Andor | Kino Loy’s Monologue | Disney+
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- Опубліковано 29 гру 2022
- Rewatch some of the best moments of Season 1 of #Andor, starting with Andy Serkis as Kino Loy and his rousing speech in episode 10. All episodes are now streaming only on Disney+.
The “Andor” series will explore a new perspective from the Star Wars galaxy, focusing on Cassian Andor’s journey to discover the difference he can make. The series brings forward the tale of the burgeoning rebellion against the Empire and how people and planets became involved. It’s an era filled with danger, deception and intrigue where Cassian will embark on the path that is destined to turn him into a rebel hero.
Diego Luna returns as Cassian Andor and is joined by cast members Genevieve O’Reilly, Stellan Skarsgård, Adria Arjona, Denise Gough and Kyle Soller. The executive producers are Kathleen Kennedy, Sanne Wohlenberg, Diego Luna and Michelle Rejwan. Tony Gilroy is the creator and showrunner. - Розваги
This scene hits even harder after knowing Kino did all of this for everyone knowing he couldn’t swim.
I don't think he knew all that time that he wouldn't be able to escape.
@@vario6492 Yeah looking back on it I'm not sure he did know he wouldn't be able to get out beforehand. I still like to think he did know though, even if it's not true 😁
He burned his life, to make a sunrise that he knows he'll never see.
A pretty consistent theme of the show is the necessity of standing up to fascism and totalitarianism with the caveat that the first ones to do so will almost certainly not survive to see the freedom they fought for.
And, of course, Andor won't either.
@@Guinnessmonkey1 Arguably Andor is the only one who will get to see a sunrise in the end
Remember when Andor was flown into the prison and he could clearly see it was completely surrounded by water? It stands to reason that Kino was flown in the same way. He knew he wasn't going to make it and still went ahead and led the revolt.
The fact that their prison outfits are the colors of the rebel alliance…. Truly is the start of the rebellion
The Rebellion using the colors of prison jumpsuits is just such a powerful statement
Yeah it would be awesome to have a mini series following a squad of rebel fighters who were originally escapees! No laser swords, no force lore, just the actual war in Star Wars, the 99% who were the muscle behind the great victory across the sea of stars!
Okay, maybe one red laser sword in a distant shot massacring another squad in a far off trench, and once they see it they flee like they are being chased by the boogeyman!
@@janjanbinks1710
Similar how freed slaves in ancient times used "smurf hats"
@@anydaynow01 The show you're talking about is called "Andor" lol
@@anydaynow01probably what season 2 of andor will end up being if anything
Andy Serkis deserves an Emmy nomination for this performance
I concur
Best speech in star wars
He deserves the actual award, either him Skellen.
Amen
I fully agree
That first prisoner stepping onto the floor is such a small yet profound moment.
And it was the shift leader too. If anyone was going to die it was going to be him just so his men would know.
You can see the exact moment he let's go of his fear. When he decides that he's tired of being afraid of the Empire and that we would rather take the chance to die if it means being free than continuing to live like this
@@TheNorthie Also its not just a shift manager - its Kino Loy’s counterpart for the nightshift of the same room.
So this guy knows Kino. Thus, him trusting Kino’s claim that the floor is deactivated makes sense.
I love at 1:15 as he turns to cas and truly understands a voice of freedom repeating the words cas told him and then making it his own. And a few lines before he chants 'one way out' he looks back at cas.
"That's one small step for man..."
Between Luthen's monologue, Maarva's funeral speech, Nemik's manifesto, and this Kino rally...Andor knocked it out of the park with its script/dialogue. My personal favorite is this one here though! It's the climax of the most suffocating arc in the season, making the speech that much more cathartic (plus the music and reaction of the prisoners elevates everything about the sequence)
You've got the main ones. Credit to Tony Gilroy, who I think wrote them all.
@@WolfRamAndHart no tony gilroy wrote episodes 1-3 and episodes 11 and 12 so Kino and Luthen's monologues were written by Beau Willimon
“I can’t swim”
@@Vodopluy Seriously. As a fellow can't swim dude, that scene hit me the hardest out of all of them. So sad :(
And learning after that he knew he wouldn't be able to "see the sunrise he created" makes it so much more poignant and noble.
His voice cracking saying"If we can fight half as hard as we've been working" gets me. I have to fight back tears. This isn't just great Star Wars. This is art.
