EM waves may be generated by moving elections but they are very much decoupled from source charges, as they can travel far away from them and have their own magnetic field component.
Not to forget to mention the electrons' intrinsic magnetic dipole from its spin. You can certainly debate with atomic physicists whether there is anything actually moving or spinning in that case but you can't have it both ways. Eather electron dipole is intrinsic or electrons have the physical size and are not point articles and god luck convincing anybody of that.
At the very least I’d argue it’s a property of a charge with momentum - in the case of an electron, angular momentum. Yes they can propagate long distances, but in the antenna you had charges changing in momentum