He says to help anyone looking lost or who doesn't know where to go and you see men helping others by pulling them up and helping them climb. Not saving themselves, helping others get free first. Star Wars baby!
great star wars is art just as every other piece of star wars is, this is really reductive for no reason
@@Milkky a fair take. Personally I don't view TROS, BOBF or Obi Wan as art, just cheap cash ins. The amount of love and emotion out into stuff like Andor or most of Mando or Rogue One is on a tier higher than these cynical and reductive media.
@@wingspantt as much as i also dislike them, they’re still art.
@@Milkky because...? You said so? It's subjective
"If you see someone confused or lost, you get them moving and keep them moving until we put this place behind us" -keno loy 2022
*Kino Loy 5 BBY
This happened a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. Not this year.
@@GZilla311 ok circa when tho?
@@GZilla311 should I edit to say earth year, lowkey I thought it was sloppy too
i really hope someone helped him swim outta there or something man, someone HAD to have taken that to heart and helped him
@@BrikBeans I'm not sure when it was in Common Era. We don’t have an easy Earth-to-SW calculation.
*The Amazon dayshift manager trying to hopelessly inspire his coworkers to rise up to Jeff Bezos:*
One of the best pieces of dialogue in Star Wars
The voice cracking by Kino when he gave his monologue is the part that got me.
i thought i commented that for a second
HHHHHmjHH
HHHHHmjHH
Который лучше , грандиозней и драматичней всей трилогии сиквелов.
More star wars like this please
There are zero kids watching this show. This is the future of Star Wars?
I wish but they will not because no childish + quality = no money . Disney loves money more than art.
@@nineleafclover So? Why does everything have to have kids in mind? Why can't star wars have content for all age groups? Not everything should be for kids
@@nineleafclover First of all I highly doubt this, second, so you want more book of boba fett?
@@vos7619 "We had a long talk with each other. One thing [George Lucas] said to me was, 'remember, Jon, the real audience for all stories and all myths is the kids that are coming of age', because he's really a Joseph Campbell adherent."
--Jon Favreau
Star Wars has always been meant for kids. That's what allowed it to survive and be passed down from generation to generation. Disney is pursuing a new strategy because over 40% of subscribers to Disney+ are childless adults. That's the main audience for Andor as well. No coincidence. Going forward we'll be seeing a lot more shows like Andor and fewer and fewer aimed at children.
It's also a middling show that appeals to people who are so desperate for a "gritty, adult Star Wars with no Jedi" that they'll heap praise on anything that evokes prestige TV production values. This show won't stand the test of decades any more than a pretty good show like Halt and Catch Fire will, because there's no mythic resonance and there's nothing fantastically unique about it apart from its relation to prior Star Wars content.
Honestly the hardest scene I’ve seen in Star Wars. This show actually made me FEEL something, which is something we don’t see in Star Wars now a days
Mandalorians and Andos have different themes and different historical backgrounds.
Never seen this show, but I'm getting teary eyed just listening to him motivate, its helping me so much right now in my life 🙏🙌
@@Eserr7856 You should give the show a chance. It is 12 episodes and this was from the 10th episode. It really builds and builds on itself. Give it at least 3-4 episodes. So many people stopped after one or two.
Mikkelsen's Thrawn is good (both animated and live action), but Serkis' Kino Loy is great! That being said I hope Chatham's Enoch doesn't get short changed like Christie's Phasma.
The fact that Star Wars individually uploaded all of these monologues labeled AS monologues and not just clips. The writers for this should just write the entire rest of the SW universe tbh
Someone in Disneys nightmare mess of bureaucracy knows these snippets from andor are some of the very finest writing they’ve shown in the last decade. I really hope season 2 exceeds my expectations. Andor could be a serious hit with its second season.
One of the greatest scenes in star wars
I honestly believe this is the best scene in Star Wars
@@TheBerger same
no
@@athan336 why
@@athan336 not disliking yet just want to see what you got to say your reasoning is
Very good monologue. I really hope they release Nemik’s Manifesto soon.
No shot, that would ruin it. If they do put it out it needs to be tathered and broken. Seeing the whole thing destroys the allure for really smart people, if it can't deliver.
They just did
@@silk6759 Thank you for this. Just watched it and it is indeed very well done
What makes this all the more inspiring and heartbreaking are 3 simple words.
"I can't swim."
I'm still hoping Kino Loy somehow made it to shore and we'll see him again in Season 2! I know it's not likely, but I will hope.
Come on, Mr. Kino Loy. I can't tread water for you, but I can carry you!
@@Paulman2I was wondering when LotR references would pop up
People will help him. There are strong swimmers and people who carry more than one if necessary. If not then at least Kino Loy died human.
I know...my heart caught in my throat when he said those words. He knew all along that was the end of the line for him. He sacrificed it all so other men could be free.
It’s a small moment, but I love how Kino looks the guards in the eyes when he says, “They fried a hundred men on level 2.” It’s like he’s telling them, “Yeah, we know what you did. We see you as the monsters you are.”
And then Casian's look of... "You aren't worth the ammo."
Andor remains, the BEST, we have EVER GOTTEN, from Star Wars. THIS IS WHAT WE WANT DISNEY. THIS IS WHAT WE'VE BEEN ASKING FOR FOR YEARRRRRSSSSS! To the Director of Andor, the production team, and the writers, we thank you. For giving us this opportunity to get what we asked for.
We've been getting this level of writing tho.
@@ledzeppelinfan1001 in this show yes, in the sequels or book of boba fett? No not even close.
@@decrulez yes, yes we have.
@@ledzeppelinfan1001 The level of writing in Boba Fett was absolutely horrendous! The writing in Obi-Wan was not the greatest and even the Mandalorian is not that great (and I really enjoy the Mandalorian). No other Star Wars show OR movie with the exception of Empire comes even close to the level of writing of Andor.
@@ledzeppelinfan1001 come on now, friend. kenobi snuck out of a uber-secret imperial facility while hiding a little girl under an oversized coat loony toons style, and several baddies survived lightsabers directly to the chest....
Andy Serkis nailed this, the whole scene was truely powerful. The build up to it, the moment, the crushing end. Some of the best Star Wars since ROTS, or Rogue One.
It’s better than rogue one. It’s the best Star Wars since empire. Or should I say, it’s the only Star Wars since rogue one that is well written all around.
I love how this show is using such symbolic character writing to show how andor is becoming the man he is in rouge one
Revenge of the Sith? Really? You put that tripe (for lack of a better word) in the same category as this?
@@timhenley3602 Imagine hating on someones opinion, for someone who looks 50, you really lack maturity
@@Nathan-oe8ut Get a grip, guy. I was clearly talking about a movie, not attacking a person, which is what you actually did to me. Clearly, I'm allowed to have an opinion about whether to like or dislike a movie featuring fictional charaters. For someone who felt the need to go out of their way to attack my maturity or percieved lack thereof, it seems you lack a clear grasp of reality.
I get goosebumps every time I hear Andy Serkis deliver that speech. “Is that all you’ve got?” We sometimes put ourselves in mental prisons of our own making. Knowing it is up to us to take the chance and climb is empowering. Helping someone who is lost or confused is part of the price of freedom.
Dude i can not agree enough. This comment hits on a whole other level.
Beautifully put brother
This is a left-leaning show about fighting fascism and you think the prison break part is about mental prisons of our own making. Incredible.
@@nealmiller7849 you're so raw bruh
@@nealmiller7849 did you know
media can be about multiple things at once
did you know that
I knew that
That slight crackle in his voice when he says "If we can fight half as hard as we've been working" kind of gives you a glimpse into how long he really was in there for, doing the same work over and over again. Bravo to this whole team and bravo to Andy Serkis
So I’m glad Diego Luna received a Golden Globe nomination. But Andy Serkis deserved some award for this scene.
Honestly Diego Luna and his character are the weakest part of the show. Everything and everyone happening around him is just on a completely different level of quality. Andor is just sort of there.
@@Stingra87 i think that it's on purpose, Stellan Skarsgard is best part of the show at the moment, I hope that we will see Andy Serkis Also in season 2
Andy Serkis FYC Best Guest Actor in a Drama Series
@@Stingra87 You’re not entirely wrong but i think it’s deliberate. Like Cassian has no real goal or interest in the outside conflicts until he’s incarcerated. Then he becomes a more proactive lead, which pushed him to join the Rebellion full time.
@@benwasserman8223 He's an incendiary incident. His purpose is to act or behave in a way that drives these other characters to taking actions that further the plot. Hes a criminal element that prompts the corpos to investigate and get attacked, the bait that drives the empire to crack down on Ferrix, the thing that keeps them there and causes a revolt, he's a prisoner who drives a man to make the choice for freedom. He acts in a way that elevates these major individuals while he himself is of little concern.
This is the best Star Wars show ever made. I absolutely love it
It's certainly better than that pile of Bantha pooda BOBF and Obi Wan
Tbh "show" doesnt need to be there. I think this is the best thing in Star Wars universe.
It’s never been this mature and serious.
@@nothajzl agreed. I really hope there’s more stuff like this coming on the way
This is the best Star Wars, period, second maybe only to Empire Strikes Back.
It is not better than the Mandalorian or Clone Wars. It's a good show but there's a lot of dry parts. Hell of a lot better than BOBF and Obi Wan.
You might not like it, but this what peak Star Wars looks like
This show is peak star wars
One of the best moments in Andor along with Luthen’s monologue
And Maarva's funeral speech, and Nemik's manifesto.
and they were in the same episode
One of the best moments in TV, PERIOD
And give this Man an Emmy!
Imo him, Diego Luna, Denise Gough and Fiona Shaw all deserve Emmy/Golden Globes along with ofc the the whole creative teams behind the scenes! It’s the problem when everyone involved created something so amazing lol.
@@BarberJ95 Stellan Skarsgard was stellar as well
@@enderman_666 Nearly everyone was stellar
@@BarberJ95and Stellan Skaarsgaard and Geniveve o'riely
This show is absolutely radical and it is frankly amazing Disney let it through.
This speech isn't just about a prison escape. They don't have enough guards and they know it.
Of course, they let it through. They were the ones who wanted this show in the first place when none of y'all dumbasses did in the beginning. They were one of the only few people who knew the potential for this.
@@movielover7565”waaahh no lightsaber so it not Star Wars”
@@omarbaba9892 Bro, what? This is real Star Wars. I never said it wasn't. It's the best show out there. Disney is the one who asked for this.
This, ladies ans gentlemen, is what PEAK star wars looks like
This was one of the most touching moments in recent Star Wars.
Truly epic mate !!
No all of Star Wars
All of Star Wars*
@@SonOfDathomire How is the first victory speech after pulling such impossible win against Imperial forces not a touching moment? C'mon, man.
The writing in this series is absolutely phenomenal. Such a powerful speech.
Kino Loy and Luthen Rael... this show had the best writing and the best acting. Simply amazing on all fronts.
And Maarva's funeral speech.
All in one episode two, the one two punch of great monologues.
Andor is my favorite piece of work in Star Wars. Normal Star Wars makes makes you want to be the hero or wait for a hero. Andor makes you wanna reconnect with your community cause we're in this struggle together.
Episode 10 was my favorite!
Best hour of TV all year. 2nd best was episode 6. This show was next level.
@@joshrandor4371 Yes! Episode 6 was the one that convinced me that this series was on another level. That escape sequence and then ending with Luthen's laugh is just so good!
@@joshrandor4371 in any other year id agree but house of the dragon and better call Saul have 2 episodes each better than this one
@Pearlem That's the great thing about opinions, they can differ. :) BCS was great. For me, HotD was just ok.
Disney please continue with shows like this!!! Expand the universe, bring in great writers and shoot practically. It really does make a difference. I haven’t cared About the last (2) Star Wars shows, but This had me hooked!!!
This felt more like an AMC show. Great writing
@@JairGarcia more like HBO show
AMC feels accurate.
The writing in Mad Men and BB/BCS was god tier.
@@thatstheway2429BrBa/BCS was made by Sony though
@@TheFlowerofSpadeshuh?
Remember when Andor said "power doesn't panic"? Notice the guards' facial expressions as the prisoners escape. They're scared of the prisoners and are in complete panic mode. Those details among others makes this series one of the best.
Best scene of the entire show, give Andy Serkins all the oscars he deserves.
It’s hard to compare- sooo many good speeches. They all move you in different ways. Phenomenal show.
This was amazing! I wanted to run through a wall!!! ONE WAY OUT! ONE WAY OUT! ONE WAY OUT!
me too
ONE WAY OUT
ONE WAY OUT
ONE WAY OUT !!
ONE WAY OUT
"If we can fight half as hard as we've been working, we will be home in no time!" There is so much pain coming through the message of optimism. Probably my favorite part of the whole thing
Kino's rally was absolutely inspiring. He saw firsthand how the Empire is using their prisoners. He chose not to submit to their will, or let others die for nothing to build the Empire's war machines. Igniting a spark of rebellion so they may live to fight another day.
IF watched you the end of the series. You realize they were building components for imperial super weapons.
This whole series is a masterclass in tension and release.
"If we can fight half as hard as we've been working...." Makes me tear up every time.
My favorite part of this monologue is when Kino demands that they help anyone who looks lost or scared, and to get them moving. I hope someone extended that same kindness to him
This speech moved me very much, to the point I almost cried. the care and thought about others in Kino's monologue made him one true revolutionary leader.
Andy serkis And stellen skasgard deserve emmys for that amazing preformances
Andor is one of the best shows ive ever seen
Kino is other level. In a couple of chapters, you empathize with Kino in a very creative way.
not even a star wars fan, just here for my dose of Andy Serkis being mesmerising
"I can't swim" 😭
That moment when you realise he knew the whole time he wasn't going to make it
"I would rather die than give them what they want." Hits different upon second viewing.
This monologue was amazing, but what really hits hard is when they’re all right at the end, just about to cross the threshold overlooking a waterfall, when Kino says “I can’t swim”. It’s just such a gut punch, knowing that after his entire speech, he still can’t fully be free. This is possibly the best Star Wars show since The Clone Wars. Can’t wait for season 2!
Disney I swear you'd better keep this show going. This is already one of the best sci fi shows EVER made. It's truly stellar. Everyone involved knocked it out of the park. Absolute brilliance. We are here for it. You have my Disney+ subscription for this show alone. Keep it going!
Andor was planned to be a 2 season show so we’re getting one more.
A while ago they were going to do a movie for each rogue one character so presumably there’ll be a baze and churret one.
Andor has the best writing in all of Star Wars.
give this man an emmy
Serkis is one kind of those legends that altough he's been in such magnificent movies i still feel like he's not been given his derserved respect.
I love that the only three clips from this show on UA-cam, and the ones with by far the most views are speeches and monologues. Luthen, Kino, Maarva, 3 amazing scenes that rely on great emotional buildup, outstanding writing, amazing music composition, and stellar delivery from Stellan, Andy and Fiona. It's amazing how insightful and charged with nuance Tony Gilroy managed to make the Andor show, the freaking Andor show of all things! We don't deserve this show, truly.
Best scene in the whole show, so powerful
I love how the empire modulated the PA system to deepen their voices so they could sound more menacing. This is an overlooked subtlety in this scene.
Literally cried tears of joy at this scene, ONE WAY OUT! ONE WAY OUT! ONE WAY OUT!
This scene actually feels like it was written with the thought of what an actual prisoner would say in this situation, instead of a character. Andy Serkis is phenomenal in this scene, and so many individual lines in the monologue get me choked up. My personal favorite, “If we can fight half as hard as we’ve been working, we will be home in no time”. This show is a masterpiece. This is what gets me excited when an A-List actor gets cast in a big property. Moments and scenes like this for them to deliver
This show raised the bar for Star Wars
An excellent moment in a series full of them.
Again, another prime example of why this is the best show of the year. Nothing to do with being Star Wars… it transcends that. It’s just phenomenal!
All of Andy Serkis's time in mocap gave him such a precision in acting with his face, you can all of that come through in this monologue
This speech is phenomenal. It gets you pumped, the energy of the rebellion is felt, and the performance of Andy Serkis delivers with such passion and emotional juggernaut to get anyone invested.
I love that the prison is like a metaphor for the entire empire condensed into a bottle
Just finally started watching andor this week, and I just finished this episode, this is peak Star Wars at its finest. The emotions I felt with this episode was insane
Thanks for giving it a try and sticking with it! It is such a great show and so many people I know stopped after 1 or 2 episodes.
I appreciate that this entire episode sums up the very purpose of the Rebellion. When you're being crushed by an unfeeling force of evil, there's really only one way out... together.
greatest moment in the star wars history
Best Star Wars production since Rogue One.
Andy Serkis is a great actor, and we can easily see his character progression, especially in this scene!
An aspect I hadn’t seen before; leaders like Kino Loy and Mon Mothma, while exhibiting great capacity to inspire and endure, aren’t initiators. They can carry on a fight but they are hesitant to start one. Even a fire needs a spark to ignite a conflagration. Kino needed Cassian to push him. Mon needed Luthen. Even Cassian needed a bit of a push from Karis Nemik’s manifesto the get him going. I think that this speaks to all of us, reluctance in spite of knowing what needs to be done, and that is why I (at least) consider this series to be the best written of all.
May the Force be with you all.
This one episode , let alone scene, ECLIPSED basically every Disney Star Wars Sequel's emotional beat, 10 times over
I love the tone of Kino's voice when he said "If we can fight half as hard as we've been working, we will be home in no time."
It sounds he is shivering from the trauma and fear but at the same time, he is also very determine to fight and escape.
Stellan's, Kino's, Nemick's, and Marvaa's monologues are all beautiful in different ways. I love all of Star Wars, I love the films, I love Clone Wars, I love Rebels, I love all of it... but it's not even a competition, Andor is by far the best writing we've ever had in Star Wars. Tony G raised the bar so so high that I don't think anyone is going to be able to come close to it, let alone compete. What he did was stunning
Andor was soooo great.
I love it how I - after my first watch of Andor after being busy for the last few months - watch this episode today, I look up "Andor Episode 10" for this monologue and Stellan Skarsgård's monologue, and the Official Star Wars UA-cam Channel just so happened to upload this clip! What a beautiful coincidence; this show is truly a masterpiece.
Andor episode 10 is one of the greatest episodes of television ever put to screen. This show is the best Star Wars content since episode 5, possibly the best Star Wars content ever. A masterpiece in its own right, and a show which elevates every story that comes after it. The oppressiveness of the empire shown in Andor really makes the battle of Yavin feel like A New Hope. How brilliant and heartbreaking to see all these people, in their little acts of rebellion, one by one place the rungs on the ladder that Luke Skywalker climbs to bring the Empire down. An absolute masterpiece.
This monologue is literally better than the sequels
The man starts channeling Ceaser there for a second and I absolutely love it. He deserves to never have to be stuck in no cap ever again
Kino Loy is my leader, my hero, my king. I’d follow you anywhere.
ONE. WAY. OUT!!!
When his voice cracks when he says "if we fight half as hard as we've been working" 💔💔💔
This is even more impactful considering that Kino knew he was never leaving that place. He simply wanted to fight for the freedom of his brothers.
Why can't all of Star Wars be this good... :)
A perfect scene. Not just is the writing exemplary, but Serkis' performance is stunning. Going from, saying what I can, to fully rebel rousing, to even an emotional tint to his voice at the end as if psyching himself up as well as the prisoners is just perfection. I was dubious about Andor and another Star Wars prequel we perhaps didn't need. Now I see it as the rebirth of Star Wars (Mandalorian is great too, but it's more an adventure series. This is proper!)
This just makes it even more heartbreaking when he can’t escape because he can’t swim, and he may have already known this but still fought for the freedom of the prisoners and to make a hit against the Empire
That character was better than a whole trilogy of movie. THAT is how you do character development.
One of the most powerfull scenes in the entire Star Wars history. My god this show is phenomenal.
Next level Star Wars
Truly epic !
One of the best scenes ever for TV for all time. Exceptionally written and acted.
Andy Serkis is an absolute baller in this scene.
He does a fantastic job at illustrating the pain and suffering his character had endured. Total masterclass in acting.
And he's the king of mo-cap acting.👑
Andy Serkis deserves an Emmy for this performance in Andor.
What does this scene get right?...EVERYTHING!
By far one of the best moments in all of Star Wars
Andor has the best monoluges in star wars history, luthen, maarva, and hopefully mon in the next season!
I want to believe that Kino Loy made it.
I dont mean to be THAT guy, but this speech blew every word utterd in the Sequels out of the water.
Let's be real. It blew every speech in every Star Wars media other than maybe episodes 5 or 6 out of the water. And that's a hard maybe.
@@wingspantt this is true
This is the writing that the Star Wars franchise needs
This will be forever known as the "One Way Out" speech 💬 👏
One of the greatest monologues in history